Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Weather inquiry - Thanks in advance! Overwintering problem of Pinus pentaphylla in Shandong Province
Thanks in advance! Overwintering problem of Pinus pentaphylla in Shandong Province
The scientific name of Pinus parviflora
Japanese five Hu Song and five needles pine.
Pinus of Pinaceae
Originally from Japan, China has a long history of introduction and is widely cultivated in various places. Evergreen tree The bark is grayish. It splits into scaly pieces and falls off. These needles are in bundles of five, short and slightly curved, and gathered at the ends of branches. They are blue-green with white stomatal lines. The cones are oval. The flowering period is May, and the seeds mature in June of the following year. There are many varieties and varieties, and the common cultivation is: Pinus bungeana, with yellow and white leaves at the top. Five-needle pine with short leaves, thin, extremely short and dense. Dense red pine. Curved pine variety with spirally curved leaves. Five-needle pine variety with yellow leaves or yellow spots.
Five needles pine is named after its five leaves. There are many varieties of five-needle pine, among which the big pine with the shortest needles (about 2 cm long leaves) and tight branches is the most precious. At present, the five-needle pine bonsai has been widely planted all over the country. Five-needle pine is an excellent tree species for making bonsai, with short plants, slow growth, dense leaves, elegant posture and beautiful tree shape.
1. Tree making
The common shapes of five-needle pine bonsai are straight-dry, inclined-dry, curved-dry, cliff-like, double-dry, jungle and tree-stone. The best modeling time is February-March. Because of the slow growth of Pinus pentaphylla, it should be trimmed more flatly and less, and the branches that are not needed for modeling must be cut off. Small trees of 3 ~ 4 years old are often used as bonsai for modeling. If the tree is too old and the branches are thick and hard, it will increase the difficulty of modeling and the molding time, which is not conducive to growth and appreciation. How to shape the small five-needle pine depends on the shape of the tree, and it is necessary to "teach students in accordance with their aptitude and guide them according to the situation", otherwise the bonsai made will look artificial.
2. Planting and using flowerpots
The planting time of five-leaf pine should be from late February to early April (because of the vast territory of China and the different temperatures in different places, the planting time should be ranked first). Five needles pine likes acidic sandy soil with good drainage and rich humus, which can be prepared with humus soil, forest humus soil and sandy soil in a ratio of 4: 4: 2. If the household consumption is not large, you can buy Clivia soil in the flower shop, add some sand and mix well before using it. Generally, shallow pots are not suitable for five-needle pine bonsai. Small and medium-sized five-needle pine bonsai with straight stem, inclined stem, curved stem and jungle type often adopt rectangular or oval teapot with medium depth. If the individual plant is straight and the basin surface is empty, it can be decorated with stones or accessories. Cliff-type five-needle pine bonsai generally uses round or square tube pots. It will be more beautiful if you plant a five-needle pine jungle bonsai with a simple and natural cloud potted plant. It is difficult to buy suitable purple sand pots for large or giant five-needle pine bonsai. The basin can be chiseled with marble or white marble, and the style, specification and depth can be determined according to the tree shape, and 2 ~ 3 drainage holes can be chiseled according to the size of the basin, so as to discharge the excess water in the basin in time.
When planting five-needle pine, the soil at the root should be properly reserved for survival. Cut off the dead roots, rotten roots and injured roots before filling the pot, and also cut off the roots that hinder the modeling. After cutting, sulfanilamide ointment should be applied to the incision to prevent resin overflow and bacterial invasion. It should be noted that it is forbidden to change and turn the pot too frequently. Potted five-needle pine is not old. Generally, it changes pots in 2-3 years and turns over old piles in 3-4 years. If you turn over the pots too many times and don't grasp the time of changing pots well, the whole plant will often die.
3. Maintenance management
(1) site. After turning over the pot and watering it, the five-needle pine should be planted in the shade for 10 day, then moved to the semi-cloudy and semi-sunny place for a week, and then placed in a sunny, ventilated and humid place for maintenance. It is afraid of the scorching sun, especially the exquisite five-needle pine bonsai with flowerpots. Because there is less soil in the basin, it is more afraid of the scorching sun, so it should be placed in a semi-cloudy and semi-sunny place in summer. When the weather is dry and hot, spray water 1 ~ 2 times on the ground near the five-needle pine bonsai every morning and evening to keep the humidity of the microclimate. In late autumn and early winter in the north, move the five-needle pine bonsai into a smoke-free room (because the smoke of five-needle pine is more harmful than that of ordinary potted flowers), and the room temperature should be around 5℃. If the room temperature is too high, it will affect winter dormancy, which is not conducive to the growth of the next year.
