Outline of geography review in the second volume of the seventh grade

Summary: Asia is the largest continent in the world, and it is also the continent with the widest latitude and the farthest distance from east to west.

Geographical location: most of them are located in the eastern and northern hemispheres, spanning the eastern, western, southern and northern hemispheres.

Asia borders the Pacific Ocean in the east, the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Indian Ocean in the south, the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea in the west.

It covers an area of about 44 million square kilometers, accounting for 1/3 of the total land area of the world.

There are three peninsulas in the south, namely Indochina Peninsula, Indian Peninsula and Arabian Peninsula from east to west.

Topographic features: Asia is dominated by mountains and plateaus, accounting for about 3/4 of the whole state.

The plains are mostly distributed in the middle and lower reaches of large rivers and along the coast.

The ground in Asia fluctuates greatly, with Mount Everest, the highest mountain in the world, and the lowest dead sea lake in the world. The whole terrain is high in the middle and low around.

Rivers and lakes: Most of the great rivers in Asia originate from the mountains and plateaus in the middle and radiate into the sea.

Rivers flowing into the Arctic Ocean include ob river, Yenisei River and Lena River.

Rivers flowing into the Pacific Ocean include Heilongjiang, Yellow River, Yangtze River and Mekong River.

Rivers flowing into the Indian Ocean include Ganges and Indus.

The famous lakes are: Caspian Sea, the largest lake in the world;

Lake Baikal, the deepest and largest freshwater lake in the world;

The Dead Sea, the saltiest and lowest lake in the world (you should be able to fill in the rivers and lakes on the map).

5. Climatic characteristics: the climate is complex and diverse (due to the wide latitude, the great difference between land and sea, and the complex terrain), the monsoon climate is remarkable (due to the junction of the largest continent and the largest ocean), and the continental climate is widely distributed (due to the vast territory, the inland is far from the ocean).

Main climatic types and distribution: temperate monsoon climate and subtropical monsoon climate in the east, tropical rain forest climate and tropical monsoon climate in the south, temperate continental climate in the central and western regions, tropical desert climate and Mediterranean climate in the southwest, coniferous forest climate and polar climate in the sub-frigid zone in the north, plateau and mountain climate in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (see P7 Figure 6.9).

There are 47 countries and regions in Asia.

Southeast Asia includes Indochina Peninsula and Malay Archipelago, with *** 1 1 countries and regions.

South Asia refers to the vast area between the islands and the Indian Ocean, south of the central and western segment of the Himalayas, with seven countries. There are two inland mountainous countries, Nepal and Bhutan, in the north, and three coastal countries, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, in the middle. There are two island countries in the North and South Indian Ocean, Sri Lanka and Maldives. Because the Himalayas separate South Asia from other parts of Asia, it is a relatively independent unit of South Asia, so it is also called the South Asian subcontinent.

Central Asia is located in the middle of the Eurasian continent, including Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan.

West Asia includes Iranian Plateau, Arabian Peninsula, Mesopotamia Plain and Asia Minor Peninsula, with 20 countries and regions. They are: Iran, Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Yemen, Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Cyprus, Lebanon, Jordan, Palestine, Israel, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan.

Section II North Asia refers to North Asia in the humanistic environment (see P3 Figure 6.4).

1. Asia is the most populous continent in the world, with 3.68 billion people. Concentrated in East Asia, Southeast Asia and South Asia. Among them, there are six countries with a population of over 6,543.8 billion: China, India, Japan, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Indonesia.

Asia's overpopulation has brought heavy pressure on resources and environment.

There are about 100 ethnic groups in Asia, accounting for about half of the total ethnic groups in the world.

Asia is the birthplace of human civilization: there are Chinese cultures originating in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River;

Indus Valley culture originated from the Indus Valley;

Ancient Indian culture that originated in Mesopotamia (also known as "two river basins" because it was influenced by the Euphrates and Tigris rivers).

3. Economic development gap: developed countries: Japan's high income

Developing countries: high income in Singapore >; 9655 dollars

The income of Malaysia, South Korea and Saudi Arabia is $365,438 +025-9655.

China and Thailand have lower-middle income (reasons: Japan, New Zealand, South Korea, Malaysia and Thailand develop processing industries to promote economic development; Saudi Arabia exports oil)

Low-income countries such as Mongolia, Vietnam, India, Bangladesh and Nepal

Our neighbors and regions

Section 1 Japan

Location: An archipelago country located in the eastern part of the Asian continent and the western part of the Pacific Ocean.

