Clever use of reduplication in Du Fu's poems

Overlapping in poetry, also known as tautology, is a rhetorical device. Overlapping has its unique artistic charm. Although the two words overlap, they convey an inexhaustible meaning. Whether it is used to depict people, describe things or express emotions, as long as it is used properly, it will receive a variety of artistic effects. Du Fu attached great importance to the harmony of phonology, so he used a lot of reduplicated words in his poems, including more than 1,400 poems and more than 300 poems with reduplicated words. Yang Shen, an Amin poet, said in Poems of Sheng 'an: "It is the most difficult to compound words in poems, only Shaoling uses them alone. "Du Fu is hard to use reduplication to refine sentences. However, Du Fu's "solitary words are human nature, and his words are not surprisingly endless", and he can apply reduplicated words seamlessly, making his poems interesting and presenting a shocking beauty of sound and meaning, which is embodied in:

First, the clever use of descriptive overlap has the beauty of painting.

An important function of overlap is description. Properly used, it is helpful to vividly describe the scenery and make the language vivid, thus enhancing the artistic expression of the language and reaching the infinite realm of scene blending. Liu Xie accurately discussed the important role of reduplication in describing scenery and expressing emotions. He said: "Poets have a sense of things, and associations are not poor. Wandering in Vientiane Audio-visual Zone in Shen Yin; The spirit of painting, not only with things; It is attached to the sound and lingering with the heart. Therefore, the "burning" peach blossom is fresh, and "Yiyi" looks like a willow tree, ... and less wins more, with distinct appearance. " For example:

(1) The short peach blossoms are near the water bank, and the catkins are gently provocative. ("Three Songs on December 1st")

(2) Green bamboo shoots greet the sunrise, and river fish come in every day. ("Send Judge Wang Fifteen to aid and return to Guizhou")

(3) The clothes are hung with dragonflies, which makes the moon cool and white. (Nine of Ten Poems of General He Traveling with the Mountain Forest)

(4) according to the sand lodge ge, stone everyone. ("Guo Suyu, Kuizhou, the ship is wet and not allowed to go ashore."

(5) Yang Liuzhi has weak branches and loquat fragrance. (Tian She)

(6) Ying Ying is Xue Xing and Yan Yan is Chun Mei. ("Early Flowers")

(7) the fisherman is still vague, and the swallow flies in the clear autumn. ("Eight Poems of Autumn Prosperity")

(8) Seeing through the butterfly, the dragonfly flies slowly. ("Two Poems of Qujiang")

(9) When a guest enters the moon, the wind is bleak. (Return of Twilight)

(10) Zhan Zhan arrived at the Yangtze River and it was raining in Mao Mao. ("Plum Rain")

(1 1) The wind is green, Xiao Juan is quiet, and the rain is quiet and Ran Ran is fragrant. (Crazy Man)

(12) Yan Ting is lighter than Ran Ran, and bamboo is sunny. (cold days)

The above examples can be divided into two categories:

1, static description, such as: (1) sentence, "short", adjectives overlap, like a peach blossom; "Gently", adjectives used repeatedly, catkins fluttering, thus showing a simple and natural charm, filled with a taste of life. (2) In the sentence, the adjective "Qingqing" is repeatedly used to depict the fresh and tender color of bamboo shoots. Sentences (3), (4) and (8): "Succession", "Juanjuan" and "Jiao Jiao", adjectives are used repeatedly to write the bright colors of moonlight. Sometimes reduplicated words can be used to describe or describe the complexity, richness and profundity of things. For example, in the fifth sentence, the quantifier is used repeatedly, and there are many branches of willows. "Yes, yes, yes", quantifiers have been used repeatedly, and they have drawn rich fruits. (6) The repeated use of the adjective "Yingying" in the sentence indicates that plum blossoms are in full bloom. "Gorgeous" is a repeatedly used adjective to describe the brilliance of plum blossoms. In a word, these overlapping words are more expressive and give people a stronger sense of beauty than single words. In poetry, overlapping words are used to describe natural scenery, and there is no sense of repetition. Use this overlapping word to express the characteristics and gestures of things, so that readers are vivid and immersive.