(2) water. Five-needle pine likes humid environment, but it is afraid of waterlogging, as long as the basin soil is kept moist. April-May is the season when the new buds of Pinus pentaphylla germinate and grow vigorously, so it is necessary to control water properly, because water can make the new branches steep and the needles elongate. When the temperature is high in summer, it should be watered before 10 or after 16. In winter, when the temperature is low and the water demand is reduced, it is necessary to water less. If the soil is wet, you can't water it. Water should be done around noon, when the temperature is the highest.
(3) fertilization. Five-needle pine has poor soil and little fertilization. Five-needle pine bonsai has two best fertilization periods in a year. The first fertilization period is from late March to early May. During this period, it is enough to apply 2 ~ 3 times of decomposed rare organic liquid fertilizer. If the fertilizer and water are large at this time and the branches and leaves are stretched for a long time, the appearance of the tree will be affected. Do not fertilize in June-July. The second fertilization period is from late August to early October of 10, and the decomposed dilute liquid fertilizer is applied for 2 ~ 3 times, which is beneficial to the growth of the current year and the following spring.
(4) plastic surgery. After years of growth, some branches of the five-needle pine bonsai will grow too long, too dense or misplaced, and they will be reshaped every year. The shaping time should be from June 1 1 to March of the following year, because during this period, the five-needle pine is in dormancy, the sap flows slowly, and the rosin overflows less after pruning. Plastic surgery generally adopts a combination of Pinza and pruning. For branches that are too long, one is to cut them short, and the other is to tie them into an irregular "S" shape with metal wires to make them shorter. Branches that are too dense and do not need modeling must be cut off. Some beginners think it's a pity to cut off only a few branches a year. In fact, they should not cut them, but will suffer from them. Too dense and messy branches will seriously affect the shape and artistic conception of bonsai.
Picking buds is an important plastic measure to maintain the tree-like beauty of five-needle pine bonsai. In order to shorten the length of branches and make them properly dense, in addition to controlling fertilizer and water, buds not needed for modeling should be removed in time, and the remaining buds should also be removed according to their length 1/2-2/3. Don't pick buds too early, wait until the leaf buds and flower buds are clearly distinguished. There is a bunch of buds at the lower part of the bud, and the flowers fall behind to form leafless long branches. This kind of bud is best removed, but it can be kept if the shape needs it.
(5) pest control. The pests and diseases of Pinus pentaphylla mainly include Fusarium wilt, defoliation, rust, aphids, scale insects, marsupials and so on. , and should pay attention to prevention and control.
Chinese name: five-needle pine alias: Japanese five-needle pine, five-needle pine family: origin:
Habit: Common five-needle pine includes Huashan, South China, Hainan, Pinus elliottii and Pinus japonica. The difference is:
The leaves of Pinus tabulaeformis have no obvious serrations, while others have fine teeth. Five-needle pine in Hainan has the longest leaves, which can reach 10 to 18 cm. Pinus armandii and Pinus pentaphylla are the thickest, with a diameter of 1 to 1.5 mm; However, the diameter of Japanese five-needle pine and Chinese pine is less than one millimeter. Anatomical features: the fat tube of Pinus armandii and Pinus hainanensis has two marginal dorsal surfaces and a middle ventral surface; There are two or three Japanese five-needled pines and South China five-needled pines in resin pipe, with two edges on the back and a middle one on the ventral side; Resin pipe, Pinus massoniana, both sides. The twigs of Pinus armandii and Pinus hainanensis are hairless, the twigs of Pinus armandii and Pinus massoniana are densely hairy, and the twigs of Pinus armandii in South China are hairless or sparse. Winter buds are slightly coated with resin except Japanese five-needle pine. The annual branches of Pinus armandii are green or grayish green, slightly coated with white powder, and the winter buds are nearly cylindrical and brown. The annual branches of Pinus bungeana in South China are light brown and the winter buds are dark brown. The annual branches of Pinus yunnanensis are thin, light brown, sparsely powdery, and the winter buds are cylindrical, conical or oval, reddish brown; The annual branches of slash pine are brown; The winter buds are conical, oval and reddish brown.
