Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Weather inquiry - The answer method of geography in senior two
The answer method of geography in senior two
For most candidates, the common problem is that the foundation is not solid enough. Some candidates have poor knowledge transfer ability and lack of flexible use of knowledge points, so they are easily misled by some distractions when doing questions; The weak foundation leads to the inability to play, and the ability to explore and integrate information is insufficient. When you do a problem, you often lose points because of the depth and key information of the problem. In addition, nonstandard answers are also a common problem. Many candidates lose points because they don't use the professional language of geography, the language description is inaccurate, the organization is unclear, and the main points are lacking.
In view of these common problems of candidates, when answering questions, candidates should follow the general order of easy before difficult to ensure as many points as possible; Multiple-choice questions can be appropriately used with skills such as exclusion; When answering regional geographical questions, we should be good at using case study methods in textbooks; When answering questions related to human geography, we must be clear about the meaning of the questions, and the answers should be clear and coherent, rather more than less, rather good than complete.
Subjective problem
First, the premise-familiar with regional geography, master the basic and backbone knowledge.
The premise of the special lecture on improving the ability to answer subjective questions in geography is after the study of regional geography, geography double bases and backbone knowledge is completed. Kung fu in peacetime, the ability to improve is the accumulation of three years of homework, but also the final sprint to prepare for the college entrance examination.
Second, the foundation-clear up the thinking of answering 22 common geography short answers in the college entrance examination.
After three years of homework accumulation, I read countless subjective questions. Thick accumulation and thin hair, the stone of other mountains, can attack jade. Capable people will summarize the standard answer ideas of 22 common short-answer questions in college entrance examination geography into a series for reference. As a starting point for us to improve our ability to answer subjective questions. So our first step is to be familiar with this material and master the conventional problem-solving methods.
Third, the focus-familiar with the common answering modes of geography questions in recent years.
With the above preparations, we will summarize them again in order to achieve the effect of drawing inferences from others. Our second step is to summarize the organizational model of common answers to test questions and describe the organizational model of common geographical features.
A summary of the organization modes of common answers to geography examination questions in recent years;
1) Cause (natural, man-made)
2) Conditions (favorable and unfavorable)
3) Influence (positive and negative)
4) Geographical location (natural, social and economic)
5) Benefits (economic, social and environmental)
6) Measures (biology, engineering, technology)
7) Significant engineering significance (both ends, middle) or (politics, economy, nationality, national defense)
8) Elements (total amount, structure)
9) Evaluation (positive and negative)
10) causes of precipitation (atmospheric circulation, terrain welcome, leeward slope, ocean current, land-sea distance, underlying surface)
1 1) Causes of temperature fluctuation (latitude position, influence of cold air flow, ocean current, topography-altitude, sunny slope and underlying surface)
12) Causes of large fishing grounds (whether there is a broad continental shelf, whether cold and warm currents meet or upwelling, and whether there is a big river estuary)
A summary of the common organizational models of geographical description answers in recent years;
1) Physical and geographical features (topography, climate, soil, water source, biology)
2) Location characteristics (latitude and longitude, land and sea, hemisphere and adjacent location)
3) Characteristics of water system (tributaries, processes, watersheds and flow directions)
4) Hydrological characteristics (discharge, water level, sediment concentration, ice age)
5) Precipitation characteristics (total precipitation, rainy season length and seasonal variation)
6) Climate characteristics (temperature, precipitation, seasonal combination)
7) Topographic features (landform type, landform fluctuation, main landform area, altitude)
8) Characteristics of agricultural production (mainly from agricultural geographical types, crop types and output per unit area, agricultural sector structure (proportion), agricultural mechanization level, agricultural production and management mode and specialization level, etc.). )
9) Characteristics of industrial production (mainly from the aspects of industrial development, industrial sector structure, industrial technology level, sales of industrial products, dependence of industrial raw materials and energy on the international market, etc.). )
10) the distribution characteristics and laws of geographical things (mainly summarized from two aspects: spatial distribution (whether it is uniform or not, the law of spatial change) and temporal distribution (the size of seasonal and interannual changes))
The distribution law:
Generally speaking, what is the distribution trend of "point", "line" and "surface"?
1) Generally, the distribution of "points" is "sparse or dense along a certain direction"; Or the distribution orientation of geographical things in a geographical thing.
2) The "linear" distribution should explain which direction its trend is and its sparse characteristics.
3) the "plane" distribution should explain the distribution range of this geographical thing, that is, the boundary between southeast and northwest; Or the distribution orientation and approximate area of a geographical thing.
4) "Point, line and surface" should be considered comprehensively.
Fourth, promotion-clear answers to common behaviors.
