Three questions about "Meteorology and Phenology".

Phenology

The science of interannual changes in phenological phenomena and environmental conditions (climate), the relationship between climate, agricultural meteorology and ecological environment at the edge of the discipline. Phenological phenomena include: ① germination, leaf expansion, flowering, seeds, leaf discoloration, leaves, etc. of various plants; ② migratory birds, insects flying in the early Ming Dynasty, Ming Dynasty final vacation and dormancy; ③ hydrometeorological phenomena, permafrost, frost , ice, melt, snow, last snow. 3000 years ago, China's phenological calendar "Xia Xiaozheng." In each month's "Book of Songs", "Bin Feng July's article," April this year is lush, "May is chirping cicada," "Japanese Lufthansa Chicken Zhen" "Jade", "October Cricket Entered My Bed" phenological description. "Lu's Spring and Autumn Period·12th Century", "Huainanzi Training", "Book of Rites·Yuezai" At the back of the book, there are phenological contents.·Yi The "Book of Zhou" training solution contains 72 other phenological calendars compiled in advance of the Northern Wei Dynasty, which were loaded into the state's calendar. Wang Zhen of the Yuan Dynasty had the living method of time at his fingertips, the celestial calendar of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom had the ancient Chinese agricultural books of Inch Yayue, and the ancient medical books also had the rich knowledge of phenology, Zhu Kezhen, the pioneer of climate science and the pioneer of modern logistics in China. On his initiative, in 1934, 1940 and 1962, 2 national phenological observation networks have been organized. "Phenology" and "Preliminary Studies", its five thousand year masterpiece of the phenology school of climate change. Phenology research has achieved important results in China: (1) Establishing a nationwide phenology observation network. The existing observation network, established in 1962 and led by the Institute of Scientific Geography of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, has approximately 60 observation points and provides national consensus on 46 species of animals and plants (33 species of woody plants) Information published in the annual report in the form of Chinese herbal medicine, two animals, 11 species). In recent years, the National Meteorological Service System has also carried out observations of the natural world climate and crop material climate, and the agricultural material climate observation ratio has been characterized; ② In the publications of climate science engineering, the research of phenology schools and the popularization of phenology knowledge are promoted; ③ The Will oppose the application of climate science to agriculture and climate science research. In agriculture: preparation of the natural history museum; instructions and forecasts of early and late seasons, guidance on sowing and weeding indicators; mastering the grazing season, wind protection, prediction of pest occurrence periods, ecological crop varieties, expected plant variety classification, planting season and promotion scope. Investigation of the impact of microclimates in small, mountainous areas; climatic phenology studies climate changes in historical periods, seasonal phenological divisions, and forestry based on its mastery: seed collection and planting seasons. In geography: phenology and phytophysical zoning, agroclimatic zoning indicators and auxiliary indicators. The German Federal Republic of Germany, the United States, the Soviet Union, Japan and other countries also attach great importance to phenological observation and research. For example, the European International Phenological Observation Park Network of 2700 observation points in Germany was established in the early 1960s. In the coming years, development trends and characteristics: ① focus on the development of agricultural meteorological research and key ecological research; ② improve observation accuracy and use the same clone of observed plant species; ③ observation and research of new technologies, such as computer mapping, remote sensing technology, etc.

About phenology

Phenology is the science that studies the relationship between plants and animals and the cyclical changes in the environment in nature. It mainly observes the ups and downs of plant growth. Compare the differences in spatial and temporal distribution by recording the migration and reproduction of animals and changes in the environment during the year, explore the periodicity of the development and activities of flora and fauna, and their dependence on environmental conditions, and then understand Legal flora and fauna of climate change and its impacts. It is a borderline subject between biology and meteorology.

The impact of the growth and development of plants and animals on the environment is a very complex process. However, the instrument can only record certain individual factors, environmental conditions, and phenology is a comprehensive reflection of various environmental factors in the past and present. Therefore, phenological indicator phenomena can be used as environmental factors, overall effects, and can also be used for the assessment of environmental factors for plants and animals.

The earliest record of phenology is from "The Book of Songs·Jingfeng·July" before 1,000 BC, followed by "Xia Xiao", "Lu Shi Chunqiu·Twelve Chronicles", "Training", " Huainan Zi Note·January Order Monthly Record-breaking Annual Sports Phenological Calendar "Yizhoushu·Training Solution" One year is divided into waiting, Hutchison Whampoa 72 specifies 5 days each, and the phenological calendar becomes more perfect, The Almanac of the Northern Wei Dynasty.