Territorial composition: It consists of Honshu, Hokkaido, Shikoku, Kyushu and thousands of small islands, collectively known as the Japanese archipelago. With a population of1.200 million, it is a country with dense isthmus.

Natural environment: Japan is mountainous, with mountains and hills accounting for 3/4 of the total land area. The vast plain is the largest plain. The coastline is tortuous and there are many excellent harbors. The famous seaports of young Kobe and Yokohama. There are many volcanoes and earthquakes, and Mount Fuji is an active volcano. Forest and water resources are abundant, but mineral resources are poor. It belongs to temperate monsoon climate (north) and subtropical monsoon climate (south), with maritime characteristics, warm in winter and cool in summer.

Economy: Japan is a capitalist country with a developed economy. The main industrial sectors are steel, machinery, electronics, chemistry and textiles.

(1) industry

Type A: developed processing trade economy.

B. industrial development conditions: favorable: rich labor resources and high quality; Strong scientific and technological strength; Many good ports are conducive to the development of foreign trade.

Disadvantages: there are many volcanoes and earthquakes;

The land area is small, the resources are few, and most of the resources and fuels needed by industry depend on imports; The domestic market is small and industrial products are mainly sold to the international market; Rely heavily on foreign countries

C Industrial distribution: Pacific coast and Seto inland sea coast (see P23: Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya and Kitakyushu).

D The targets of overseas investment and factory construction are: the United States, Western Europe, East Asia and Southeast Asia.

E Japan ranks first in the world in foreign exchange reserves and is a world economic power.

(2) Agriculture: Agricultural production does not occupy an important position in the economy, but it has a high level of modernization.

⑶ Fishery: The fishing amount has always ranked first in the world, and Hokkaido Fishing Ground is one of the four major fishing grounds.

5. Japan's Cultural Characteristics: East-West Compatibility Section 2 Southeast Asia

Singapore: It is a famous garden city country. Based on entrepot trade and shipping, the economy has developed industries such as oil refining, shipbuilding, electronics, textiles and food. Tourism income is one of the important economic sources in Singapore.

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN): Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand were established in 1967. Brunei joined 1984, Vietnam joined 1995, Laos and Myanmar joined 1997 and Cambodia joined 1999. In the early days, ASEAN emphasized the peaceful settlement of regional disputes. In the early 1970s, we began to explore ways of economic cooperation and achieved rapid economic growth in the 1980s.

Composition: Indochina Peninsula+Malay Archipelago

Location Importance: Located at the "crossroads" between Asia and Oceania, the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean, the Malacca Strait between the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra Island is the only place for Europe and Africa to pass the shortest route to Southeast Asia and East Asia ports, an important sea passage connecting the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean, and a "sea lifeline" of Japan.

Terrain: (1) Indo-China Peninsula: alternating mountains and rivers, with abundant hydropower resources in the upper reaches; The downstream plains and deltas have fertile soil, low terrain, easy irrigation, convenient transportation and dense population distribution.

⑵ Malay Archipelago: There are many volcanoes and rugged terrain, and the plains are mostly concentrated along the coast.

Climate: Tropical monsoon climate (Indian zhina Peninsula) and tropical rain forest climate (Malay Archipelago).

Agricultural production: (1) The plain area of Indo-China Peninsula is densely populated, with little cultivated land, high temperature and rainy weather, and rice is the main food crop. Thailand, Vietnam and Myanmar are major rice exporters.

⑵ The humid and hot climatic conditions make Southeast Asia the largest producer of tropical cash crops in the world. Among them, Thailand is the world's largest producer of natural rubber, Malaysia is the world's largest producer of oil palm, Indonesia is the world's largest producer of coconut, cinchona cream and kapok, and the Philippines is the world's largest producer of banana hemp and coconut exporter.

The main minerals are tin and oil.

Southeast Asia is the region with the largest concentration of overseas Chinese in the world, and Buddhism prevailed in India in the third quarter.

There are three rivers in South Asia: Indus, Ganges and Yarlung Zangbo.

South Asia is located in tropical rivers and subtropics, with a tropical monsoon climate. Northeast Asia, which is located on the windward side of southwest monsoon, is rich in precipitation, and the precipitation in Kirabanqi reaches 1 1000 mm, which is the place with the most precipitation in the world.