The common answering mode of geography test questions indicates the direction of answering questions. In order to improve the quality of answers, we should also study the predicate verbs in questions.
The main reason for the strong operability of the new curriculum standard lies in its clear instructions, which is "clear predicate" in Chinese. When teaching students to examine questions, we should pay special attention to this "predicate" part and make clear the main points of answering questions.
Brief description-simple and clear description, we must grasp the main points;
Brief analysis-simply analyze and put forward arguments;
Description-describe the external characteristics of things;
Summary-a general description of the overall characteristics of things;
Interpretation-explain the principle, reason and law;
Write-present the main content of an image or fact;
Analysis-analysis and decomposition of geographical things or phenomena, analysis of reasons, analysis of the position or role of local things in the overall situation, such as analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of regional development, analysis of the relationship between things;
Comparison-list the same, different, opposite and similar geographical things, which can be compared successively or side by side; Analyze the differences between the same things and the connections between different things;
Evaluation-evaluating the feasibility, advantages and disadvantages of geographical environment, measures, countermeasures and layout, which requires scientific viewpoint and correct geographical thinking;
Generalization-Summarize the main points of text materials or image content.
The behavioral verbs often examined in the geography college entrance examination questions are description, explanation, analysis, comparison and evaluation.
Code of practice for verbs (abbreviation for verb). Requirements for subjective test answers
"Concise, clear-cut and to the point" is the aim of the standardized answer of comprehensive literature.
1. Standardize the language and return to the teaching materials;
2. How many questions were asked, how many lines (paragraphs) were divided, and the answers were divided into sections and points, and each point was numbered as much as possible. Answer questions in an orderly manner to form a "knowledge chain". To answer questions, we must first understand the steps of answering questions, ask what to answer, and write a few questions in several sections. Answers can be organized according to the main points of the question. Generally, one point is 2 or 3 points, so if it is an 8-point question, at least 4 points should be answered.
3. The main points are not self-contradictory and repetitive;
4. Write neatly, leaving no blank. Only when the handwriting is neat, the thinking logic is reflected and the paper is neat can the paper be perfect in form, because clear paper can win the favor of reviewers and may bring you unexpected gains.
Comprehensive problem
Comprehensive questions are generally based on regional geography, around a central question, and ask questions from different sides or levels of things. Therefore, we must use the method of regional research to think about "what is it?" "Why?" "Do what?" To think and answer.
First, the premise: familiar with regional geography, master basic and backbone knowledge.
Second, the foundation: clear the answer ideas of the common short answer questions of geography in the college entrance examination.
Third, the key: familiar with the common answering modes of geography questions in recent years.
Cause (natural, man-made); Conditions (favorable and unfavorable); Influence (positive, negative)
Evaluation (positive and negative); Location (natural, social and economic);
Benefits (economic, social, environmental and ecological); Measures (biology, engineering, technology);
Elements (total amount, structure)
The specific answer modes are summarized as follows-
☆ How to describe terrain features:
1. Topographic types (plains, mountains, hills, plateaus, basins, etc. )
2. Terrain ups and downs
3. Main terrain distribution (under various terrain conditions)
4. Important terrain contour features (in contour)
5. Special landforms (such as glacier landforms, karst landforms, wind-blown sand or wind erosion landforms, etc.). )
The first three points of the notes are frequently asked questions.
How to describe the climate characteristics?
1 temperature (heat): spatial distribution, seasonal variation, annual and daily range, accumulated temperature.
2. Precipitation: spatial distribution and seasonal variation.
3. Combination of water and heat (such as "rain and heat in the same period" and "Xia Han drying"). )
4 lighting: intensity, how much?
5. Wind: the size and spatial distribution of wind power.
The first three points of the notes are frequently asked questions.
☆ Factors affecting temperature:
1. Latitude (decisive factor): It affects solar height, day length, solar radiation and daily range, and it is lower in annual range (the temperature days in low latitudes and annual range are lower than those in high latitudes).
2. Topography (height, topography): shady slopes, sunny slopes, mountains, plains, river valleys and basins at different altitudes (for example, the topographic heat in river valley basins is not easy to dissipate, and the tall terrain blocks the winter wind, and the daily amplitude of mountain areas at the same latitude is worse than that in the plains, and the annual amplitude is smaller).
3. Location of land and sea: the annual variation range of temperature caused by ocean intensity.
4. Ocean current (warm current: warming and humidifying; Cold current: cooling and dehumidification)
5. Weather conditions (in cloudy and rainy places, the temperature changes daily, and the annual change range is smaller than that in cloudy and rainy places).
