Tianshui weather 233

Zhuge Liang was born in Nanyang in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. Outstanding statesman, strategist and diplomat in the Three Kingdoms period. He left a glorious image of "wisdom" and "integrity" to future generations, and he is a well-known historical figure in East Asia. Left many stories and famous sayings that have been passed down through the ages. Here, I'd like to talk about my humble opinion on Zhuge Liang's "devoting all his efforts to death".

Zhuge Liang was born in the 4th year of Han Dynasty (A.D. 18 1) and died in the 12th year of the founding of Shu (A.D. 234) at the age of 54. In 207 AD, when Liu Bei visited Zhuge Liang, who was 27 years old, he incisively analyzed the general trend of the world and put forward the idea of uniting with Cao Cao and Sun Zi, thus unifying the way of the world, that is, the famous "Long Zhong Dui":

"Since Dong Zhuo's rebellion came, heroes have joined forces, and there are countless people across States and even counties. Compared with Yuan Shao, Cao Cao has a small name and few people. However, Cao defeated Shao and took the weak as the strong, which not only suppressed the weather, but also suppressed others. Today, there are millions of people in Cao Cao, holding the emperor to make the princes. This sincerity can't compete with each other. According to Sun Quan, he has lived in Jiangdong for three generations. He can use it. It can be used for aid, but not for profit. Jingzhou is bordered by Han and Mian in the north, benefiting from the South China Sea, Wu Hui in the east and Bashu in the west. This is a country that uses force, but its owner can't stay. This is almost heaven, so it is a general. Does the general care? Yizhou is a dangerous place, fertile land is thousands of miles away, and the land of heaven and earth is the reason why Gaozu became emperor. Liu Zhang is weak, Zhang Lu is in the north, the people are rich but don't know how to keep shirts, and the wise think of the wise. The general is the emperor's palace, loyal to the four seas, commanding heroes, thinking of the wise and thirsty. If there are advantages and interests spanning, the rock resistance will be guaranteed, Sun Quan will be consolidated in the west, Yi Yue will be consolidated in the south, and the political world will be improved. Then the Jingzhou army was ordered to turn to Wan and Luo, and the general led Yizhou people out of Qinchuan, but the people did not dare. If this is the case, the hegemony can be reached and the Han family can flourish. "

I quote Longzhong Dui here, mainly to testify for this article. Let's first analyze why Zhuge Liang devoted himself to Liu Bei until he died. Zhuge Liang was originally "bent on Nanyang, not seeking Wen Da as a vassal". According to the survey data, Zhuge Liang lived in seclusion for ten years after his uncle Zhuge Xuanzhi went to Xiangyang and died, and the time was from 197 to 207. Have no heart to be an official. When Xu Shu recommended Zhuge, Zhuge Liang listened to the words and said, "You treat me as a sacrifice", because Liu Bei "didn't take the meanness of the minister, but wasted his money. He cared about the minister in the thatched cottage and asked him about worldly matters, so he was grateful and galloped with Mr. Xu Di". It can be seen that Zhuge Liang didn't want to be an official at first, but was moved by the sincerity of Liu Bei's three visits to the cottage, leaving the official position and doing his best to die. Liu Bei "invited three times, two lines of tears, one mouth, Zhuge earned his life."

Liu Bei, a weak person in the cold race, has taken refuge in Gongsun Zan, Tao Qian, Yuan Shao, Cao Cao and Liu Biao successively, and has no fixed place to live, wandering around and being frightened like a lost dog. After he got Zhuge Liang, he relied on the policy of "Long Zhong Dui" in the little red book to establish the country. According to the historical records of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Shu Han has the smallest area, the weakest national strength, less land and fewer people. Shu Han is located in the wild, and only Sichuan Plain and Jianghan Plain are granaries, which can contribute to national strength. Shu and Han need to start from Zhu Rong in the west and Fuyiyue in the south, and manage Sun Quan externally and internally until the world changes greatly. If he wants to unify the world, he must order a general to lead Jingzhou's army from Qinchuan to Wan, Luo and Yizhou. It can be seen that Zhuge Liang's plan is to recover the Central Plains with the strength of the two armies.