The seeds of Pinus armandii are obovoid, with a length of 1- 1.5 cm, yellow-brown, dark brown or black, wingless or angular on both sides; The seeds of Pinus bungeana are oval or obovate, 8 to 12 mm long. The seeds of Pinus yunnanensis in Hainan are obovate oval, 0.8- 1.5 cm long, chestnut brown, and the seed wings are 2-4 mm shorter. The seeds of Pinus yunnanensis in Japan are irregular oval, 8- 10 mm long and 6-8 mm folded. The seeds of Pinus yunnanensis are triangular obovate, slightly flat, 7- 10 mm long, dark brown and wingless.
How to water five needles pine
Yellow needles often appear in the cultivation of five-needle pine. Needles that were long in those years were prone to yellow tip in August, and some of them were prone to dead tip in late June and 65438+ 10. The next spring, the needles lost their luster, and the whole leaves slowly turned yellow, which became more and more serious, affecting the ornamental value. One of the reasons is improper watering. Five needles pine is grafted with rootstock, which originated in mountainous areas, so the root system is afraid of water. Commonly known as "dry pine and wet cypress" is the truth. However, many people over-watered the five-needle pine for a long time, and the soil was too wet, which led to root casualties. In addition, in the growth period of needles, watering in the morning, water accumulation in leaf sacs, and sun exposure at noon will produce water vapor transpiration, which will harm needles. The soil temperature of potted Pinus bungeana should be kept at 15%-28%. Below 10%, it will wither, while above 35%, the roots will rot easily and the needles will be brown. Five needles pine does not require high water quality, and river water, well water and tap water can be used. The most important thing is to master the right amount of water, micro, micro excess, do not pour water. A small number of potted plants, an appropriate amount of pottery potted plants, a small number of tile potted plants; Komatsu is planted in a big pot, medium pine in a middle pot and small pine in a small pot. A small amount in cold days, a moderate amount in warm days, and a little excessive in hot days; Stop the growth period slightly, moderately slow down the growth period, and slightly over-accelerate the growth period. It is enough to water the five-needle pine once a day in hot weather, preferably after 4 pm. When the weather is warm, water it once a day or every other day. It should also be after 3 pm. Water it once before noon in two or three cold days. Watering should avoid running water from cracks and loopholes. In fact, the basin soil has not been soaked in water, so it should be watered slowly several times to make it permeable. And often spray leaves, it can cool down and promote green in summer, and it can be watered every evening. Spraying needles in autumn and winter can remove dust and maintain beauty, and can be watered once every 7 ~ 10 day.
Five needles pine also grows in winter.
Five-needle pine grows easily under the condition of good ventilation and abundant sunshine. It is cold-resistant and not afraid of heat (referring to planting in the open field without restrictions) and has high ornamental value. It is one of the rare tree species in potted stumps. Pine trees grow slowly all year round. After heading in mid-March, there are seven parts on the surface of the complete ear head: ear stem, leaf bud, pine flower (male flower), pine cone, compound ear and bud tip. According to its special function, all seven parts of the year are constantly growing and falling off at the same time. From August to 65438+February, the spike stems became thicker and thicker, and the leaves began to spread in mid-May. In mid-June, the leaves changed from tender to old, and in early July, they turned dark green, and the leaves remained constant the next year. In late June, the cuticle of leaves fell off one after another, and all the pine flowers fell off from late April to late May. At the beginning of May, the pinecone began to swell, and it increased to about 6 times in August. The compound ear sprouted and grew from May to August. By the end of June, the bud is as big as a grain of rice, and the longest bud in August is about one centimeter. And from June to August, the shoots of the previous year kept growing some adventitious buds. After heading, the main ear heads were cut off. From May to August, buds appeared on each branch, and they grew quickly. The best panicle heads grow more than 10 buds on branches, and each upper branch grows one bud. In fact, the five-needle pine will not sleep or stop growing in June-August. Five-needle pine also grows in winter. Obviously, the stems are getting thicker and thicker, and white roots are being distributed. It seems worth studying whether the winter dormancy of Pinus quinquefolia can be called pseudo-dormancy.
The key to the survival of five-needle pine grafting
After grafting, the female parent black pine should be cut off in stages in two or three years according to the plant growth status, commonly known as "shrinking anvil". If rushed, one-time logging will affect survival. The correct method should be carried out in three times, and pruning should be carried out during the dormant period of 165438+ 10 to February of the following year. For the first time, properly cut off one third of the branches of the rootstock to promote the growth of the scion. In the second year, half of the branches of the rootstock are cut off to concentrate nutrients, strengthen the adaptability of the scion, and supply the formed assimilates to the rootstock. By the third year, all the useless branches of the rootstock were cut off, making it an ideal five-needle pine bonsai. In the process of recovering the rootstock three times, the incision should be cut into inclined planes, which should be smooth and undamaged. It should be wrapped with yellow mud or sealed with wax to prevent water rot and prevent premature backflow of tree sap and evaporation of water from affecting plant growth.
