Du Fu went to Jiangnan or failed in the imperial examination in 735.

In the 18th year of Kaiyuan in Tang Dynasty, Du Fu lingered briefly-defect. This year, Luoyang, Henan Province was flooded, houses collapsed, boats in the river drowned a lot, and even the sturdy Yongji Bridge was washed away. A serious flood made Du Fu go out of town for the first time. Today he is in Linyi County, Shanxi Province. However, due to the weather, except that he met Wei Zhijin and Kouxi there, the rest of the information could not be verified in detail. In the second year, that is, in the nineteenth year of Tang Kaiyuan, Du Fu, who had just passed the age of weak crown, ushered in the first real roaming in his life:

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A trip to wuyue.

Du Fu just finished his bar mitzvah. Du Xian, the father of Yanzhou county magistrate, was not bound by the traditional old saying that "parents are here and don't travel far", but encouraged Du Fu to bid farewell to his relatives and travel far. He even told Du Fu before he left that he must take time to visit two people in the south. One is Du Fu's uncle Du Deng, and the other is Du Fu's uncle He?

In this way, 20-year-old Du Fu, with a dream of flying, went on the road in high spirits.

Du Fu, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, spent most of his life wandering, with only a few short-lived official careers. This profound experience is a difficult life for Du Fu personally, but for Tang poetry, it has formed his gloomy poems. He was named "Poet Saint", and together with Li Bai, he was a Gemini in the Tang Dynasty. Although life is bumpy, a trip to the south of the Yangtze River in youth is a rare journey of freedom and a rare aesthetic journey. From Jiangning to wuyue, Du Fu, who had just passed the age of weak crown, had a four-year journey of youth. Xiushan Lishui in the south of the Yangtze River not only nourishes his young and brilliant poetic heart, but also nourishes everything, silently shaping his aesthetic and life interest.

Jiangning: boating on the lake and playing chess leisurely.

Luoyang in the Tang Dynasty was a transit point of the ancient canal, with Yongji Canal in the north and Nantong in the south. He set out from Luoyang, passed the Guangji Canal, crossed Huai River and Yan Gou at Jingkou, and arrived in Jiangning in a few days, which is now Nanjing.

This is also the first stop of Du Fu's trip to Jiangnan.

Du Fu, the ancient capital of the Six Dynasties, must have experienced its charm in the poems of his predecessors Xie Lingyun and Bao Zhao. However, his whereabouts in Jiangning are erratic and short-lived. It can be traced back to his visit to a temple called Crock Temple, where he met Vimalakīrti and Gu Kaizhi, great painters of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. The crock temple in the Tang Dynasty was already a well-known temple. Before Du Fu went to pay his respects, Li Bai, a great poet, came and wrote a poem "Dengwa Coffin Pavilion". Why did these two great poets, known as the Gemini in Tang Dynasty, go to the same temple?

This must be related to the profound cultural precipitation of the crock temple.

According to the age of the earthen pot temple monument, "the temple on the left side of the river precedes the earthen pot. The Jin Dynasty was built in the former site of Taogong, hence the name pottery jar, which is a coffin. Or: There used to be monks chanting scriptures here. Dead and buried in a coffin, lotus flowers bloom on the grave, so it is called a tile coffin. There is a tile coffin pavilion in the middle, which is 25 feet high. " By the Tang Dynasty, there were three unique crock temples, namely, the five-body Buddha statue in Dai Kui, the jade statue in the lion country and the Vimalakirti statue in Gu Kaizhi. Probably, it is these three wonders that have attracted countless literati and poets. Sure enough, Du Fu was deeply attracted by Gu Kaizhi's Vimalakīrti in the crock temple.

According to legend, Gu Kaizhi, a great painter who left classic paintings such as "A Picture of a Woman's History" in the history of painting in China, was invited as a celebrity at that time when he rebuilt the crock temple, that is, he donated money. At that time, he smartly promised to donate millions-this was an astronomical figure at that time. Seeing that it was time to pay the money, Gu Kaizhi came to the temple and asked for a flour wall. After more than a month behind closed doors, the portrait of Vimalakīrti was completed. Just about to nod, he said to the monk, "Please give the first night watchman 100 thousand." The next day, 50 thousand. On the third day, you can take responsibility. "Soon, it raised millions of dollars.