According to Zhuge Liang's plan, the first step is to occupy Yizhou and Jingzhou, and then build the country. Then Shu Han needs to go to Zhu Rong in the west, to Fuyue in the south, to Sun Quan in the outside, and to repair politics internally until the world changes. Unfortunately, this plan was accidentally broken by Guan Yu in Jingzhou, and Zhuge Liang had to "do his best and die." Liu Bei captured Yizhou in Liuzhang, but did not capture the central part of Korea. Instead, he went east to compete with Soochow for three counties in the south of the Yangtze River, resulting in a conflict with Sun Quan. Later, he became hot-headed, which led to Guan Yu's Northern Expedition. As a result, Guan Yu defended his land, was greedy and abandoned righteousness, was headstrong, looked down on Dongwu, and bravely defeated Maicheng. Liu Bei's momentary passion turned against Sun Quan. Lose Jingzhou and lose the alliance with Soochow. If you make bad friends with Wu Dong, you will be caught in a two-faced battle and be attacked between Scylla and Charybdis; If you lose Jingzhou, you will lose a granary, and you will lose the Central Plains Road on the eastern front. As a result, the soldiers were tired and the people were weak, and Shu Han lost the power to unify the world.

Zhuge Liang should retire at this moment and earn his own living all the year round. However, at the end of his life, Liu Bei's Baidi City was an orphan, pitiful. He also suggested that the child can be made up and let him be the master of Chengdu. Liu Bei knew that Master Liu was a fatuous and evil man, and he hypocritically brought it up first, so Zhuge Liang earned loyalty. As a result, Zhuge Liang was cold and at a loss, crying and kneeling on the ground. He said: "I dare to do my best, do my loyalty, and then die." Liu Chan is weak and incompetent. Under the current circumstances, in order to protect himself, he can only retreat to Sichuan. But Zhuge Liang promised Liu Bei to unify the Central Plains, so he had to continue the Northern Expedition.

Zhuge Liang knows that "mending the sky is not easy, but it needs great efforts." However, I am grateful for the kindness of the first emperor. Do what you know you can't do! He knew that Liu Chan would die in the future, and he would be more loyal every day. As the saying goes, "Till death do us part." Besides, instead of doing nothing, I may still have a chance if I don't fight to the death. Only by eating into Wei's territory can we stir up trouble and disintegrate the enemy front.

Zhuge Liang's "devote all his efforts to death" is also manifested in killing Wei Yan before he died. Some people say that Wei Yan is a great talent, and Zhuge Liang killed him for no reason. I think Zhuge Liang would rather kill by mistake than miss it. Wei Yan's talent is true, but he is too ambitious. After Zhuge Liang's death, it will inevitably threaten the dominant position of the fatuous Liu Chan. For the sake of Liu Chan, Zhuge Liang had to kill Wei Yan as an excuse.

Do what you know you can't do! The so-called "a scholar dies for a bosom friend." At all times and in all countries, everyone says that Guan Yu is the embodiment of righteousness. I think Zhuge Liang's "devote all my efforts to death" is an unprecedented embodiment of "righteousness", and Zhu Gekongming will live forever! ! !

Author: Yang Fang

In 220 AD, princes rose up and the world was in dispute. In the beautiful bamboo forest and thatched cottage, a middle-aged man wore a nylon scarf and held a feather fan in his hand. He is in the thatched cottage, and his heart is connected with the world. He looked at the rise and fall, and his heart was full of rivers and mountains. He said, "People and people win the world." So the story of three visits to Mao Lu created a generation of great men, outstanding politicians and military strategists-Zhuge Liang. Zhu Gekongming, with his outstanding political and military abilities, established Shu State, prospered Han industry, and made painstaking efforts to govern Han. With its wisdom, its feelings and its righteousness, it shows the great spirit of a generation of books, which makes people admire, intoxicate, crazy and crazy.