2. Dynamic description, such as "general" in the seventh sentence, with overlapping verbs, depicts the calmness of fishermen. "Fly", with overlapping verbs, looks like swallows coming and going. (8) The sentence "Deep" shows the lush scenery of flowers, while "Leisurely" shows the light posture of dragonflies flying. Ye Mengde read it and commented, "I never seem to study hard, ... I am superior." This is not only a fascinating description of the image of things, but also a profound feeling. As Ye Jiaying said, "What he wrote is profound and leisurely, but it makes people read ... and it has its own meaning of infinite treasure". "Sadness" in the ninth sentence (Poems of Jialing) has overlapping adjectives to describe the coldness of the late autumn evening breeze. The adjective "Zhan Zhan" in the sentence (10) is used repeatedly, and the river is crystal clear. The adjective "vaguely" is repeatedly used to describe the gloom of rainy weather. The sentence (1 1) is pure in the shape of "Juanjuan" and delicate in the fragrance of "Ran Ran", which is enough to imagine the poet's good interest. The repeated use of the adjective "Ran Ran" in the sentence (12) indicates that cigarettes move slowly. "Hui Hui", a repeatedly used term, depicts the bright sunshine on the bamboo forest, and the poem depicts a natural scenery of the Cold Food Festival. These reduplicated words have a finishing touch in sentences, and the so-called spiritual interest can be seen here.

The use of reduplicated words makes the scenery description combine dynamic and static, the sound and emotion blend, and the sound and emotion are abundant, so that the object of description can reach "heartless and unsympathetic" and "the realm is exhausted" Such an article, as Wang Guowei said in "Words on Earth", "Everyone's works will be refreshing, and their scenery will be refreshing. His words blurted out without any makeup. " In Du Fu's works, all the scenes are layered, three-dimensional, profound, picturesque and beautiful.

Second, skillfully use copying words to enhance the beauty of melody

Describing various sounds with overlap and portraying images with sound play a major role in the works. There are abundant onomatopoeic words in Chinese, which have been widely used as early as the Book of Songs. Du Fu is good at directly recording the sounds of nature in his poems, conveying them to readers and giving people concrete and true feelings. For example:

(13) Yunxi flowers are pale, and Guo Chunshui is Lingling. ("Chatting Four Rhymes in Yanting County")

(14) The autumn wind blows my clothes, but it is slightly sunny in the east and west. (Part II of Two Autumn Winds)

(15) "Leaves fall like the spray of a waterfall, and I watch the long river always roll forward." ("climbing")

(16) "Car, each of you has a bow and quiver on your belt, my parents' wife, until the dust buries the bridge outside Chang 'an. They shouted as they ran and pulled your sleeve, and their sad voices floated into the sky. " (Military Vehicle Shop)

"Lingling" in the sentence (13) overlaps with onomatopoeic words, and the underwater sound is clear. "Xi" in the sentence (14) vividly depicts a picture of Qiu Jingtu through the overlapping of onomatopoeic words. The "rustling" in the sentence (15) is like the sound of the wind blowing leaves. "Rolling", verbs overlap, imitating the trend of river running. The poet is deeply attached to the scenery, pinning his tragic feelings on the rustle of fallen trees and the roar of the Yangtze River. Wang Yuyang thinks that this is "if the seven-character laws overlap, it will help to see the tragedy". (Wang Shizhen's Poems with Classrooms). These two sentences, fourteen words, are accurate and wonderful. While writing the scenery, the author's feelings of worrying about the country and the people are vividly on the paper. In addition, when a chapter describes a grand scene with several overlapping words, it will add great momentum, greatly render the atmosphere, form a special aesthetic feeling, and enhance the appeal of the text image. Such as (16) sentence "Linlin", onomatopoeia words are used repeatedly, which sounds like the sound of a chariot starting. Horse "rustling", onomatopoeia is repeatedly used to describe the tragic voice of horse. Coupled with the visual description: the "pedestrians" with bows and arrows-soldiers, parents and wives running to bid farewell, crying and dust all over the sky, constitute a tragic farewell picture. Through these onomatopoeic words, we feel the pain that Janice has brought to thousands of families in Qian Qian, which is intertwined with the tragic atmosphere before going to war. From these examples, we can see that narrating with sound is like a calendar; Vividly describe the scene; Writing scenery with sound, containing feelings in the scenery, blending scenes, touching.