Location: Most of them are in the Indian Peninsula, bordering China in the northeast and northwest (with a continuous border with China) and surrounded by the Indian Ocean on three sides.

The second most populous country in the world, the country with the largest cultivated land in Asia and the largest country in South Asia.

Northern terrain: Himalayas-long, narrow and rugged.

China people: Ganges Plain-low, flat and wide.

South: Deccan Plateau-low and wide.

River: Ganges River, originating in the southern Himalayas, flows into the Bay of Bengal.

Climate: tropical monsoon climate. From June to September, the southwest wind from the Indian Ocean prevails, which is the rainy season; 11-The northeast wind from the land prevailed in May of the following year, which was a dry season. Affected by tropical monsoon climate, floods and droughts in India are frequent (reason: the interannual variation of southwest monsoon leads to unstable precipitation).

Agriculture: The main food crops are wheat (mainly distributed in Deccan Plateau) and rice (mainly distributed in Ganges Plain in northeast China). After the Green Revolution, grain can be exported.

The main cash crops are cotton (northwest of Deccan Plateau), jute (northeast of Ganges Plain) and tea (northeast mountainous area).

Industry: during the colonial period, textiles and mining were mainly developed. Now, the industrial sector is complete, especially in high-tech fields, such as atomic energy, aerospace and computers.

Major cities: New Delhi, the capital. Kolkata is the largest city in India and the center of hemp textile industry. Mumbai is India's largest port and center of cotton textile industry. Bangalore is India's computer software center, and India's software exports are second only to the United States.

Section 4 Russia

1. The largest country in the world, with an area of17.07 million square kilometers. Spanning the Eurasian continent, it is a traditional European country. Spanning the eastern and western hemispheres, the east-west length is 1000 km.

2. The total population is 65.438+0.47 billion, with Russians accounting for 80%. It is composed of 130 ethnic groups, and 100 ethnic groups speak Russian. This is a country with a vast territory and a sparse population.

The terrain is dominated by plains and plateaus, with plains accounting for half.

Topographic region: Four major topographic regions (the European part is mainly the Eastern European Plain, and the Asian part is called Siberia).

Eastern Europe Plain West Siberia Plain Middle Siberia Plateau Winter Siberia Mountain

Climate: (1) Type: Temperate continental climate is dominant, with significant differences from place to place.

⑵ Features: Winter is long and cold, and summer is short and warm.

⑶ Cold Pole: Oymyakon (Northern Hemisphere Cold Pole)

Rivers and lakes (1) Volga River: 3600 kilometers long, flowing into the Caspian Sea, Russia's "mother river", the longest inland river in the world.

(2) Lake Baikal: the deepest freshwater lake in the world with the largest storage capacity.

6. Resources: Coal: Kuzbas

Iron: Kursk

Petroleum: Second Baku, Tyumen

The country with the widest distribution of coniferous forests in the sub-frigid zone in the world.

7. Four Industrial Zones (1) Moscow Industrial Zone: the most developed industrial zone in China.

(2) St. Petersburg Industrial Zone: The paper and textile industries are the most developed.

⑶ Ural Industrial Zone: petroleum, machinery and steel.

(4) Novosibirsk Industrial Zone: coal, oil and gas, electricity, steel.

8. Developed transportation (1) sailed to Five Seas (Volga River is connected with Baltic Sea, White Sea, Black Sea, Azov Sea and Caspian Sea through canals).

St Petersburg-the largest port (Baltic Sea)

Murmansk-an ice-free port along the Arctic Ocean

Vladivostok-a port on the Pacific coast

The railway is the most important mode of transportation, which is distributed radially around Moscow.

⑶ Pipeline transportation-the transportation mode with the largest freight volume.

Moscow, the capital, is the largest city, comprehensive industrial center and political, economic, cultural and transportation center in China. There are the famous Red Square, the Kremlin and the largest library in the world. St Petersburg is the second largest city and an important port in Russia and other countries and regions in the Eastern Hemisphere.

Section 1 Middle East

Important traffic location-the Middle East connects the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean, connects Asia, Africa and Europe, and is located between the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea, the Arabian Sea, the Caspian Sea (inland lake) and the Black Sea, as well as the straits (Turkish Strait, the Strait of Hormuz Strait and Gibraltar Strait) and canals (Suez Canal) that control the main maritime traffic routes.