6. Underlying surface: ground reflectivity (high snow reflectivity and low temperature); The annual temperature in the green space is lower than *.
7. Human activities: heat island effect, greenhouse effect, etc
The first four points of the notes are frequently asked questions.
☆ Factors affecting precipitation:
1. climate: atmospheric circulation (pressure zone, wind zone, monsoon)
2. Terrain: windward slope and leeward slope
3. Terrain (elevation): The precipitation reaches a certain height.
4. Land and sea location (distance from the sea)
5. Ocean current (warm current: warming and humidifying; Cold current: cooling and dehumidification)
6. Underlying surface: lakes, rivers and vegetation cover.
7. Human activities; Changing the underlying surface will affect precipitation.
Note 1, 2, 4 and 5 are frequently asked questions.
☆ Factors affecting solar radiation (illumination):
1. Latitude (determines the height of the sun at noon and the length of the day)
2. Altitude (high altitude, thin air and strong solar radiation) Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China >;
3. Weather conditions (sunny day and sufficient solar radiation) Northwest China >
4. Air density
Describe the hydrological characteristics of rivers:
1. Flow: size, seasonal change and interruption (depending on climate characteristics, river recharge and basin area).
2. Sediment concentration: It depends on the vegetation status, soil characteristics and precipitation concentration of the basin.
3. Ice Age: Availability and Length.
Ice flood: (premise: ice age, low latitude flows to high latitude)
4. Water level: high and low, change characteristics (depending on river recharge type, water conservancy project and lake storage function), that is, changes in flood season and dry season.
5. Water energy: It is related to topography (river drop and flow rate) and climate (precipitation, runoff and evaporation).
☆ Describe the characteristics of water system:
1. Process (length) 4. Droplet size (water energy)
2. Flow direction 5. The river is straight.
3. Washball size 6. How many tributaries are there?
7. The arrangement shape of river tributaries (fan-shaped like Haihe River, tree-shaped like Yangtze River, centripetal like Congo River, etc.). )
Factors affecting the snow line-climate
1. Precipitation (local climate characteristics; There is more precipitation on the windward slope and the snow line is lower. ) the snow line on the southern slope of the Himalayas is lower than that on the northern slope >
2. Temperature (the snow line on sunny slope is higher than that on shady slope; Temperature changes at different latitudes, isotherms at 0℃ above sea level)
☆ Factors affecting the vertical band spectrum in mountainous areas:
1 latitude: The higher the latitude of the mountain, the simpler the band spectrum.
2. Altitude: The higher the altitude, the higher the relative altitude and the more complex the band spectrum.
3. Heat (i.e. sunny slope and shady slope): the altitude that affects the same band spectrum (generally sunny slope is higher).
☆ Location factors affecting the city:
"natural factors"
1. Terrain (a. Mainly distributed in the plain: flat terrain, fertile soil, convenient for farming, favorable for transportation, saving construction investment and concentrated population; B. Tropical cities are distributed on the plateau: the climate is cooler; C. the mountain city is located in the valley and open lowlands)
2. Climate (warm in middle and low latitudes and humid in coastal areas)
3. Rivers (water supply and transportation functions)
4. Resource conditions
"socio-economic factors"
1. Traffic conditions (such as Zhuzhou) 2. Political factors: ancient capital, new capital and provincial capital 3. Military factors.
4. Religious factors (Lhasa, Jerusalem) 5. Technical factors (Tsukuba, Japan) 6. Tourism factors.
☆ Location factors for the formation of commercial centers and commercial outlets:
1. Convenient traffic conditions (establishment principle: traffic loop or city edge, along highway >; )
2. Strong commodity production capacity and stable commodity sources.
3. Broad market or economic hinterland (establishment principle: market)
☆ Route selection principle of traffic lines:
"Natural aspects"
1. Terrain (a. Flat: fewer choices; B. Great fluctuation: if it is necessary to cut mountains, make holes and bridge, the project will be difficult; If you extend along the contour line, the mileage will be extended; C. Fast-flowing rivers: unfavorable to shipping)
2. Geology (a. Karst landform: prevention of collapse and leakage; B. Geological instability: reinforce the foundation and avoid faults)
3. Climate (a. Roads and railways: prevent rainstorm, flood, frozen soil and debris flow; B. water transport and aviation: against fog and strong winds)
4. Land (less arable land, especially fertile land)
"Socio-economic aspects"
1. population (as far as possible through residential areas, railway stations, docks, etc. , thus benefiting more people. Applicable to: local highways >)
2. Mileage and operating time (try to build bridges and tunnels to shorten mileage to save operating time; Take proper care of important economic points along the way. Applicable to: National Highway >)
3. Environmental requirements (try to stay away from important cultural relics and pay attention to ecological environment protection)
☆ The positive significance of traffic line construction;