Zhuge Liang, written by Luo Guanzhong, has profound talent and foresight, and has the power to reverse Gan Kun. He is resourceful and unpredictable. One boat borrows an arrow, three in, and the east wind fights Chibi. Six out of Qishan, seven capture Meng Huo, an empty city in front of Sima. Wei Zhen travels in all directions. "It's amazing." He dispatched troops and made good use of people. Battle of Red Cliffs, knowing that Guan Yu was a man of deep affection and righteousness, also sent him to guard the main road. As a result, Guan Yu on Huarong Road missed his old love and gave up on himself, letting his old enemy Cao Cao go. Some people say it's Kong Ming's fault, and he missed the opportunity. However, this is not entirely correct. You see, at that time, Liu Bei, the master, was anxious to stop him and said, "Yun Chang is a man of temperament, so Cao Cao must let him go. How can a saint let him guard the avenue? " Hearing this, Kong Ming raised his voice and sighed, "This is an act of God, and God will not destroy Cao. If Wei perishes, Wu Dong will surely rise. This is a powerful enemy, and it only occupies a profitable area. Shu is hard to compete with it and is bound to perish. Today's world is divided into three parts, showing the trend of tripartite confrontation. Take this opportunity to promote agriculture, strengthen the granary, and save your strength before you can break the enemy. And Yun Chang will always be more loyal to Shu after this battle. This is my great plan! " From this point of view, letting Cao Cao go is not accidental, nor is it Kong's failure, but the situation forced him to do nothing.

Another example is Wei Yan. At that time, there were three pillars, and Shu's strength was relatively weak. Zhuge Liang struggled to survive in the crisis and naturally paid attention to recruiting talents. Besides Zhao and Wei Yan. Zhuge Liang took great pains in using it. Wei Yan can also be brave and good at fighting, and has repeatedly made meritorious military service. However, this person is disloyal and faithless. Zhuge Liang knew that he would rebel in the future, but the country was employing people, and this person had to use it, especially after Zhao and others died. Besides, if you don't use it, you may be used by the enemy. Zhuge Liang used him while guarding against him. When Zhuge Liang was dying from overwork, he ordered Wei Yan to break. That night, Wei Yan suddenly had a dream that there were two horns on his head. He knew it was a symbol of good luck, so he rose up and resisted, just as Zhuge Liang said. Or Zhuge Liang had arranged, left a sleeve, let Ma Dai cut Wei Yan's head. Know that he has a rebellious heart, or use it. This is like walking a tightrope. Zhuge Liang had a good idea. He dared not openly rebel when he was alive. No pity. Killing them before they rebelled made the soldiers feel cold. Only by laying an ambush around and killing it in one fell swoop, generally speaking, there is no doubt about employing people, but under certain circumstances, how to achieve the best results flexibly is really great wisdom.

When evaluating Zhuge Liang, Lu Xun thought that he was too divine and almost "demon". I can't deeply understand the comments of my predecessors. In my opinion, it is a "demon", which has a derogatory meaning. I don't think so. Although Zhuge Liang's cleverness is close to myth, calling him a "demon" is inevitably too harsh. He is just a man, a man of flesh and blood, and a man who values friendship.