The Suez Canal connects the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean with the Pacific Ocean. The Turkish Strait (including Bosporus Strait, Malakhei Strait and Da Daniil Strait) is the gateway of the Black Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. The Mande Strait is the main route for the Indian Ocean to enter the Red Sea. The Strait of Hormuz is a passage for oil transportation.

The terrain is mainly plateau.

Scope: Egypt (North African countries)+West Asia except Afghanistan.

The Middle East is the region with the largest oil reserves, oil production and export volume in the world. The oil in the Middle East is mainly distributed in the Persian Gulf and its coastal areas. More than 90% of West Asia's output is exported, and oil production accounts for about 60% of the world's total oil production. It is mainly transported by sea to developed countries such as Western Europe, the United States and Japan. Major oil producers in the Middle East: Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Iran and Iraq.

Middle East oil export route (see P53 Figure 8.6)

Wave shipping the Strait of Hormuz Arabian Sea eastward Indian Ocean Pacific Japan

It borders Sri Lanka, the Red Sea, the Suez Canal, the Mediterranean Sea, the Strait of Gibraltar, the Atlantic Ocean and Western Europe in the west.

Gulf Indian Ocean Cape of Good Hope Atlantic America

Pipelines are transported directly from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean coast.

Most of the Middle East has a tropical desert climate, which is hot and dry all the year round, with few rivers and no rivers in a large area of desert. Many countries have become lifeless countries (mainly in the Arabian Peninsula) because there are no rivers passing through them. The Middle East is short of water resources, and most rivers are owned by many countries. The distribution and competition of limited water resources has become another focus in the Middle East.

The race in the Middle East is mainly white, most residents believe in Islam, and a few residents believe in Christianity, Judaism and other religions. Islam, Christianity and Judaism all regard Jerusalem as the holy city. Mecca in Saudi Arabia is the birthplace of Muhammad, the founder of Islam, and is honored as the holy city by Islam.

Residents of most countries and regions in the Middle East, mainly Arabs, believe in Islam, and these countries are called "Arab countries".

Jews are concentrated in Israel and mainly believe in Judaism.

Persians are mainly distributed in Iran and mainly believe in Islam.

The key to the Middle East issue is the conflict between Arab countries and Israel, and the focus of the Arab-Israeli conflict is in the Palestinian area in the second quarter of western Europe.

At present, there are 44 countries and regions in Europe, which are divided into Eastern Europe, Western Europe, Southern Europe, Northern Europe and Central Europe.

Location: The land and sea are located in the west of Asia, bordering the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Atlantic Ocean in the west and the Mediterranean Sea in the south. It is a big peninsula extending from Eurasia to the Atlantic Ocean.

Latitude: mostly between 35 N and 60 N, belonging to the north temperate zone.

The coastline of Europe has many twists and turns, and the main inland seas are the Mediterranean Sea in the south and the Baltic Sea in the north. The main straits are the Gibraltar Strait in the southwest and the English Channel in the west.

The main European peninsula is Scandinavia in the north, Balkan Peninsula, Apennine Peninsula and Iberian Peninsula in the south. The main islands are Great Britain, Ireland and Iceland in the Atlantic Ocean, and Sicily and Sardinia in the south. The Mediterranean Sea is the largest inland sea in the world, and the Strait of Gibraltar is the dividing line between Europe and Africa.

The terrain is dominated by plains (two plains: the Rhine River as the boundary, the Western Europe Plain in the west and the Bode Plain in the east), which accounts for two-thirds of the whole mainland area and is the continent with the lowest average elevation in the world. Main mountains: Alps are the young folded mountains and Scandinavian mountains in southern Europe. Europe has continental glaciers centered on Scandinavia and mountain glaciers centered on Alps. Glaciers are widely distributed.

Climate: Western Europe has a typical temperate maritime climate, with a transition to temperate continental climate to the east, southern Europe has a typical Mediterranean climate, and the Arctic Ocean coast has a tundra climate.

Causes of temperate maritime climate;

(1) Most areas are located between 35 N and 60 N, belonging to temperate climate;

(2) It faces the Atlantic Ocean in the west, and is deeply influenced by the ocean. The outline of the continent is broken (the continent with the most tortuous coastline) and it is close to the sea, which makes the influence of the ocean go deep inland;

(3) The central part is plain, and the east-west extension of the Alps is conducive to the mild and humid climate of the ocean from the western ocean to the east and further inland;

(4) The passage of the North Atlantic Warm Current has a warming and humidifying effect on the climate in coastal areas.