The legend recorded in The Story of Shi Jing Temple may be just an anecdote passed down from mouth to mouth, but for Du Fu, the unexpected encounter with Gu Kaizhi's The Image of Vimalakirti was a good art education in his youth. This aesthetic reserve of field work, Gong Sunniang's sword dancing and Li Guinian's singing constitute a part of his aesthetic accomplishment.

Du Fu, who was slightly excited, just got a copy of a mural from Zheng Ba who accompanied him to visit the crock temple. The evidence of this can be found in Vimalakīrti, which he wrote when he saw Xu Ba return to Jiangning in Chang 'an at the age of 47. In the poem, "Jin Su hangs a tiger's head and its magic is unforgettable", which means that he got the rubbings and left a deep impression on them, which he will never forget after many years. When he was 5 1 year old, he wrote a poem entitled "The Wall of Xuanwu Zen Master" and "When did you take a picture of Zhang Hu's head, Yingzhou was full of murals", and he also said this mural. 56 years old, arrived in Kuizhou with illness. In the five-character poem "Ode to Autumn", he mentioned Gu Kaizhi's art affectionately. There is no doubt that the phrase "Gu Kaidan is brilliant and fierce, and" Toutuo "has ten thousand volumes" still refers to this mural.

In Jiangning, he was also closely related to a monk named Min.

He often goes boating on the lake with this monk who doesn't know which temple he is hiding in Jiangning. He plays chess and loves in his spare time, which is very pleasant. Later, he recalled this happy time in the poem "Because Xu sent Jiangning _ Master", and brought a trace of nostalgia for the old friend:

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I haven't seen you for thirty years, and I sent a book with tears in my eyes.

Can the beauty of the old days come today, and who will inherit the new poems?

Chess follows the flow to find bamboo, and cassock recalls rowing.

After listening to your words, I am an official, and my head is white, only drunk.

Wu: Gu is nostalgic.

After Du Fu left Jiangning, he went to Wudi along the Yangtze River and the ancient canal. Du Fu likes to roam Jiangning, not only to visit old friends, but also to travel around. But compared with Jiangning, his walking route in Wudi is much clearer, and his traces are roughly as follows:

Tai Su. This place is also called Gusu Mountain, which is the place where King He Lv overlooks Taihu Lake, because there is a platform on the mountain, also called Gusu Terrace. In 492 BC, Fu Cha, the king of Wu, became the king of Wuzhong, becoming increasingly proud, and began to build large-scale buildings. The Gusutai, which he spent five years building, is a place where he plays and entertains luxuriously. According to the book "Biography of Gou Jian's Conspiracy Theory", Volume 9 of Wu Yue Chun Qiu, the establishment of this platform "makes the roads often die, the streets and lanes keep crying, the people are sleepy, and the sergeant is miserable". While Fu Cha, the king of Wu, and the beautiful women were immersed in joy and luxury, the State of Yue attacked the State of Wu, which was captured in 475-473 BC and lasted for three years. It is quite historic that when the Vietnamese army attacked, Fu Cha, the prince of Wu, led his cronies to flee to Gusu Mountain. When they survived here, Vietnamese soldiers behind him surrounded it in the mountains. There is no road in the sky, and there is no road underground. Fu Cha, the prince of Wu, sighed and regretted not listening to Wu Zixu's advice, so he made himself like this. So he covered his face with a big towel and committed suicide, and Gusutai was also killed.

The prosperity of Su Dai and Binhe County witnessed the rise and fall of Wu, but Du Fu, who was loyal to Emperor Yao and Emperor Shun, could not stop boarding in Wu. Unfortunately, he can't see the romantic figures of literati such as Xie _ and Wang Xizhi here, nor the prostitutes and Wang Xizhi's elegant collections. All he saw was the desolate back left by time.

Du Fu, who boarded Gusutai and looked far away, actually had a little dream of going to Japan to help mulberry. Could it be that this is a fantasy of a Central Plains man near Taihu Lake?