In the battle of Jieting, Ma Su rushed to the top, and talked wildly again and again, which didn't attract his attention. This is his negligence. Pai Wang Ping, I wonder how Ma Su will listen to Wang Ping. This is another oversight. As a result, we lost our fighters, lost our land, lost our victory, lost our spirit, lost the great cause of destroying Wei Xinghan, and lost the wisdom that politicians and military strategists should have. It can be said that "one small step will become eternal hatred." This is a great failure of Kong Ming's life. Of course, there was Kong Ming's mistake, but it didn't happen. You see, when Ma Su was recruiting, Kongming had doubts, but the factors had a favorable impression on him, which could not erase his face. Therefore, he entrusted an important task and investigated its root cause, which was a word "affection". Afterwards, Kong Ming cried, "Your righteousness is like a brother to me, and your son is my son. There is no need to ask more. " This cry, a wave of his hand, deeply blamed himself, delayed the fighter plane, improperly employed people, and also hurt Masu, Tired and his family, which shows the depth of his "affection". The importance of "righteousness" can be seen in the placement and care of the Masu family. Kong Ming shouted. When Jiang Wan joined the army for mercy, Kong Ming cried and replied, "The people who cherish Sun Wu so that he can win the battle in the world are clearly used. Today, the four sides split up and the battle began. If the law is abolished, why seek thieves? We should cut it down. " This cry, and how many emotions. Ma Su will be beheaded. Although he can't bear it, he will enforce the law strictly. He cried because he wanted to behead himself and hated himself for not making good use of others. The street pavilion fell, the war situation was irreversible, and the prosperity of the Han dynasty was slim, from which sorrow came. Why don't you cry? When Masu finished his work, Kong Ming began to cry again. Jiang Wan asked: "The Prime Minister often offended when he was young. Since it is military, why are you crying?" ? "Kongming said," I'm not crying for Ma Su. I think, when the late Emperor was in danger in Baidicheng, he told me,' Ma Su is exaggerating and can't be of great use. Today, if I should follow his words, I deeply hate my ignorance and remember the words of my late emperor, so I cry bitterly! "The size of a soldier, all have a runny nose. This cry, how much grief and indignation welled up in my heart, in front of the once Maolin River; Autumn soldiers on the battlefield; Talking about the past and present with ancient emperors and the vast fields and the world is vivid. Thinking about the old kindness and regretting that I didn't listen to my late emperor, it was a waste of my late emperor's painstaking efforts. I deeply hate my ignorance and have lost the great cause of developing China. I'm sorry for the kindness of my late emperor, but it's affectionate, a word of "affection".

I think there is only one thing that Kong Ming is not "bright". When the first emperor, Baidicheng, entrusted orphans, he said, "Little master Liu Chan is incompetent and greedy for pleasure. When absolutely necessary, the Prime Minister can replace him and cheer me up. " However, no matter what the late emperor said, Kong Ming never violated his "feelings", and remained faithful and devoted himself to Shu until he died. How can the word "kindness" be enough? "It's a pity that the king won fame before and after his death!" Later generations once commented on Zhuge Liangyun:

Always care about the world.

During his two terms in power, he served the kingdom wholeheartedly.

He died before he started.

Attack and retreat

A generation of Zhuge Wuhou, his feelings can be expressed in the sky; Its meaning, the earth moved by it; Its wisdom is passed down from generation to generation; Its loyalty, admired by future generations, can be described as: a ray of clear soul died in the sky, leaving innocence in the world!

Author: Zhijie Zhang

Zhuge Liang harassed the enemy and consumed the enemy's strategic thinking —— Why did Zhuge Liang leave Qishan six times?

Zhuge Liang's northern expedition to Cao Wei was a war launched by the weak to the strong. This is a controversial war, and some people think that this war is an act of aggression; Some people think it is "militarism", while others think it is self-destruction. I think these views are debatable.

First of all, Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition was not reckless, but a backup Northern Expedition. For example, the opportunity of the first Northern Expedition (in the spring of 228 AD) was: Wei Wendi Cao Pi died of illness, and after Cao Rui succeeded to the throne, the people complained and Sima Yi was expelled from the house; In August 226, Wu attacked Jiangxia and then attacked Xiangyang; Meng Da secretly wanted to take refuge in Shu. The background of the second Northern Expedition (in the winter of 228 AD) was false surrender, Cao Xiu invaded Wu and suffered a great defeat, and Cao Wei's army went south, and the defense was empty. The timing of the third Northern Expedition (in the spring of 229 AD) was to attack immediately after the second Northern Expedition, which could achieve the effect of surprise attack. As the saying goes, take it by surprise and attack it by surprise. The background of the fourth Northern Expedition (AD 23 1 year) is as follows: In 230, Cao Zhen's army attacked Shu and turned back due to heavy rain and other factors; In the same year, Sun Quan sent troops to attack Hefei. The opportunity of the fifth Northern Expedition (AD 234) was that Wu attacked Hefei New Town in 233. In May 234, at the request of Shu, Sun Quan sent his troops to attack Wei in three ways. It can be seen that Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition either took advantage of the enemy's internal worries (such as the first Northern Expedition) or took advantage of the enemy's unprepared (such as the third Northern Expedition); Either the enemy moves eastward and Guanzhong is empty (such as the second and fourth northern expeditions), or they join hands with Wu to kill each other (such as the fifth northern expedition). What's more, under the command of Zhuge Liang, the Shu army's mountain combat capability is stronger than Wei Jun's, and it has a good chance of fighting in the mountains (which is one of the reasons why Sima Yi has been hiding in the city fortress and refused to play). Therefore, going to war is sheer nonsense.