Rapid prototyping of five-needle pine bonsai
A pot of five-needle pine bonsai needs seven or eight years or decades of painstaking cultivation. Can it be completed in three or five years? It's entirely possible. The method and steps are as follows: at the end of winter and the beginning of spring, take one-year-old robust black pine, tie the trunk into an "S" shape with thin lead wires, then plant the roots at the lower part of the soil in an "S" shape in acidic mountain soil, carry out intertillage weeding during the growing period, and apply low-concentration decomposed human manure or urea for 2-3 times, until the plant can reach 20-30 cm by the end of the year. During the period from winter to Qingming this year, the lead wire was removed and connected at a high position. The scion adopts the terminal bud of Pinus pentaphylla, and the orientation is determined according to the shape and future formation trend of Pinus pentaphylla. Grafting 3-5 terminal buds on each tree trunk, leaving the old leaves of Pinus pentaphylla, removing the tender buds of Pinus pentaphylla in time to supply the normal growth of the scions of Pinus pentaphylla, and forming an independent bonsai of Pinus pentaphylla in the third year. Method of making large-scale bonsai During the winter solstice and Tomb-Sweeping Day, look for old black pine stumps in the mountains, with bare and bent roots. It is best to dig it out with soil and trim the overlapping secondary branches. Heel in is in the mountains or mud pots, and it will be commercialized during the Spring Festival next year. Cut the high grafting site about 2 cm from the branches of Pinus thunbergii to correct joint swelling. The scion of Pinus pentaphylla is selected from sunny strong branches or stout main buds. If branches are used for high connection, the joint should be tightly tied with plastic tape or adhesive tape, sealed with yellow mud to keep moisture, and sprayed with water frequently. A pile of old black pines grafted five to ten scions. Prune the branches of black pine in two to five years, and the new branches of five-needle pine will be fully formed in about five years. Five needles pine likes sunshine and ventilation and adapts to acidic soil. Apply decomposed cake fertilizer once in late autumn. Need to sleep in winter, put it in a room around zero. If the dormancy period is broken, it will lead to poor growth and slow death.
How to raise five-needle pine in North China
Yang Tingyu, a reader from Ningxia, wrote to ask: How to plant five-needle pine in the north? In the past two years, I bought back five pots of five-needle pine bonsai in other places. When I first brought them home, it was refreshing to look at the tall and straight posture and green needles. But I don't know why, I haven't fed any of them. The longest lived for half a year, and the shortest only lived 1 month. Some leaves turn yellow and fall off, then the branches dry up. Some leaves are still green, and the whole plant is dry, which is regrettable. According to the maintenance methods introduced in your newspaper and related books and periodicals, I carefully maintained, prepared the pot soil, paid attention to the light, controlled watering, sprayed medicine and humidified it, but I have no idea at all. Please point out the methods and matters needing attention in raising Pinus pentaphylla in arid areas of northern China. Potted five-needle pine is a crown-root living body with black pine or masson pine as rootstock and Japanese five-needle pine as scion. This * * * living body still stubbornly retains the respective genetic characteristics of the crown and the root, but is dwarfed by potted plants in ecology. In the long-term potted life, the adaptability to the potted ecological environment in a certain area and the specific periodicity of growth and dormancy have been formed. Potted five-needle pine is sunny, cold-resistant and avoid cloudy days. Five-needle pine should have proper sunshine conditions. It likes warmth and is afraid of heat. It loves bright light, and it is the most taboo. Growth and development are best under certain heat conditions. Strong cold resistance, can withstand the low temperature of -5℃. Appropriate shade in dog days. Potted five-needle pine is fond of high dryness, and it is often said that it is "dry pine and wet cypress", which means drought tolerance and avoiding excessive humidity. Five-needle pine needs good drainage and ventilation. Its root system has the genetic characteristics of drought