And the tomb of Green Mountain. After hanging Gusutai, Du Fu went to the cemetery where he was buried with Lu, that is, the legendary Tiger Hill 3354, which is somewhat traceable. This is a place where mysterious light shines in the river of time. According to legend, when Fu Cha, the filial king of Wu, buried his father He Lv, he found his father's favorite swords, such as Zhu Bian and Yu Chang, and buried them by a pool. Three days later, a white tiger appeared in front of He Lv's grave and turned to stone. This is the origin of the name "Tiger Hill".

Perhaps Du Fu loved eagles and horses all his life, just for the sword pool.

Seen from a distance, it is just a tiger hill on a small mound. If you go in, you will find a cave. Qin Shihuang passed by on his southern tour and dug a sword. Although I found nothing, I ordered someone to dig deep and make the later sword pool. If Du Fu ran to the sword pool, he would see the mottled stone shadow beside the desolate tomb.

Cheung Chau Court. Du Fu came to the scenic Changzhou Garden, just in time to catch the lotus in full bloom, watching the graceful lotus blooming in the wind. The fragrant lotus fragrance makes people feel relaxed and happy, as if the tiredness of the whole body has vanished. Du Fu, intoxicated with lotus fragrance, may not know that the Changzhou garden he saw was the origin of Jiangnan garden and reached its peak in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Today, it is also a business card that everyone in Suzhou wants to hand out.

As early as the Spring and Autumn Period, the powerful country Wu built a large number of detached houses around the capital Gusu, which was also the source of gardens in the south of the Yangtze River. Changzhou Gardens are compared with Shanglin Gardens because of its vast territory and sparse population, and its gardens are prosperous. Mei Cheng, a famous poet in the Western Han Dynasty, said with some appreciation when remonstrating with Wu Wang Liu Bi: "It's better to plow the forest, stay away from the palace, and have fun together. Animals are not as round as animals. It's not as good as the gardens in Changzhou, visiting Qutai and going on the road. " Better than day and night. There is a saying that "the pond is deep day and night, and Changzhou garden is envied" in Jin's "Daizuo Si" and "Wudu Fu". And the affectionate narration in Wudi Ji, "I'd rather be lonely than old, I'd like to help the river, travel to Suzhou with General Sun, hunt Changzhou Garden, and be full of ambition", all of which have witnessed the scale of Changzhou Garden and the beauty of its landscape. However, Changzhou Garden, which was founded in Wu, experienced numerous natural and man-made disasters and wars in the history of 1500 years, especially in the 12 years from 886 to 898 in the late Tang Dynasty, when various separatist forces competed for Suzhou, the famous royal garden of Wu was destroyed. Even so, it has not changed the impulse and passion of literati and poets in past dynasties to visit Changzhou gardens. Luo, Bai Juyi and Lu Guimeng. I have come here many times to write poems.

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In this way, Du Fu's trip to Changzhou Garden is indeed lucky.

Taber tomb. In the history of China, modesty is a virtue. There are pears made in Kong Rong's daily life and Wu Taibo's submission to the king of a country. He is the eldest son of Gu Gongfu, the ancestor of Wu Taibo in Zhou Dynasty. He has two younger brothers: Zhong Yong and Ji Li. Later, Zhou Wenwang became Ji Chang, the son of Ji Li. In the distant era when the eldest son inherited the throne, it is said that the ancient duke foresaw Chang's "virtue", so he wanted to make an exception and pass the throne to his younger son Li, not his uncle, so that he could pass it on to Chang. After Taber knew his father's thoughts, he came to the south with his second brother Zhong Yong. Zhou's throne was successfully passed to Li Bo, and then to Li Bo. When he arrived in Zhou Wuwang, Zhou destroyed the Shang Dynasty and unified the whole world.

Perhaps, this is just a legend of high mountains and flowing water, but Wu Taibo's move to cede land is often taken for granted as a huge driving force.

In fact, Du Fu also has such humility. He lost his mother when he was young, and his father Du Xian was an official in Shandong. He spent his childhood at his aunt's house in Luoyang. Later, in the first year of Tianbao, when Du Fu wrote the epitaph "Epitaph of Dujia in Jingzhao County of Tang Wannian County" for his 3 1 year-old aunt, he mentioned such a detail: "Fu was ill at her aunt's house, and her son was ill again. When she asked the witch, the witch said,' The one in the southeast corner of England is just lucky. Therefore, Ziyi's land is safe for me, and I use it to save it, and Ziyi is a chess piece. Aunt knows the virtue of humility, and Du Fu is a "safe place for children". Soon, Du Fu recovered, but her parents and children died.