Major rivers: Europe has a dense river network and abundant water. The Volga River is the longest river in Europe.

The Danube is the second largest river in Europe and the largest international river flowing through European countries, which has important shipping value.

Trade and personnel flow between western European countries are very frequent. In order to further strengthen ties, a regional international organization called the European Union (EU) was established in this region. At present, the EU has 15 member countries, all of which are economically developed countries. The EU has strengthened the political and economic ties between countries in the region and played an important role in the world economy and international political arena.

Western Europe is the birthplace of the industrial revolution and one of the developed regions in the world. Western Europe's industry is dominated by manufacturing, and the proportion of people engaged in manufacturing is very high. Manufacturing refers to the industrial sector that processes raw materials and makes various products. Many countries in this region import raw materials, fuel and grain from abroad, and export finished products such as machinery, automobiles, chemicals and food.

The industries in western Europe are mainly distributed from Britain to Poland and from southern Scandinavia to Italy. The main industrial areas are Ruhr in Germany, Paris Basin in France, London in England and central England.

Western Europe is located on the west coast of the mid-latitude continent, forming a large area of temperate maritime climate, which is conducive to the growth of juicy pastures; Moreover, the terrain dominated by plains in China makes grasslands widely distributed here, which is very beneficial to the development of animal husbandry. Western Europeans call pasture "green gold", which shows that they attach importance to animal husbandry.

In Britain, the output value of animal husbandry accounts for more than 70% of the total agricultural output value. In the agricultural output value of France and Germany, the proportion of animal husbandry is also slightly higher than that of planting. The Netherlands, Denmark and other countries are famous dairy countries in the world. Ham, bacon, sausage and cheese are the main export products.

Country and residents: Most residents in Europe belong to white race, and their languages belong to Indo-European language family, which is divided into Latin, Germanic and Slavic languages. Europe has the lowest natural population growth rate in the world.

Western Europe is the most developed tourist area in the world.

Section III Sub-Saharan Africa

geographical position

Land and sea location: Africa is located in southwest Asia, southern Europe, eastern Indian Ocean and Red Sea, western and northern Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Africa is the second largest continent in the world.

Latitude position: it is roughly located between the Tropic of Cancer, and the equator passes through the middle, most of which is located in the tropics, so it is called "tropical continent".

general situation

Africa has a straight coastline. The Gulf of Guinea in the west is the largest bay in Africa, Madagascar in the southeast is the largest island in Africa, and the Somali Peninsula in the east is called the "Horn of Africa". The terrain is mainly plateau, which is called "plateau continent". There are Ethiopian Plateau, East African Plateau and South African Plateau in the east and south. There are Atlas Mountain and Drakensberg Mountain in the northwest and southeast, and Kilimanjaro is the highest peak in Africa. The Great Rift Valley in East Africa runs through the East African Plateau and the Ethiopian Plateau, and extends to the Jordan Trench in Asia through the Red Sea, with a length of about 6,000 kilometers. There are many lakes, volcanoes and earthquakes in the belt, and the Great Rift Valley in East Africa is called the "biggest scar" on the land surface. There are 7.7 million square kilometers of Sahara desert in North Africa.

There are more than 600 million people in this area, and more than 90% of them are black, so sub-Saharan Africa is also called "black Africa". In the north of the desert, Arabs live in settlements, and in southern Africa, there are descendants of European immigrants.

Major rivers: There are four major rivers in Africa: Nile, Congo, Niger and Zambezi. With a total length of more than 6,600 kilometers, the Nile is the longest river in the world. Lake Victoria is the largest freshwater lake in Africa.

The longest Nile, the largest basin Congo Basin, the largest Rift Valley in East Africa and the largest desert Sahara.

Sub-Saharan Africa has the largest number of large wild animals in the world. Tropical advanced mammals, such as gorillas, hippos, African elephants, zebras and giraffes, are all rare animals in Africa.

Africa is known as the "rich continent", with many kinds of minerals and large reserves. Southern Africa is rich in gold and diamonds; The Sahara region and the Gulf of Guinea coast are rich in oil; Adjacent to Zaire and Zambia, there is a world-famous "copper belt".