resistance, and it is the most taboo to accumulate wet water, but it is afraid of losing water after a long drought. It can grow and develop normally under certain humid conditions. The cultivated soil should be loose and breathable, which is conducive to drainage. Potted five-needle pine likes acidic soil, is barren-tolerant and avoids heavy fertilizer. Acidic soil should be used to cultivate Pinus quinquefolius, and the pH value is about 5. If it is saline-alkali soil or calcareous soil, it can not survive, so it is advisable to irrigate it with acidic water. Regular pouring of ferrous sulfate is the key to raising five-needle pine in the north. Five-needle pine only needs to supply light fertilizer, and is most afraid of thick fertilizer. Excessive fertilization will hinder growth. Potted Pinus bungeana is mostly cultivated by flower farmers in Zhejiang. The natural conditions in Zhejiang are: the annual average sunshine hours are about 1800 hours, the annual average temperature is about 18℃, the annual safe growth period is more than 190 days, the accumulated temperature is more than 4,500℃, the frost-free period is 28 1 day, and the daily minimum temperature. Daily maximum temperature differs from the lowest temperature by 5℃ to 6℃. The precipitation in Zhejiang Province is 1.875 mm, with more plum rains in late spring and early summer, the monthly rainfall is about 250 mm, and the air relative humidity is over 80%. However, the soil in Zhejiang Province is acidic red and yellow soil, which is loose, breathable and well drained. The above natural conditions enable potted Pinus pentaphylla to grow healthily and form its own growth and dormancy cycle: the growth period starts from the middle and late February of each year, and the root system stops growing in the middle and late October of 165438+ 10. The dormancy period is from the end of 165438+ 10 to the beginning of February. During the growing period, there is a small dormant period (from late July to mid-August). Its growth period, from late February to mid-July, is called the second growth period. From the end of August to the middle of 10, the branches and leaves did not germinate, but the roots grew again, and the cambium and new buds of the branches became longer and thicker. Only by mastering the ecological habits of Pinus pentaphylla can we have all kinds of basis for conservation and management. Potted five-needle pine came to Ningxia, and it was not necessary to change pots and soil for the first year or two, so it had to be watered with acidic water. If watered with alkaline water, it will definitely endanger its survival. Sulfur or ferrous sulfate can be mixed with water, and can only be used when it is detected as 5 by pH paper. Daily management is mainly to spray acidic water to increase air humidity. The basin soil should be mixed with mountain mud or peat soil, which is loose, breathable and well drained. The pH value of potted soil is 5, which is not suitable for the survival of American ginseng. Five needles pine is cold-resistant, and can overwinter in a closed balcony at 0℃ in winter. Moisture should be controlled, but the basin soil can't be dried thoroughly. The growth period is managed normally, only thin fertilizer is applied, and the dormant period is from mid-July to mid-August. The summer can be safely spent without high temperature and heat, proper shading and water control without fertilization. Five needles pine is most afraid of three things: alkaline soil and water, high temperature and heat, stagnant water and rotten roots. If these things can be treated symptomatically, the five-needle pine can be kept well. In your letter, you said that "the leaves slowly turn yellow and fall off, and then the branches dry up", which is usually caused by alkaline soil and water. Spraying ferrous sulfate water is an effective measure for symptomatic treatment. Ferrous sulfate is generally available in flower markets.
Use:
What should I pay attention to when maintaining five-needle pine?
Five-needle pine, also known as Japanese five-needle pine and five-beard pine. There are many kinds of gardening. At present, five-needle pine with rotating leaves, five-needle pine with yellow leaves, five-needle pine with white head and five-needle pine with short leaves are cultivated in China. Five-needle pine is evergreen all the year round, with dense needles, lush, long life, ancient and durable, and resistant to pruning. Can be tied into a variety of pile scenes, deeply loved by people.