Secondly, Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition was not "militaristic", but was supported by the masses. Zhuge Liang's northern expedition was unified, which was in line with the wishes of the masses at that time. Therefore, even after years of fighting and the defeat of the Northern Expedition, the people still trusted and supported him and did not ask him to step down. What's more commendable is that Zhuge Liang was good at governing the country during the Northern Expedition, and he was able to "comfort the people, show grace, hold office, obey the power system and be sincere", which made the Shu state orderly, and there was a situation of "secluded fields, solid warehouses, good preparation and idle storage". The population of Shu state increased from 900,000 in the first year of Zhangwu to 940,000 when Shu state perished. It can be seen that Zhuge Liang's five northern expeditions and six Qishan are also unreliable.

Third, Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition is not a way of self-destruction, but a technique of disturbing the enemy, which embodies Zhuge Liang's strategic thought of disturbing the enemy to consume it.

Among the three countries at that time, Shu was the weakest and Wei was the strongest. It is normal to defeat the strong with the weak, and it is common sense to perish. However, there is contingency in inevitability. There are many examples of defeating the strong with the weak in history. Most of their basic strategies are to slowly consume the enemy's strength, wait until the other side is exhausted and shows fatal flaws, and then destroy the other side in one fell swoop, just like Cao Cao's battle of Guandu and Lu Xun's battle of Yiling, much like Wu and Sun Wu's attack on Chu in the Spring and Autumn Period. At that time, although Wu was smaller than Chu, Sun Wu used the tactics of disturbing the people from time to time, which led to the exhaustion of Chu army and the border turmoil. The loss of military power and national strength was serious, and finally he successfully entered Beijing. If Qin sent troops to rescue it, it would have perished long ago. Why can't Sun Wucan attack Chu and Zhuge Liang attack the north?

Therefore, Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition harassed Wei to consume its military strength and national strength, which was completely in line with the law that weak countries defeated powerful countries and was a positive move. Of course, at that time, the total strength of Shu was only 300 thousand, while there were more than 200 thousand troops stationed at the border. Obviously, it is impossible to send a few troops to harass Luoyang, the capital of Wei. So Zhuge Liang must bluff and send troops to attack. Shu's northern expedition will also consume a lot of materials, but relatively speaking, Wei's losses are even greater. Because Zhuge Liang has the initiative and is fully prepared; However, Cao Wei rushed to fight, and the military logistics was difficult to be proper, which was bound to form a waste; Moreover, Zhuge Liang was good at moving the battlefield to Wei's territory and often used Wei's materials and personnel to attack Wei. Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition was mostly divided soon, and Shu Han could bear it after a period of construction preparation. Guo Wei is annoyed and tired; Even because of its unbearable disturbance, it took the initiative to cut Shu in 230 AD [but failed due to factors such as heavy rain]. It can be seen that Zhuge Liang's tactics of disturbing the enemy are of positive significance.

Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition was not only positive, but also successful: First, it showed the position of the orthodox successors of the Han Dynasty, which not only encouraged the morale of the people, but also consolidated the alliance between Wu and Shu and harassed Wei; To a certain extent, it also achieved the goal of maintaining the separation of the three countries and delaying the demise of Shu Han. The second is to gradually nibble at each other and create a favorable situation. Zhuge Liang fought for Liangzhou with Wei in five northern expeditions, which not only seized land and resources, but also established the prestige of the Shu-Han army in the local area and won the local people's hearts. It can be said that it is very successful. There is a saying that "dead Zhuge scares away the living Zhong Da". Third, Zhuge Liang's defeat in the Northern Expedition was often caused by poor food and grass. Not only was it not a defeat, but it was a partial victory: on his first trip to Qishan, Zhao Zilong defeated five brave generals, Hande and his son, and outwitted the three counties of Anding, Tianshui and Nan 'an, and all the counties near and far surrendered to the wind; It also defeated Cao Zhen and Guo Huai (Wei Bing fell for more than ten miles, and Wei will have many dead people), and greatly defeated the Western Qiang soldiers, which had a great impact on Cao Wei. Later, due to the misuse of Ma Su, the street pavilion fell and was in a dilemma; The plan to retreat from the enemy turned out to be an "empty plan", and the whole army retreated. Second, although Qishan was blocked by Zhao Hao Chencang, it was defeated by Yeh Chen; Withdraw troops and plan to cut down the new Merlot joint-stock company. The third time he went out of Qishan, attacked Chencang, broke Zhanghe River, seized the customs, took Yin Ping and Wudu, and defeated Sima Yi. "There are countless musical instruments and horses." (Later, due to Zhang Bao's illness, Zhuge Liang fell ill and took the initiative to quit); Looking around Qishan, the village was robbed, Cao Zhen was defeated, and Zhong Da was defeated. Ten people were injured in Wei Bing, and sixty-seven people were injured. Later, because of Sima Yi's dissident plan, he was forced to retreat. However, he retreated unnoticed, leaving Sima Yi with no chance of winning. The fifth time out of Qishan, Sun Li was defeated, and the bodies of Yong and Liang soldiers were everywhere, with rivers of blood; On the occasion of victory, Li Yan lied about the military situation, and Zhuge Liang led the troops back to the DPRK; When withdrawing troops, it is easy to settle down. Six out of Qishan, almost successful. At that time, the valley above was burned down. If it hadn't rained, Zhuge Liang's arch-enemies Sima Yi and his son would have been reduced to ashes (because Zhuge Liang died of illness). Later, Zhuge Liang was dead, and Sima Yi was scared. By the way, it was set by Wei Yan, a rebel. It can be seen that Zhuge Liang left Qishan six times, except for the first time and the second time because of defeat (the former lost the street pavilion and the latter failed to do so), and the other four times were all defeated. Fourthly, Zhuge Liang also created the basic conditions for defeating Cao Wei in the Northern Expedition: he partially made up for the shortage of troops through the technological innovation of weapons and equipment. For example, we made ten crossbows to make them powerful long-range weapons, and actively used artillery to give full play to the power of artillery (Pingnan rebellion, burning the valley above). He also carefully studied the logistics support, which partially made up for the concern that grain and grass were not sustainable. For example, he not only raised grain on the spot by harvesting wheat fields in Wei Dynasty, so as to shorten transportation lines and ensure supply; He also invented the wooden ox and flowing horse, which not only saved manpower, but also improved the guarantee rate of rations; And in Hanzhong Huangsha and front-line enemy fields, granaries were established to facilitate long-term operations. If Zhuge Liang had not died of illness, the effect of this method would be incalculable.

Fourth, Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition was also a helpless choice. First, he was grateful for leaving aside the kindness of caring about the humble abode, grateful for Bai Di's trust in the orphans, and also cherished the mission of "Han thieves contended, Wang Ye was not partial" and "reviving the Han Dynasty and returning to the old capital" (Former Teacher). Second, because at that time, "there were three points in the world, eight points in Wei, and one state in Wu and Shu" (cited in the biography of the Three Kingdoms and Willow Leaves), the land of Wei was four times that of Shu and the population was five times that of Shu; Shu Han has only a corner of Yizhou, with a population of less than one million. It is "beneficial to all" and "this autumn is also dangerous". Peaceful competition can only wait for death. It is better to attack and defend than to wait for death ("If you don't cut the thief, Wang Ye will die, but if you wait for death, why not cut it?" "After the mold"). Third, shortly after the battle of Yiling, the talents of Shu died, and there was no successor, which led to the dangerous situation that "there was no general in Shu, and Liao Hua was the pioneer". Zhuge Liang saw this potential danger, so he said in "The Last Example": "I went to Hanzhong in the middle term, but I lost more than 70 people including Zhao Yun, Yang Qun, Ma Yu, Yan Zhi, Li Ding, Bai Shou, Deng Tong and Qu Changtun." He also said: "These are all quartet elites who have been rectified in decades, not for a while. If it is a plural year, it will cost two-thirds. " Cao Wei, located in the Central Plains, is full of talented people and has no worries about faults. For example, Sima Yi is not under Zhuge Liang; Guo Huai, Sima Yi, Si Mazhao, Zhong Hui, Wargo and so on. They are all as talented as Jiang Wei, the soul of the late Shu Han Dynasty (this may be the biggest difficulty in Zhuge Liang's Six Xiaqi Mountain). The fourth is to establish prestige and unite the hearts of Shu Han people. Without the Northern Expedition, people's orthodoxy will gradually fade to zero, and cohesion and centripetal force will become weaker and weaker.

