Classification of geographical climatic zones in senior high schools

1, tropical rain forest gas: the climate of tropical rain forest is also called "equatorial rainy climate". It is distributed on both sides of the equator 10 latitude. It is hot and rainy all year round, with an average monthly temperature of 25 ~ 28℃ and an annual precipitation of over 2000 mm, with even seasonal distribution and no dry season. It mainly appears in Amazon Plain in South America, Congo Basin and Gulf of Guinea in Africa, most parts of Malay Archipelago in Asia and southern Malay Peninsula.

Features: It is hot and rainy all year round.

2. savanna climate: savanna climate is divided into dry season (February to July) and rainy season (July to 1 month).

Tropical desert climate is controlled by subtropical high and trade winds all the year round, tropical continental air masses prevail and the climate is dry and hot.

The frigid climate, also known as tundra climate, is mainly distributed on the coast and islands of the Arctic Ocean in Eurasia and North America, and the latitude is roughly between 70 and 75 N, which is already within the Arctic Circle, so the extreme phenomenon of day and night is obvious. The climate is characterized by winter all year round, with the monthly average temperature of 0-IO ~ C for only 65,438+0-4 months in a year, and the precipitation is scarce, which mostly belongs to the glacier front, mostly snow, with plenty of clouds and weak evaporation.

Plateau mountain climate is mainly distributed in Himalayas, Pamirs and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in Asia, Cordillera Mountains in North and South America, Alps in Europe and Kilimanjaro in Africa. Because the climatic factors such as temperature and precipitation change vertically with the altitude of the terrain, a vertical climate zone structure is formed. Different mountains or plateaus have different vertical climate zone structures, that is, the same mountain or plateau often has different vertical climate zone structures due to the differences in internal slope direction, height and position.

2. Tropical monsoon climate: Tropical monsoon climate is divided into two seasons: dry season, warm and dry with little rain, rainy season, hot and rainy. Generally, May-September is the rainy season, and10-April is the dry season. Affected by the monsoon, there is more monsoon precipitation from the ocean, which is naturally rainy season, while there is less monsoon water vapor and precipitation from the land.

4. Tropical desert climate: 1) Less precipitation and large variability: Yasvin in the Sahara desert of North Africa has a record of no rain for many years; In Allica, a desert in northern Chile, South America, there have been only three showers that can measure rainfall in a row 17 years, and the total amount of the three showers is only 0.5 1 mm, with very little precipitation. Iquiji, also located in the desert of northern Chile, had no rain for four consecutive years, but in the fifth year, a shower dropped by 65,438+05 mm, and in the second year, a shower record reached 63.5 mm, showing great variability. Rainfall in tropical deserts is mostly explosive showers, which often cause serious soil erosion.

(2) High temperature and large temperature difference: Due to less clouds, strong sunshine, insufficient vegetation coverage and low air humidity, the temperature rises extremely rapidly during the day. It is recorded that the temperature in North Africa is as high as 58℃. Generally, the average monthly temperature in summer is between 30℃ and 35℃, and the high temperature lasts for a long time. For example, in Aden, Arabian Peninsula, the monthly average temperature is above 30℃ for five months in a year. The desert is cooler at night, because there is no cloud all night, and the ground radiation is strong and the heat dissipation is fast. The lowest temperature at night is usually between 7℃ and 12℃, and there are also days of thin frost. The annual temperature difference is generally around 10℃~20℃, and the daily temperature difference is even larger, between 15℃~30℃. At a weather station south of Tripoli in North Africa, 1978,1February 25th, 978, it was recorded that the highest temperature in Jedaias during the day was 37.2℃, but at night, the lowest temperature dropped to -0.6℃, and the daily temperature difference reached 37.8℃, which was really "wearing a fur coat in the morning and wearing yarn in the afternoon".

(3) Strong evaporation and low relative humidity: Tropical desert climate is often cloudless, windy, sunny, high temperature and low relative humidity in Wan Li, so it has strong evaporation. The possible evapotranspiration is 20 times or even about 100 times of precipitation. The relative humidity in the air is very small, and it often appears at about 2% in the Sahara desert of Egypt.