If you want to raise the five-needle pine well, you should pay attention to the following six points in maintenance: (1) Five-needle pine likes sunshine, but it is slightly tolerant of shade. It should be placed in the sunny place of Nanyang terrace or courtyard in spring and autumn, and moved to a well-ventilated semi-light place in summer. It is forbidden to be exposed to the hot sun around noon in hot summer, otherwise it will easily lead to blade tip burns and yellowing. Put it indoors near the south window in winter. If left in the dark with insufficient light for a long time, the needles will become thinner and yellow easily. (2) Five-needle pine likes dry and hates wet. It is often found that the phenomenon of yellow shoots appears between summer and autumn during five-needle cultivation, and then the whole leaves gradually turn yellow, mainly caused by improper watering. This is because the roots of black pine used for five-needle pine grafting are afraid of water accumulation. The so-called "dry pine and wet cypress" is the truth. If you water too much on weekdays and the soil lacks oxygen, it will easily lead to rotten roots and yellow needles. Therefore, when maintaining the five-needle pine, we should pay attention to moderate watering. It is advisable to dry the pot soil slightly, but it should not be too dry, otherwise the growth will be poor and the needles will turn yellow easily. Generally, it should be watered 1 time in spring for about 3 days; Watering in autumn for two days 1 time; In summer, although Pinus pentaphylla grows slowly or enters the dormant period, the temperature is high, the water evaporates quickly, and the soil in the basin is easy to knot. So water 1 time every morning and spray 1 time on the leaves at night. When the room temperature is low in winter, it is necessary to control watering, generally watering 1 time per week. Spraying clear water on the leaves often at ordinary times can play a role in cooling and humidifying in summer and removing dust and cleaning in winter, which is very beneficial to the vigorous growth of American ginseng. (3) Rational fertilization is one of the key measures for raising American ginseng. It is not advisable to apply too much fertilizer to cultivate five-needle pine. Generally, liquid fertilizer can only be applied 2 ~ 3 times a year. Too much fat can easily lead to rotten roots. For small and medium-sized five-needle pine potted indoors, applying 1 times pancake fertilizer before germination and after leaf spreading in early spring can promote the germination and growth of new buds. It is best to suspend fertilization when the temperature is high in summer. After autumn, the growth of Pinus pentaphylla is the fastest. Applying rich fertilizer twice in 9 ~ 1 () Sichuan is beneficial to the vigorous growth in the coming year. /kloc-fertilization should be stopped after 0/0 months. Improper fertilization will cause the needles to turn yellow, droop, lose luster and even fall off. (4) Select the culture soil suitable for its growth. It is best to choose natural black mountain mud as basin soil. In places where there is no black mountain mud, 3 parts of humus soil, 5 parts of garden soil, 1 part of compost soil and 1 part of river sand can be mixed to prepare culture soil (garden soil cannot be used in places where the garden soil is alkaline, otherwise the needles will turn yellow and fall off, or even the whole plant will die). Generally, change pots every 3 ~ 4 years 1 time, and change pots before germination in February ~ March or September ~1October. Because of the slow growth of Pinus pentaphylla, it is not suitable to use pots that are too large and too deep, and it is best to choose purple sand pots. (5) timely pruning and shaping. Five-needle pine needs constant pruning to make its posture more and more perfect. Pruning includes pruning and bud picking. Pruning should be carried out during the dormant period 1 1 to February of the following year, mainly to cut off long branches, disorderly branches, pests and diseases, etc. Immediately after incision, the wound should be sealed with adhesive tape to avoid fat leakage. Bud picking is usually carried out in April-May every year, when the bud germination reaches 2 cm to 3 cm. For the long buds at the top of the branches, L/3 ~ 1/2 can be removed to make the needles compact and short and the branches stout. If you don't prune for a long time and let it grow naturally, the plant shape will become messy and thin, which will reduce the ornamental value. (6) Control pests and diseases in time. There are many pests and diseases that harm the five-needle pine, but when potted plants are raised indoors, the common pests and diseases are mainly soot disease, scale insects and so on, so we should pay attention to timely prevention and control. In addition, Pinus pentaphylla is cold-resistant, and it is appropriate to keep the room temperature at 0℃~ 5℃ in winter. If the room temperature exceeds 10℃, the plants will not be fully dormant, which will affect the growth in the coming year.
Five-leaf pine
1, tree species characteristics:
Five needles pine, also known as Japanese Five Hu Song, is an evergreen tree species of Pinaceae. The bark has scales and cracks, and its posture is simple and vigorous. The needles are thin and short, clustered with five needles, with white stomatal lines on the leaf surface, and the leaf sheath falls off early. Dense branches and leaves can be shaped into flakes, like clusters of clouds, which are precious tree species in tree bonsai. The cultivated variety is Pinus brevifolia, with short tree shape, dense and short leaves, only 1/2 as long as this species, and obvious white stomata on the surface, which is more suitable for bonsai. Five-needle pine originated in Japan, and has been cultivated in cities in the Yangtze River valley, Beijing, Qingdao and other places in China, and there are also many bonsai plants in gardens all over the country. Nature likes sunshine, and it is suitable for slightly acidic soil with deep and moist soil layer and good drainage, or grayish yellow soil. Alkaline soil and sandy soil are not suitable for growth. Avoid dampness and heat.