Fifth, Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition is not without possibility of success. One of the characteristics of China's ancient wars is that the change of strategic pattern often lies in the outcome of an important battle, such as the battle of the former Qin Dynasty and the Eastern Jin Dynasty. At that time, Fu Jian, the king of Qin, successively eliminated the separatist countries such as Dai, Dai and so on, and unified the Yellow River basin. In 373 AD, the Eastern Jin captured Liang (now Hanzhong, Shaanxi) and Yi (now Chengdu, Sichuan), and its influence extended to the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and Hanshui River, which is likely to dominate the world. In August 383, Fu Jian led 900,000 troops south to destroy gold, and the result was a crushing defeat. The temporary unification of the north also collapsed. So is the battle between Cao Yuan and Guandu. At that time, Yuan Shao supported hundreds of thousands of soldiers, occupying counties north of the Yellow River, such as You, Ji, Qing and He, and was in a favorable position to attack and retreat. Although Cao Cao occupied Zhou, Yu, Xu and other counties south of the Yellow River, he took Emperor Xian of Han to Xuchang to "hold the emperor to make the princes". However, Cao Cao has only tens of thousands of military forces, and its geographical position is easy to attack and difficult to defend, and its rear is very unstable. Liu Biao in Jingzhou, Sun Ce in Jiangdong and Zhang Xiu in Nanyang are still enemies of Cao Cao. The whole operational situation is favorable to Yuan and unfavorable to Cao. However, Guandu World War I was defeated, and the fragmented situation of Yuan and Cao in the north was completely changed. Cao Cao quickly unified the north. Not to mention Battle of Red Cliffs, before the war, Cao Cao unified the world as if it were a set; After the war, these three countries were separated for decades. It can be seen that victory or defeat is a common occurrence among military strategists, and changes in the strategic pattern are often determined by some "common events." Therefore, although it is difficult to destroy Wei, it is not impossible to destroy Wei with Zhuge Liang's resourcefulness.

In a word, Zhuge Liang's "six trips to Qishan and northern expedition to the Central Plains" is not a so-called reckless move, nor is it "belligerence", nor is it self-destructive, but his helpless and correct choice after a fatal blow to his strategic thinking in Longzhong, which conforms to the law that weak countries defeat strong countries. This strategic thought of harassing and consuming the enemy is not only positive, but also a very effective and successful strategy. Of course, his strategic thinking cannot be inherited by anyone at any time. For example, Jiang Wei won't win after nine years in the Central Plains. There are four reasons. First, Jiang Weiben is wei ren and has no absolute authority in Shu. If he loses, everyone will attack him, but if he wins, he will be suspected. Second, Jiang Wei is not as resourceful as Zhuge Liang. Zhuge Liang moved the battlefield to the other side's territory to fight, and most of them returned with partial victory; Third, Jiang Wei met a strong opponent. The first is the Si Mazhao brothers; Then Wargo and Zhong Hui. Therefore, Zhuge Liang's strategic idea of disturbing the enemy in the Northern Expedition was successful, while Jiang Wei could not achieve his goal.

Author: Chen Jiejun, Class 206, Guijiang No.1 Middle School.