Second, the subtropical zone:

1. Subtropical monsoon climate and subtropical monsoon humid climate: Subtropical monsoon climate is distributed on the east coast of subtropical continent with 25 ~ 35 north latitude, and East Asia is the most representative. It is a zone where tropical marine air masses and polar continental air masses alternately control and compete with each other. It is mainly distributed in the south of Huaihe River in Qinling Mountains in eastern China, north of tropical monsoon climate, south of Japan and south of Korean Peninsula.

(Cause: Eurasia, the continent with the biggest difference in thermal properties between land and sea, and the largest ocean Pacific Ocean. )

Climatic characteristics: The average temperature in June of 5438+1October is generally above 0℃, and it is hot in summer, and the average temperature in July is generally around 25℃, and the direction of Xia Feng changes obviously in winter. The annual precipitation is generally above 1000 mm, mainly concentrated in summer and less in winter.

The subtropical monsoon humid climate is distributed in southeastern North America, eastern Argentina in South America and southeastern Australia. These areas are called subtropical monsoon humid climate because there is a considerable amount of precipitation in winter, and there is little difference between winter and summer.

The climatic reason is also the difference of thermal properties between land and sea, but the difference of thermal properties between land and sea is not as strong as the former in this climate distribution area.

Note: The two climates can be collectively called subtropical monsoon climate, with little difference.

Supplement: The subtropical monsoon humid climate is just not as hot as the subtropical monsoon humid climate, because the continent where the subtropical monsoon humid climate is distributed is not the largest continent, and the adjacent ocean is not the largest ocean. Because the specific heat capacity of seawater and soil is different, there will be a difference between hot and cold, forming a monsoon. ) The difference between hot and cold is not severe, and there is little difference between dry and wet in winter and summer, forming a subtropical monsoon humid climate.

2. Mediterranean climate characteristics (subtropical dry summer climate): mild and rainy in winter, dry and rainy in summer)

Third, the temperate zone:

1, temperate maritime climate (characteristics: mild and rainy all year round, suitable for the growth of juicy grass, etc. )

2. temperate continental climate, (characteristics: dry all year round, hot in summer and cold in winter)

3. Temperate monsoon climate (characteristics: high temperature and rainy summer, cold and dry winter, representative city: Beijing)

Fourth, the sub-frigid zone:

1. Coniferous forest climate in sub-frigid zone: Coniferous forest climate in sub-frigid zone, also known as sub-polar continental climate, is mainly distributed in Eurasia and northern North America, and the latitude is about 50 to 55 or 65 north latitude. Because there is not much water vapor in the air and evaporation is weak, it still belongs to a humid climate. Precipitation is concentrated in summer because the summer temperature is high and there is a lot of water vapor in the air, including cyclone rain and convective rain; In winter, the temperature is low, the water vapor content is low, and it is controlled by the sinking continental anticyclone, so there is little precipitation in winter. Coniferous forest climate in sub-cold zone is rich in forest resources, and forestry is often developed.

Winter is long and cold, and the average monthly temperature is below 0℃. Summer is short and warm, the monthly average temperature is above 10℃, and the annual precipitation is 300 ~ 600 mm Due to weak evaporation, the relative humidity is high. The temperature is the highest all year round. This is because this area is the source of polar continental air mass, with high latitude, long night time in winter, small solar altitude angle at noon, snow and strong ground radiation cooling, which is beyond the adjustment of ocean air mass. It extends from east to west into a wide and narrow strip. Because of its high latitude, the winter is long and cold. The warm season is short, and the temperature is particularly high all year round. Summer precipitation is sparse and concentrated, but the temperature is low, evaporation is weak and relative humidity is high. Natural vegetation is coniferous forest.

Influenced by the polar ocean air mass and the polar continental air mass, and as the source of the polar continental air mass, it is often attacked by the Arctic air mass in winter and sometimes by the tropical continental air mass in warm season. Coniferous forests in the sub-frigid zone grow in the climatic zone of coniferous forests in the sub-frigid zone, such as Eurasia and northern North America, from 50 north latitude to about 55 or 65 north latitude.

Five, cold zone:

1, Ice climate: There are not many tests in this part, and most of them test polar climate, which is cold, dry and windy all year round.

2, tundra climate, (features: the conditions are better than the ice sheet climate, and there are not many tests)

Six, there is a special, is the alpine plateau climate, (features: mainly in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, lack of oxygen, sparse vegetation,)