Economy: Sub-Saharan Africa is economically backward (except South Africa), and many countries are dominated by a single commodity economy.

Concept: Single commodity economy refers to an economy that relies too much on one or several primary products.

Primary products refer to industrial raw materials and semi-finished products such as minerals, timber, livestock and cash crops.

Disadvantages: The prices of manufactured goods are much more expensive than primary products, so these countries are at a disadvantage in international trade by selling primary products and buying manufactured goods. In addition, the "single commodity economy" only depends on the procurement of a few developed countries, and the price of export commodities fluctuates greatly in the international market.

Reason: Due to the long-term occupation and crazy plunder by the colonists (now all countries in black Africa are independent).

Way out: vigorously develop national industries, develop diversified agriculture, and develop processing industry, tourism and aquatic products.

Sub-Saharan Africa's population growth rate is the highest in the world, which has brought about food problems, and excessive land reclamation has caused environmental problems.

Solution: control population growth and improve population quality; Protect the ecological environment and mitigate natural disasters; Vigorously develop food production and solve the problem of food shortage. Section IV Australia

Oceania lies between Asia and Antarctica, facing the Indian Ocean in the southwest and North and South America in the east.

Oceania includes Australia, Tasmania, North and South Islands of New Zealand, New Guinea and Polynesia, as well as Micronesia and Melanesia scattered in the Pacific Ocean, with more than 10,000 islands. Many islands play an important role in international traffic. The islands in Oceania are divided into three types according to their causes: mainland island, volcanic island and coral island.

Location: Located between the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean, with the Tropic of Capricorn running through it. Its territory includes Australia, Tasmania and some nearby islands, and it is the only country in the world that monopolizes a continent.

Area and population: a country with a vast territory and a small population. It is the largest and most populous country in Oceania.

Terrain: the eastern mountain-the great watershed; Central Plain, great artesian basin; Western plateau

Endemic animals: kangaroo, emu, koala (koala), platypus.

There are so many ancient species in Australia: First, the Australian mainland has been isolated from the southern hemisphere for a long time and the environment is single. There are no large wild carnivores, these ancient species have no large natural enemies, and the evolution of species is slow; Second, the climate is suitable and the natural conditions are superior (so there is no Antarctic continent)

Australia is the country with the largest export of sheep and wool in the world. Because there are many sheep, it is called "riding on the back of sheep". The main export products are beef and wheat.

Australia is a country rich in mineral resources, the main minerals are coal (southeast coast), iron (west) and bauxite (northeast)-Australia is the country with the most bauxite in the world. On the basis of rich mineral resources, Australia's mining, metallurgy and machinery manufacturing industry developed rapidly after the Second World War. Because the export volume of mineral products accounts for a large proportion of the total export volume, some people call Australia a "mine car" country.

At present, the service industry has greatly surpassed agriculture, animal husbandry, industry and mining, and has become the economic pillar of Australia.

The population and cities are mainly distributed in the southeast coastal areas. Reason: The climate here is warm and humid; Convenient transportation

Major cities: Canberra, the capital, Sydney is the largest industrial center and port city in China, and Melbourne is the second largest city in the western hemisphere.

Section 1 America

Overview:

North America lies in the northern part of the western hemisphere. It faces the Pacific Ocean in the west, the Atlantic Ocean in the east, the Arctic Ocean in the north, Asia across the Bering Strait in the northwest, Europe across the Danish Strait and Greenland Sea in the northeast, and South America across the Panama Canal in the south. The scope mainly includes the North American continent, the Central American isthmus and the West Indies. It is the third continent in the world.

The coastline of North America is tortuous, with many islands, peninsulas and bays. Greenland is the largest island in the world, and the Caribbean Sea surrounded by the West Indies in the southeast is the main road from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean via the Panama Canal.

The topography of North America is clearly divided into three north-south longitudinal zones: the high Cordillera mountain system in the west (the largest mountain system in the world), the vast plains in the middle and the low highlands in the east.

North America's climate is dominated by temperate continental climate, with obvious differences between the east and the west: the Pacific coast has a temperate maritime climate; The south has a Mediterranean climate; The coast of the Gulf of Mexico has a subtropical monsoon climate; The climate of Central American Isthmus and Indian Ocean Islands is tropical rain forest and savanna. The coast of the Arctic Ocean has a polar climate. Cold waves and hurricanes in the Atlantic Ocean are disastrous weather in North America.