In the late Western Han Dynasty, the famous agronomic work "Sixuan Shu" recorded an indicator of phenology to determine the cultivation period, such as "Apricot starts Huarong, noisy agriculture is light." Soft layers of soil; hope the apricot drops recover. "The phenological period of Jinhua City recorded by Lu Zuqian in Jinhua City (Wuzhou), Southern Song Dynasty in the seventh and eighth years (1180, 1181) of Chunxi in the Southern Song Dynasty, in full bloom, peach, plum, apricot, bauhinia, crabapple, orchid, bamboo, polygonum phenology records , planting hibiscus, lotus, chrysanthemum, hollyhock and daylily at the end of the 24th, Liang Zhenying arrived at the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the first practical observation of autumn insects in the world

The Ming Dynasty, Li's "Compendium of Materia Medica". "Nearly 2,000 medicines have been stated in the book forty-eighth, 49 2, which are extremely rich in plant phenology. The volumes account for the geographical distribution, syllables and time of the migratory birds cuckoos and cuckoos, and provide complete and accurate records of the phenology of the birds. kind. In the middle of the 19th century, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom issued the "Calendar of Days" and the "Bud Month Ordering Phenology Guidance Breeding Calendar."

In Europe, the Athenians in ancient Greece have compiled agricultural phenological calendars based on their materials. The British Ma Xiangzi, from 1736 to the 1940s, made long-term observations and records of 27 species of plants, migratory birds and insects, animals and plants. This is the longest phenological record in Europe at one time. In the book "Philosophy of Botany" written by the Swedish botanist Linnaeus in the middle of the 18th century, he outlined the tasks of phenology, phenology observation and analysis methods, and organized an 18-point observation network. He is one of Europe's leading advocates of phenology.

In Germany, botanist Hofmann established a phenological observation network in the 1890s. He selected 34 species, objects of phenological observation in China and Europe, and observed them personally for 40 years. Subsequently, Iraq succeeded in its students. In the United States, forest entomologist Johns Hopkins 1918 A bioclimatological approach to the spatial distribution of phenological land in temperate zones of North America.

In China, Zhu Kezhen, the founder of modern phenology. The Phenological Observation Network Organization, established in 1934, was the beginning of modern phenological observation in China. Under his leadership, in 1962, they organized the National Phenological Observation Network System for phenological research. For the "Phenological Observation of China's Phenological Observation Methods", the unified standard was released in 1979 and is compiled and released year by year. China's Animal and Plant Phenological Observation Annual Report.

Since the 1950s, the national phenology observation network has expanded, providing richer phenology. What's more, due to the application of remote sensing technology and computers, there is potential for greater development in the exploration and application of law.

The basic research method of phenology is the parallel observation method, which is to observe the changes of biological phenological phenomena and meteorological factors at the same time to study their mutual relationships. Mainly to observe changes in climate phenomena of biological materials at fixed points, and to observe the phenology of candidate observation networks at the same time according to a unified observation method; for small-area phenology observations, in the short term (3-5 days) using cars and other transportation The tool analyzes changes in crop and vegetation phenology through China-Brazil Earth Resources satellite photos; the phenology period uses experiments to study the physiological mechanisms affected by climate and other factors.

The phenomenon of various biological phenological dates occurs with interannual changes and changes in climatic conditions, but in the same climate zone, if there is no local climate, their order remains the same every year. In different climate zones, combinations of changing phenological sequences due to changes in biological species and climatic conditions. The natural history museum of phenological sequence compilation is the basis for predicting agricultural seasons.

Due to the zonal and non-zonal distribution of climate, the characteristics of phenology and latitude, longitude and altitude changes and passability. 1918 Hopkins University Bioclimatology Law: Under the same conditions, under the influence of other factors, the North American temperate zone moves in a northerly direction, with an eastward movement of 1° north latitude and 5° east longitude, with a year-on-year increase of approximately 122 meters. Plants develop stages four days later in spring and early summer; four days earlier in late summer and fall.

Phenology has become an area of ??analysis and management of ecosystems, phenological zoning, rational allocation of crops, vertical distribution of mountains, rational use of land, prevention of environmental pollution and resource utilization of waste, etc. A lot of phenological research work has been done. In addition to macroeconomic studies of phenology, morphological changes in internal plant organs have begun. In this study, candidates for meteorological conditions on biophysics have begun experimental studies using artificial climate chambers, and established mathematical models to study meteorological conditions and biological phenological changes.