Secondly, poetry is a musical art, so the choice of poetry language should not only consider the effect of describing lyricism, but also consider the beauty of phonology. Li Zhonghua, a poet in A Qing, pointed out in "A True Zhai Shi Shuo": "Overlapping rhyme is like two jade interlocking, take its sound; Two voices are connected like pearls, so accept them tactfully. " Overlapping words are both disyllabic and rhyming, so they are powerful and tactfully connected, with beautiful auditory effects. Du Fu's poems often use reduplication to pursue this kind of phonological beauty. Especially in metrical poems, reduplicated words have the musicality of harmonious pronunciation, clear rhythm and coordinated rhythm, which makes the sentence patterns orderly, sonorous and melodious, distinctive and full of musical beauty.

Third, skillfully use reduplication to show the beauty of human feelings.

Artistic creation depends not on rational judgment, but on passion, especially the creation of poetry. Therefore, it is extremely important for poets to fully express their thoughts and feelings, so as to infect readers and arouse their hearts. The clever use of overlap is helpful to achieve this goal better. The use of reduplicated words is more conducive to the expression of feelings, can achieve the effect of blending words and meanings, and can enhance the beauty of human feelings in poetry.

Du Fu used a lot of overlapping words to express his frustration, depression, concern for the country and the people, and the hardships of traveling. For example, "To Qiu Ge, a monk in the middle of Shu": "The desert world is dark, and the drive is striving for diversity." This shows Du Fu's deep feelings about the dark reality. "The moonlight is foggy, and the glow is near the building." Then the author's lonely and gloomy mood is expressed through the scenery. "Nine Days": "The world is chaotic and gloomy for a long time, and the road is difficult and ordinary." This is a summary of life wandering, which contains a lot of bitterness. Qingming Festival: "Silence is a boat with double tears, and Zuo Shu is empty." This is a poem written by the poet shortly before his death, and it is a true portrayal of his lifelong pursuit and illness. Du Fu's greatness lies not only in his great creation, but also in his great quality. I am unfortunate, but I am worried about the reunification of the Central Plains and the country. So you can feel Du Fu's heartbeat in every poem, because he is writing with life and blood.

However, this does not mean that Du Fu's poems with overlapping words are always sad and unhappy. In fact, there are many lively and relaxed lyrical styles in his poems. He is good at expressing different parts of speech. For example, his clever use of adjective reduplication shows his love for scenery, such as "Yan Ting is lighter than Ran Ran, and the bamboo is bright and clean", which renders the sunshine on the bamboo forest bright and clean, revealing the author's love for the water vapor on the shore and the sunshine on the bamboo forest; "Ying Ying is a snow apricot, and Yan Yan treats Chun Mei" shows the author's admiration for plum blossoms in full bloom. The reduplication of quantifiers seems to the reader to criticize things one by one, such as "Yang Liuzhi's branches are weak" and many willow branches are alive; "Loquat fragrance" describes the magnificent scenery of loquat trees with rich fruits and overflowing fragrance. The overlapping use of onomatopoeia words can vividly record the sounds of nature, giving people an immersive feeling, such as "there is wind blowing in the river and clouds blowing on the ground", and the sound of wind whistling in the river is like being in a storm. Overlapping verbs can give a sense of movement to the picture. For example, "Dragonflies fly slowly with water" and "Swallows fly in clear autumn" depict the flight between dragonflies and swallows, which is lifelike; I think the long river is always rolling forward, which renders the surging momentum of Jiang Tao. This flexible use reminds people of it, so as to understand it with the feeling of its situational atmosphere, enrich the image and artistic conception, and make readers feel refreshed.

Du Fu once wrote a poem in Yin Chang: "The new sentence of the poem is stable, you don't think you have been singing for a long time." It shows that he is very particular about the refinement and rhyme of poetry. The flexible use of reduplicated words in Du Fu's poems powerfully illustrates this point. We should never think that reduplication is only used to complement syllables. In fact, the reduplication in Du Fu's poems is often the essence of the whole sentence. Du Fu used many overlapping words to describe his life experience and express his thoughts and feelings, which provided clues and basis for us to study Du Fu's life, mood and mentality. Combining these phenomena, we can understand a certain aspect of Du Fu's life and his mentality in a certain period to some extent.