Step 2 make bonsai
(1) Drawing materials
In China, the introduction and cultivation of Pinus pentaphylla is often carried out by grafting because of its few seeds, poor development and low germination rate. Generally, 2-3-year-old seedlings or old piles of Pinus thunbergii are used as rootstocks, and strong five-needle pine 1-2-year-old branches are used as scions, which are about 8- 10 cm long. Cut the lower needles in early spring and connect them with the roots and necks of rootstocks by cutting or abdominal grafting. After jointing, cover the grafting site with soil, maintain it indoors, move it to the outdoor shade from March to April, dry it and water it. When the scion heals and shoots, the branches and leaves at the tip of the rootstock can be cut off, and then the rootstock above the scion can be cut off many times with the growth of the scion, and the arc becomes a five-needle pine plant. You can also use the bud grafting method, select the bud head of five-needle pine with a length of more than 2 cm as the scion, graft it on the terminal bud of black pine in March-April, and cover it with the needles of the rootstock branches for protection. The grafted five-needle pine can be cultivated into a better five-needle pine bonsai in a short time, with old piles and new branches and beautiful posture. Bud grafting has high survival rate and fast growth, but attention should be paid to releasing the bondage in time.
(2) Upper basin
① pot selection: five-needle pine is exquisite and elegant, with green leaves and green cages. It is advisable to use purple clay pots with simple appearance and deep color. Cliff-type medium-deep circular basin or square basin; Straight dry type and inclined type use rectangular basin or oval basin; Shallow rectangular basin for co-planting; A slightly deeper horse hate basin is used for bending dry type; The root-lifting type adopts shallow round basin, and the size depends on the tree shape.
② Soil: loose, fertile and acidic sandy loam, mountain soil or humus soil are most suitable for Pinus quinquefolius. 20% ~ 30% of sandy soil and 1 ~ 2 parts of decomposed cake fertilizer should be mixed in the compost culture soil at home, so that the fertilizer and soil are mixed, the nutrients are sufficient, and the air permeability and water permeability are good, which is beneficial to the root system development and flourishing of Pinus pentaphylla.
(3) Planting: Sow five-needle pine in February-March in spring, preferably before germination. Trim the damaged and rotten roots, cut short the thick roots and wax the incision to prevent the resin from flowing out. The bottom of the basin is padded with coarse sand or charcoal chips to facilitate drainage. The shallow basin only needs to be padded with plastic sand net. The planting position depends on the tree shape. When planting, the pot soil should be slightly dry, and when filling, it should be loose and moderate. Shake the pot body and compact it carefully. After planting, spread moss on the pot soil, then water it, put it in a semi-shady place, and move it to the sunny place after the growth resumes.
(3) Modeling
The characteristics of the growth and development of Pinus pentaphylla: the branches naturally form lamellae with distinct layers and clear lines; The growth is slow, and there is no adventitious bud germination on the branches, so it is not resistant to pruning; Thick branches are not easy to bend, so climbing and binding modeling must start from an early age. Therefore, the modeling of five-needle pine should be based on hanging and pruning.
① Climbing knot: Climbing knot is the main means of modeling five-needle pine, which is made of gold or brown silk to shape the main branch into the required shape. The secondary branches are slightly climbed to reach the required direction and angle, and then processed year by year, so that the main branches are bent and the branches and leaves are in pieces, like clouds gathering. It is best to start rock climbing modeling at a young age of 3 ~ 4 years old. Climbing with a trace of gold should be removed in time after setting, so as to avoid "winding silk", affecting the appearance and causing damage.
(2) Pruning: The branches of the five-needle pine are in a wheel shape, and a beautiful tree cannot be grown without pruning. There are no more than two main branches in each round on the trunk, and the two main branches in the same round are one long and one short, and the length cannot be equal. There should not be too many main branches of each five-needle pine, and the extra branches should be simply trimmed. Take small and medium-sized bonsai as an example. Only 5-7 main branches are left to form the trunk, which can achieve exquisite simplicity. At the same time, it is necessary to adjust the growth direction of the main branches, correct the extension posture of the main branches, and make the branches handle in a unified and coordinated manner. For the formed five-needle pine, it should also be pruned 1 time every year to cut off dense branches, weak branches, dead branches and various branches that interfere with the growth of trees. The pruning period should be at the end of the dormancy period of five-needle pine, not in the growing season, so as to avoid overflowing resin. The trunk of Pinus pentaphylla is mainly independent, but there may be one double trunk or one multi-trunk; At this time, it is necessary to choose the tall trunk as the main trunk and the short trunk as the auxiliary trunk, and the two trunks should be well coordinated. If a book is too dry, it will be uneven and patchy. Five-needle pine not only has typical morphological characteristics of pine trees, but also has great plasticity. By pruning and controlling growth, the effect of seeing the big from the small can be achieved. Modeling should pay attention to the flowing, vigorous, quaint and poetic artistic image.