1. The local traffic network has been improved, making traffic convenient and accessible.
2. Accelerate the circulation of materials and promote local economic development.
3. Politics: Consolidate national defense, maintain stability and promote regional prosperity.
☆ Tunnel site selection conditions:
1. Choose anticline (a. The anticline rocks arch upward, and the groundwater seeps to both sides, which is not easy to cause leakage problems; B anticline is dome-shaped structure, which is not easy to collapse. )
Avoid mistakes
☆ Location conditions of bus stop location:
1. Road condition: the surrounding roads are wide.
2. Contact with traffic inside and outside the city
3. Engineering quantity
☆ Location conditions of the airport:
"natural conditions"
1. Terrain: there is flat and open terrain with proper slope to ensure drainage;
2. Geology: Good geological conditions. Climate: less fog.
"socio-economic situation"
1. Traffic conditions: convenient to the city.
2. Economy: Built in economically developed areas.
Location conditions of port construction:
"Natural conditions (determining the port location)"
1. Water regime (including navigation conditions and berthing conditions): the harbor is wide and deep (the contour line is dense, which is conducive to berthing and sheltering from the wind).
2. Port construction conditions: The plot is stable in geology, flat in terrain and suitable in slope (conducive to the arrangement of construction land and port equipment).
"Socio-economic conditions (affecting the rise and fall of ports)"
1. Conditions of economic hinterland: whether the foreign exchange is tight and smooth, whether the economic hinterland is vast and whether the economy is developed.
2. Relying on the city (convenient transportation; Provide manpower, material resources and financial support for the port)
3. Policy conditions: building a free trade port in an open area.
☆ Evaluate the shipping value of rivers;
"natural conditions"
1. Terrain: flat, flowing through the plain, with gentle water flow.
2. Climate: abundant and even precipitation, large river flow, small seasonal variation and short ice age.
3. River course: wide and straight, with deep water.
"socio-economic situation"
The river basin has a large population, developed economy, dense contact and large transportation volume.
☆ Analysis of industrial location factors;
1. Geographical location 2. Resource factors: raw materials, fuel 3. Agricultural factors.
4. Traffic factors (including traffic convenience and accessibility of information network): it is convenient for the exchange of materials, personnel and information.
5. Market factors. Scientific and technological factors. Labor factors: labor price and quality.
8. Historical factors. Policy factors: national and regional policy support.
10*. Military factors: national defense security needs.
1 1*. Personal factors: personal preferences and emotions.
☆ Comprehensive economic improvement measures of industrial zone:
1. Adjust the industrial layout, develop emerging industries and tertiary industries, transform traditional industries, ensure the balanced development of all industries and promote the diversification of economic structure.
2. Develop all kinds of resources rationally according to local conditions.
3. Eliminate pollution and beautify the environment; Do a good job in regional planning and strengthen ecological construction
4. Develop transportation and improve the transportation network.
5. Develop science and technology, improve production level and prosper economy.
☆ Analysis of agricultural location factors;
"natural factors"
1. Land: topography, soil 2. Climate: light, heat, precipitation, daily temperature difference 3. Water source (irrigation) "socio-economic factors"
1 .market 2. Transportation. National policy. Labor force
5. Science and technology: development of technologies such as preservation and refrigeration of agricultural products. industrial base
☆ Principles and measures of river regulation:
Governance principle ※ governance measures ※
Upstream: flood control upstream: reservoir construction, afforestation.
Middle reaches: flood diversion and storage: build reservoirs and flood diversion and storage projects.
Downstream: downstream of flood discharge beam (damming): reinforce levee, dredge river course and excavate river course.
☆ Causes of river flood disaster:
"natural causes"
1. Characteristics of water system (a. Wide drainage basin with many tributaries; B. high sediment concentration; C. The plain river course is curved, with slow water flow and poor water flow. )
2. Hydrological characteristics (a) It flows through humid areas with abundant rainfall; B. the main stream has a long flood season and a large amount of water. )
3. Climate characteristics (concentrated precipitation, heavy rain; Or abnormal warming causes a large area of snow to melt. )
"Man-made reasons"
1. Vegetation damage (1) Excessive logging, serious vegetation damage, and increased soil erosion, resulting in a decline in the ability of water conservation, runoff regulation, peak shaving and dry replenishment in the basin; B. Sediments entering the river raise the riverbed and reduce the flood discharge capacity of the river. )
2. Reclaiming land around the lake (siltation causes the lake to shrink, and the ability of the lake to regulate and store flood peaks decreases. )
☆ Factors affecting reservoir dam site selection:
1 Topographic conditions: the dam site is located at the outlet of rivers, canyons or basins and depressions (the bag-shaped area is favorable for dam construction: small amount of work, low cost and large storage capacity).