North America has vast temperate grasslands and temperate forests. There are five lakes in the central plain: Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Ontario and Lake Erie, which are the largest freshwater lakes in the world. The Mississippi River, which originated in the northern United States, is the longest river in the United States. Inuit people live in cold areas in the north, while blacks and hybrids dominate in Central and South America.

There are 37 countries and regions in North America, among which Canada, the United States and Mexico are the larger countries.

Location: Canada in the north, the Gulf of Mexico in the south, the Pacific Ocean in the west and the Atlantic Ocean in the east, spanning cold, warm and hot areas.

Territorial composition: China has 48 states, the capital of which is located in the special zone, and there are two overseas states: Alaska (adjacent to the Arctic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean and the Arctic Circle) and Hawaii (located in the Pacific Ocean and belonging to Oceania through the Tropic of Cancer).

The United States covers an area of 9.3 million square kilometers, ranking fourth in the world. The population is 278 million, among which the indigenous people are Indians. White people, yellow people and black people living in the United States today have all moved to the United States in the past 200 years, which is a big immigrant country.

The United States is rich in mineral resources, mainly including coal, iron, oil, copper, lead and zinc.

Agriculture:

Specialization of agricultural areas: According to the natural conditions and market demand of each region, American agricultural production can be divided into cotton belt, corn belt, wheat belt, dairy belt and irrigated agricultural areas.

All processes and links of agricultural production are mechanized and specialized. The population engaged in agriculture in the United States is less than 3% of the whole country. In the process of agricultural production, farming, irrigation, fertilization, weeding, harvesting, threshing, storage and transportation are all mechanized, with high efficiency and large output.

America is a big agricultural country. It produces wheat, corn, soybeans, cotton, tobacco, milk and meat. , is the highest in the world. It can not only meet domestic demand, but also export a large amount of grain, making it the country with the largest export of agricultural products in the world.

Industry: The United States has a high degree of industrial modernization, with the total industrial output value ranking first in the world, and industries such as steel, automobiles, aerospace, airplanes, petroleum, electronics and chemistry rank among the top in the world. In terms of foreign trade, the United States is the country that exports the most industrial products and the largest output value, and also imports the most automobiles, steel, oil and textiles. America is the base of high-tech industry in the world.

The distribution of American industry:

Industrial zone, industrial sector, development conditions, industrial center

Iron and steel, automobile and chemistry in Northeast China

Brazil in the second quarter

South America is located in the southern part of the western hemisphere, bordering the Pacific Ocean in the west, the Atlantic Ocean in the east, the Caribbean Sea in the north, the isthmus of Central America in the northwest corner, and Antarctica across the Drake Strait in the south.

Brazil is the largest and most populous country in Latin America and the fifth largest country in the world.

The indigenous people in Brazil are Indians.

Amazon rain forest's role: to provide fresh air for the world, conserve water, protect fresh water resources, protect soil, prevent soil erosion, provide a good habitat, maintain biodiversity, provide wood and regulate the global climate.

Causes of destruction: road construction, cutting down fine timber, developing mining industry, opening up large-scale agricultural pastures and reclaiming wasteland.

Consequence: The development of Amazon region has caused serious environmental problems. Forests are destroyed, soil erosion is serious, precious wild animals are plundered, and the global ecological environment is seriously threatened.

Major cities: Sao Paulo is the largest city and industrial center in Brazil and one of the world's megacities; The capital is Brasilia; The largest port city is Rio de Janeiro in the polar region.

The Antarctic region is a vast area south of latitude 66.5S (Antarctic circle), including the Antarctic continent and the surrounding oceans. Antarctica is the coldest region in the world, even in the warm season (165438+1October-March of the following year). The Antarctic region is called the "ice and snow plateau", which stores the richest solid fresh water resources in the world. The Antarctic region, also known as the "white desert" and the "wind bank", has the least precipitation and the highest wind speed in the world. The representative animal in Antarctica is penguin.

Arctic region refers to the vast area north of 66.5° n (Arctic Circle), including most of the Arctic Ocean, as well as the land and islands along the coast of Asia, Europe and North America.

1985 February, China's first Antarctic research station, the Great Wall Station, was built in king george island, Antarctica. 1February, 989, Zhongshan Station was established.

Peaceful utilization and protection of polar regions;

There are no settled residents in Antarctica, only some researchers and whaling teams from other continents.