Zhuge Liang, greatly beautified by The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, became the embodiment of well-known wisdom. But recently, more and more people criticized Zhuge Liang, saying that he was "unwise and silent". As for ci, I think we should make a correct evaluation of Zhuge Liang. Although Zhuge Liang used soldiers as gods, he was not a god after all, so he certainly had shortcomings, and the main shortcoming was the personnel problem. Especially his views on Wei Yan. Wei Yan surrendered to Liu Bei, and Zhuge Liang actually said according to his physiognomy that he would rebel before long. How ridiculous. Although Kong Ming failed to kill Wei Yan, he was biased against Wei Yan and thought he was unfaithful and unjust. But is Wei Yan like this? Actually, it is not. Although Wei Yan was constantly excluded by Kong Ming, he still worked for Shu in the central government, and made many remarkable achievements: beheading Xinmeile Co., Ltd. and disembowelling it, which proved that Wei Yan was a talent that could not be ignored. What Kong Ming made the most mistake was that he left the trick of killing Wei Yan without any foundation. Zhuge Liang's mistakes in personnel include that Ma Su guarded the street pavilion, which led to the failure of the first northern expedition to the Central Plains, and Guan Yu guarded Jingzhou. In a sense, Zhuge Liang did it himself. In terms of knowing people, Liu Bei is obviously superior to Kong Ming.

Of course, Zhuge Liang also has many advantages. After Liu Bei visited the shanzhai, he said, "Like a duck to water". This shows that Zhuge Liang is indeed a wizard. Zhuge Liang can strictly observe military secrets and attack them unprepared. Besides, he is far-sighted in his work. Zhuge Liang asked Liu Qi to guard Jiangxia, in fact, in order to implement his own strategic thinking. Because Zhuge Liang knew that Xinye Town could not stay forever. He asked Liu Qi to guard Jiangxia, not only to save Liu Qi, but also to pave a retreat for avoiding Cao Jun in the future. There are also three tips left by Kong Ming when he arranged for Liu Bei to go to Dongwu to get married, so that Liu Bei can return to Jingzhou safely. One more thing, which is Zhuge Liang's best fighting strategy: let Guan Yu let Cao Cao take the Huarong Road. Why is he great? Wouldn't it be nice to kill Cao Cao? Actually, it is not. If Cao Cao is killed on Huarong Road, Sun Quan will take the opportunity to occupy the north. When Sun Quan becomes strong, Liu Bei will have no place to live, not to mention the three kingdoms, and the Han Dynasty will be revived. Therefore, on the one hand, Kongming let Guan Yu let Cao go, on the other hand, he let Cao Cao contain Sun Quan, which shows that Kongming is really a rare general. Moreover, Zhuge Liang does not fight unprepared wars. Knowing yourself and yourself, he can skillfully make different plans for each other's psychology and weather season, such as "cursing Wang Situ to death", "breaking the western Qiang soldiers" and "borrowing the east wind skillfully".

Some people say that Kongming has no talent as a general, so I want to ask, if Kongming has no military talent, how can he explore the Central Plains if he helps Liu Bei to enter Sichuan? What's more, it even criticized the model as rubbish. First of all, the words in Example are impassioned and inspire future generations. Secondly, it reflected the thoughts of people in Shu at that time. If it is the garbage of feudal period, it can only be said that the present era is different from that era, and people's thoughts are different. Therefore, when we evaluate things, we should mainly consider the general expectations of people at that time. Zhuge Liang proposed the Northern Expedition to the Central Plains at that time, which was consistent with people's idea of unifying China, so Kongming's action was highly praised by people. Therefore, when we evaluate historical figures, we should correctly analyze them from different angles, and we should not completely deny his leadership ability at that time because of some mistakes. Didn't Cao Cao once fail in Chibi and Hanzhong? But people still think he is a hero in troubled times. Then people can't say that Kong Ming is not wise because of a little mistake.

To sum up, Zhuge Liang's political talent is unparalleled, and his military talent is also extremely high, but he is still slightly inferior to his political talent. Therefore, Chen Shou's evaluation of Zhuge Liang's "long reign will be slightly shorter" is a correct and cautious comment.