2. Geological conditions: stable, avoiding karst landforms and faults.
3. Climatic and hydrological conditions: ensure sufficient water.
4. Reservoir area: the number of immigrants, the land occupied by relocation, the amount of cultivated land and environmental conditions.
☆ Function of reservoir:
1. Adjust the climate and improve the ecological environment. 2. Conducive to the development of aquaculture. 3. Conducive to the development of tourism. 4. Flood control. 5. Power generation value. 6. Irrigation function. 7. Improve the transportation value.
☆ Analysis and solution of water shortage in a certain area;
Cause ※
"natural causes"
1. Climate: little or insufficient precipitation, large evaporation and uneven seasonal distribution.
2. Rivers: Less surface runoff.
"Man-made reasons"
1. Large water consumption: dense population, developed industry and agriculture.
2. Unreasonable utilization: low utilization rate and serious pollution and waste.
Solution ※
1. Open source: transfer water across river basins, build reservoirs, desalinate seawater in coastal areas, and improve water supply capacity.
2. throttling: reduce water pollution, reduce waste, improve the utilization rate of industrial and agricultural water resources, limit the development of high-energy-consuming water industry, develop water-saving agriculture (such as sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation), formulate laws and regulations, raise people's awareness of water conservation, and implement water price adjustment.
☆ Location conditions for the formation of saltworks:
1. Climate: high temperature, less precipitation, strong wind and strong sunshine: favorable for evaporation.
2. Terrain: The beach is flat, the coast is muddy and the area is vast.
3. Sea area conditions: the seawater has high salinity and little pollution.
☆ Location conditions for the formation of fishing grounds:
1. Terrain: vast continental shelf (direct sunlight, strong photosynthesis and rich bait).
2. Temperate sea area: the temperature changes greatly and the sea water overflows.
3. Estuary: Rivers bring rich nutrients.
4. Ocean current: (confluent current or upwelling) seawater overflows, bringing nutrients and rich bait to the seabed.
☆ Location conditions of satellite launch base:
"natural conditions"
1. Meteorological conditions: sunny weather is required.
Latitude: the linear velocity of the earth's rotation.
3. Terrain: flat and open.
"humanistic conditions"
1. population: the population density per unit area is low, and the land is vast and sparsely populated.
2. Transportation: Convenient transportation
3. Military: meeting the needs of national defense and security.
☆ Direction of building a new socialist countryside:
1. Pay attention to ecological environment construction: increase greening efforts, return farmland to forests and grasslands in a planned way, and improve the ecological environment.
2. Control the population and improve the quality of the population
3. Adjust the rural industrial structure and develop a variety of rural economies (developing agricultural products processing industry, commodity agriculture, etc.). ), increase investment in science and technology and increase farmers' income.
Fourth, promotion: clear the main points of answering common behavioral verbs in the question.
Concise and to the point-simple and clear, you must grasp the main points-simply analyze and put forward the main points.
Analysis-analyze and decompose geographical things or phenomena, analyze the reasons, and analyze the position or role of local things in the overall situation.
Description-a general description of the overall characteristics of things.
Description-Explain geographical principles, causes and laws.
Evaluation-Evaluation of the feasibility, advantages and disadvantages of geographical environment, measures, countermeasures and layout.
Contrast-List different, identical, opposite and similar geographical things. You can compare them successively or side by side; Analyze the differences between the same things, the connections between different things, etc.
Generalization-Summarize the main points of text materials or image content.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) practice-requirements for answers to subjective questions
"Concise, clear and to the point" is the purpose of comprehensive and standardized answer to documents.
1.
2. Return to the textbook, standardize the language, and don't write typos.
3. The answer should be regional (it should be described in connection with the regional reality reflected in pictures, words or texts).
This is an extremely important answer in the comprehensive geography of literature.
4. How many paragraphs do you ask to answer the questions? Answer the questions in points, and number each point as much as possible. Important and clear points are written in front.
5. Pay attention to the logic of the answer: the main points in the same question are not contradictory and do not repeat. But try to be comprehensive.
6. Drawing and drawing specifications.
7. Answer in the designated test paper area with clear handwriting and neat paper. (Meet the requirements of "online reading").
The above 3, 6 and 7 points are the new requirements of the college entrance examination in recent years.
Summarize the above requirements into the following formula-
Conditions for success in solving problems = knowledge structure+materials (regional reality)+correct expression × skills in examining questions and drawings.
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