Without the humility of his aunt, Du Fu's life would be another kind of scenery.

Judging from these well-documented place names, Du Fu stayed in Suzhou for a longer time. Whether he visited Tiger Hill or Changzhou Lotus, he recalled it in a poem many years later. The delicate and true plot shows his deep attachment to Wu. It's a pity that he can't find a poem written in Suzhou in his library. In the middle Tang Dynasty, Huang Fan said in the Preface to the Collection of Du Gongbu: "Jiangzuo poets are all named after them." The implication is that the literati in Jiangnan have been singing the poems he wrote during his stay in Jiangnan, but unfortunately they have all been lost, and none of them have stayed.

History is always so ruthless.

Follow the path of Tang poetry.

After his trip to Wu, Du Fu came to the border area adjacent to Wu.

There is no textual research on the timetable of his roaming across the land, but it is clear that his crossing route is also a road often taken by poets in the Tang Dynasty, that is, the road later named East Zhejiang in the Tang Dynasty. The road of Tang poetry in eastern Zhejiang originated from Qiantang River, traced back to Shaoxing Jinghu Lake, along the East Zhejiang Canal and Cao 'e River, then turned to Shexi south, passed through Luozhou Mountain and Tianmu Mountain, and reached Liang Shi Waterfall in Tiantai Mountain. The total length of this ancient waterway is about 190 km. Among the more than 2,200 poets recorded in The Whole Tang Poetry, more than 400 poets passed by, and among the 278 poets recorded in The Tales of Tang Talents, 170 talents passed by, which became a cultural landscape on the south bank of Qiantang River.

Du Fu went to Yuedi and was greeted by Jianhu and fair-skinned Yue Nv. How could Du Fu not have thought that this was once the hometown of Beauty Stone, where the beauty washed clothes many years ago? Du Fu also saw a clear vision. On both sides of the stream, a group of women wearing straw hats and white clothes are graceful. They squatted by the stream, holding sand as thin as cicada's wings and as white as nothing in their hands, swinging up and down on the water. The unexpected encounter with Du Fu's girl Huansha constituted his deep impulse. It was from here that Du Fu went all the way south, along the mountains and rivers, and climbed the misty Tianmu Mountain in China's ancient poetry circle. This mountain, which was warmly praised by the poet Li Bai in the poem "Climbing Mount Tianmu in a Dream", is so towering that Du Fu is fascinated by it.

Bai Juyi once said, "The mountains and rivers in the southeast are the first. The more you face, the more you lie on the boat, and your eyes are eyebrows." Du Fu, who walked in front, took a boat to Tianmu, passing through Huiji, Yudong and Tanxi. He squandered his youth on this land on the south bank of Qiantang River. Because fate doomed him to run on the road all the time, but he has never been so wanton and happy as his trip to Jiangnan.

Four years of wandering time, like a dream, is always awakened by the dawn of the world.

In the 23rd year of Kaiyuan, the arrival of a letter from home forced him to stop wandering. The family wrote in the letter that the emperor was going to Luoyang, the eastern capital, to hold the imperial examination in a place called Futangguan, and he wanted to participate as a tribute to the countryside. Although Du Fu, who hurried to his hometown, ended in failure, Du Fu, who grew up as a parent of Confucianism and ministers, had to follow the Grand Canal all the way up to his hometown of Luoyang after receiving the letter, ending his romantic, frivolous and free roaming in wuyue.

What did Jiangnan travel bring to Du Fu?

Now back to the original proposition, why did Du Fu wander in the south of the Yangtze River?