3. Maintenance management
If properly maintained and managed, the five-needle pine has decades or even hundreds of years of old pile scenery, which is more ornamental. Daily management mainly includes the following aspects.
(1) water
The roots of Pinus pentaphylla should be wet and the soil in the basin should be dry, but it should not be short of water for a long time. Therefore, water should be moderate, don't water too much, and spraying water on leaves often is beneficial to growth. If the soil is too wet, the needles will turn yellow and the roots will rot and die. In rainy season, open-air rain and waterlogging of basin soil often lead to long-term death. The amount of watering depends on the following factors: the weather is hot and dry for a long time, so it is necessary to water more properly, water/kloc-0 times a day in midsummer, and the soil in autumn should not be too dry, otherwise the needles will turn yellow easily. During the vigorous growth period and when new buds germinate, water more properly. Water less during hibernation and less in winter. Water every 3 ~ 4 days 1 time. Pour more water into the shallow basin and less water into the deep basin. In order to shorten the branches and leaves to a certain extent and make the shape more beautiful, water can be properly controlled during the spring and summer growth period. If the needles are soft and drooping, it means water shortage. The treatment method is to pour less bottom water and spray more leaf water, and move to the shade to slow down growth and restore growth.
(2) Fertilization "
Five-needle pine bonsai should be fertilized less, and it can grow into an old state under the condition of lack of fertilizer and water control. Fertilizer should be applied with weak fertilizer, and cake fertilizer is better. The time should be after autumn and before budding to avoid fertilization in one season. If more chemical fertilizers or concentrated fertilizers are applied, it is easy to damage the roots. Applying base fertilizer in winter has a cold-proof effect. Top dressing before spring germination, mainly potassium fertilizer and phosphorus fertilizer, is beneficial to strong roots.
(3) Pruning
Pruning of five-needle pine is mainly to pick buds, which can control growth, maintain the beauty of the tree and promote dense branches and leaves. Generally, in March-April every year, before the new buds are elongated into needles, the buds of 1/2 ~ 1/3 can fall off. If the terminal bud is too dense, you can pick more, if it grows vigorously, you can pick more, and vice versa. Bud picking should be carried out in sunny days, and the fracture is easy to heal. In addition, pruning should be considered according to the needs of wood shape, and excess branches that affect the tree shape can be cut off. Pruning branches of Pinus pentaphylla should be carried out after autumn, and pruning in spring and summer is easy to cause resin loss and affect growth. To prevent it,
The wound to stop bleeding should be sealed with wax in time.
(4) Turn the basin over
Pine bonsai is generally turned once every 4-5 years, and the time should be in late autumn or early spring. When turning over the basin, you can remove13 of the soil, and be careful not to scatter the mud balls at the root. Combined with a pot, rotten roots can be removed, too long fibrous roots can be cut short, and culture soil can be planted in the upper pot according to technical requirements.
(5) Pest control
The main diseases of Pinus pentaphylla include rust, root rot, sooty blotch, etc. It can be controlled by spraying Childo solution 1 ~ 2 times in winter. Pests include scale insects, red spiders, aphids and so on. , can be manually captured and scrubbed, and can also be controlled by pesticides. At the same time, attention should be paid to ventilation and light transmission, and the soil in the basin should not be too wet to prevent pests and diseases.
4. Ornamental five-needle pine bonsai is a common ornamental tree species in the family, with beautiful tree posture, lush foliage, short leaves and dense needles, and green onions in all seasons.
Suitable for viewing. It should be placed on the balcony or courtyard slope in the growing season, properly sheltered in summer and viewed indoors in winter. If left for a long time
Indoor, insufficient light and poor ventilation can cause diseases. The ornamental value of Pinus pentaphylla increased with the extension of cultivation time. Due to different materials, it can be shaped into various ornamental forms, such as straight dry type, curved dry type, horizontal dry type, cliff type, root lifting type and so on.
How to raise five-needle pine bonsai
In order to cultivate the five-needle pine bonsai well, we should understand its habits and master its requirements for light, soil, water and fertilizer.
Five-needle pine with sufficient sunlight and its comparison
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