The relationship between climate and housing

The relationship between climate and transportation

The relationship between climate and plants

Climate The relationship between national costumes and national costumes

5.3% of northern residents' homes have a single pitched flat roof, 10.5% have a central ridge, and 81.6% of their houses are brick-concrete structures. Why their roof center? Why are their houses made of brick and concrete? As we investigated came this: summer rain in the north is very concentrated, very. The interior is centered on the built-in ridge so that water does not pool on the roof. Crops can also be irrigated, which not only prevents the house from wearing out on rainy days, but also irrigates crops. This is a brick house that has the best of both worlds. The weather is cold in winter, the walls are insulated with bricks, and there is no heat in summer. The windows of local farmers in Quannan provide good lighting. , can play a supporting role in winter insulation, which does not say you want to draw.

The north courtyard is rectangular, I think it should save food! The rural bathroom has also been moved to the hospital, which is hygienic. By composting, you can also save time

Strong bad weather such as fog, snow, hail, etc. may affect traffic

Agricultural production activities are carried out under natural conditions, some combination of light, heat, Water, gas, good production, form an effective agricultural natural resource; another different combination may be harmful to agricultural production, constituting agricultural natural disasters. The basic task of agricultural meteorology is to study agricultural natural resources and agricultural natural disasters. , agricultural zoning and planning, reasonable layout of crops, manual adjustment of microclimate and spatial and temporal distribution of crop planting and management services, in addition, we need to carry out agricultural meteorological forecast and intelligence services to provide advisory opinions and suggestions for agricultural production, Make rational use of climate resources, overcome adverse meteorological factors, and take appropriate measures in agriculture to promote high agricultural yields, reduce costs, and improve economic efficiency.

Humans transitioned to farming, hunting, and gathering, and gradually accumulated knowledge of the impact of weather conditions on agricultural production. A method known to China as early as Spring and Autumn, Chuguyi measured the four solar terms of the season, the vernal equinox, the autumnal equinox, the summer solstice, and the winter solstice. The phenological record dates in "Shuqujingfeng July, August, Peeling and October Rice". In the early Western Han Dynasty, the full name of the book "Huainanzi Tianwen Xun" has more than 24 solar terms.

The "Solution" "Yizhou Shu Training" will be divided into 72 years of candidates, three candidates for each solar term, waiting for 5 days for each corresponding phenology. This is the earliest in China Combining form, astronomical, meteorological, and phenological knowledge to guide agricultural production activity calendar, it can be regarded as the seed of ancient agricultural meteorology. After the invention of thermometers and meteorological and biological research, observational study of plant growth and development and meteorological conditions began. Quantitative relationship. With the establishment of meteorological observation networks, research on the relationship between climate and agriculture is gradually developed.

On the one hand, agricultural meteorology is an important part of the ecological environment, and quantitative observations of plants or animals and the environment. The relationship between growth and development of meteorological factors. Since Lieaomier, the founder of the famous column of thermometers, discovered in 1735 that the growth rate of plants can be measured by accumulating temperature, this theory is an important basis for the theory of agricultural meteorology; on the other hand, agriculture An important branch of meteorology, geographical science and climate change and development: China, Russia Voyeikov, Austria Supan, Germany Koban, Zhu Kezhen, etc., climate research on vegetation, animals, soil and climate, geographical distribution, agricultural meteorology and Agricultural materials opened the way to the development of science. Agricultural meteorology formed a complete independent discipline only 30 to 40 years later in the 20th century. Microclimate is a small-scale meteorological process due to terrain, underlying surface characteristics or other Changes in climate characteristics caused by factors such as the influence of farming methods and dynamic changes in crop populations, changes in the active surface conditions and physical properties of cultivated land, radiation balance and thermal balance, thus forming different types of unique farmland microclimates. . Then it affects the field microclimate formed during the growth, development and production of crops.

Microclimate improves greenhouses, sunshine borders, plastic greenhouses, plastic film ground coverings, wind protection, shelterbelts, evaporation suppression and soil. Surface warming, etc.

Greenhouse climate is a micrometeorological process and a greenhouse microclimate characteristic. It is an artificial microclimate adjustment. The transmittance of high-temperature glass during the day is greater than the transmittance characteristics of short-wave radiation in long-wave radiation events. In addition, the greenhouse structure, orientation, pitched roof, roof height-to-span ratio, and the use of translucent materials have a significant impact on the distribution and change of light intensity and temperature in the greenhouse.

In recent years, due to the development of automation technology and the complete manual control of light, temperature and other meteorological conditions, artificial climate chambers or plant growth chambers have been used in agricultural research to grow vegetables and precious crops. Plants can also manually adjust temperature and humidity, carbon dioxide concentration, and soilless cultivation technology to automate plant production factories.

4 The climate is hot, so the locals’ clothing is naturally easy to cool down. The weather is cold, so it is natural to wear more clothes. Compare the understanding of the sub-Antarctic scientific expedition team and African clothing