This has to start with the wandering style of ancient literati. There are many forms of China ancient literati roaming, including official tour, frontier tour, seclusion tour, leisure tour and so on. This lifestyle, which originated from The Book of Songs, has been deeply influencing the development of ancient literature in China. The vast territory, open politics, strong national strength and relatively developed material culture in the Tang Dynasty all became the driving force for literati to wander. In this context, Du Fu's choice of roaming is not only a personal cultural choice, but also conforms to the trend of the times. He chose to go to Jiangnan for personal reasons. Although Du Fu left less than 50 poems 750 years ago, not even a specific poem about his roaming in wuyue, which was later mentioned in the poem "A Tour of Zhuang" and made a bold memory, we can still vaguely feel the power of this trip. Apart from the subjective reason that Jiangnan, with its beautiful scenery, was the first choice for literati and poets to roam at that time, and his love for the poems of the predecessors of Jiangnan, such as Xie _, it was also an important reason that relatives around Jiangnan could rely on it.

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Du Deng, Du Fu's uncle mentioned in the epitaph of Taijunlu in the Tang Dynasty, once served as "Wu Kangwei" and is now an official in Deqing County, Zhejiang Province. What about his uncle? The warden's book. Judging from the time, when he was roaming, it happened that two relatives were working. Therefore, as the modern writer Feng Zhi said, Du Fu didn't come to Jiangnan without human resources. In fact, for whatever reason, his trip to the south of the Yangtze River has turned into a snowstorm, and four years of wandering has had an important impact on his later life.

First, if possible, it led to his failure in the imperial examination in 735.

In the spring of the 23rd year of Kaiyuan, an entrance examination was held in the hall of Michongyefang in Tang Dynasty, with Sun Bi as the examiner. This time, Jia Zhi, Li Jie and others took the lead, but Du Fu unexpectedly fell behind. Perhaps Du Fu, who traveled to Luoyang, the eastern capital, was still immersed in the beautiful scenery of wuyue and could not study the imperial examination. However, he didn't take the first place seriously. But after roaming in wuyue, I set off again, that is, the trip of Qi and Zhao. If the imperial examination is successful, Du Fu's later life trajectory will be different. However, life cannot be assumed, so there is a later story. For example, when he was roaming in Song and Liang Dynasties, he met Li Bai, another great poet in the field of ancient poetry in China, and their meeting became a much-told story in the field of ancient poetry. For example, his miserable life of wandering from place to place and living on meals made him a legend in the Tang Dynasty.

Secondly, wuyue's behavior injected a beautiful wind into his later creation.

When Du Fu's poems are mentioned, he always cares about his country and people. As a matter of fact, this poet, who has suffered from being displaced from place to place, is also tirelessly pursuing a beautiful style in his own creation. Later, when talking about his own creation in Chengdu, he mentioned that "a clear word and a beautiful sentence must be neighbors". Li Qingzhao is also one of his poetic styles. Moreover, when his life settled down a little, many of his poems were beautiful. This also happens to be a mirror of Du Fu's inner Ming Che. From this mirror, wuyue's reflection appears in the water, which may contain the lotus fragrance of Changzhou Garden and the empty water color of Jinghu Lake. After all, the influence of region on creation is always so subtle and silent that even Du Fu can't escape.

In addition, wuyue's trip not only made all kinds of people, but also broadened our horizons and improved our aesthetic reserves.

A careful study of Du Fu's poems reveals that many of his friends met in Jiangnan. These people later helped him more or less in specific life, or wrote poems about Fu together. More importantly, this trip really broadened his horizons. In fact, such a free and brisk walk will naturally leave a deep impression on a person's growth. After all, such a walk is poetic, with the nature of cultural inspection, and it is also an arbitrary debauchery. So the scenery will go straight to the heart and ripple in the deep heart. Similarly, all people will go straight to the heart, even a small painting will fascinate him.

Anyway, fortunately, Du Fu has been to Jiangnan for four years after all. Wandering in the south of the Yangtze River made this frustrated great poet miss the beautiful south of the Yangtze River without regret all his life, and also left good memories for his lonely old age. From his complaint in Zizhou that he was tired of making friends in Shu, thinking about my voice and complicated things, it can be seen that this trip was the most enjoyable in his life. Looking back on the past four years through the fog of years, we can vaguely see the figure of an ancient scholar, walking gracefully in the beautiful scenery of Jiangnan. Some frivolous figures have become symbols of vicissitudes of life.

This is a turning point in history.