Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Weather inquiry - Stories of inventions and discoveries by celebrities
Stories of inventions and discoveries by celebrities
One summer morning, the weather was fine, and the thrush was singing a sweet song in the tree. On the campus of Glasgow University in England, there is a man walking. He walked slowly up and down on the green lawn. He sometimes looked at the vast sky, sometimes at the winding playground, and sometimes frowned ... Suddenly, a smile appeared on his face and his mood suddenly became clear. He came up with an effective solution to the steam engine. He ran happily, his feet flying fast. In an instant, he appeared on the operating platform that accompanied him for many years. He is Watt, the inventor of the steam engine. Someone once said, "Watt invented the steam engine because he has superhuman genius and wisdom." Actually, it is not. To illustrate this problem, let's talk about Watt's diligent study and study. Make up a story
Enlightenment of water vapor
With the development of intellectual education, Watt became interested in some objective things, and he became curious and delved into them. This laid a good foundation for his later invention of the steam engine.
In Watt's hometown of Greenock, every family makes a fire to boil water and cook. Who cares about such a common thing? Watt left his heart. Is there a Huai? He watched his grandmother cooking in the kitchen. There is a pot of boiling water on the stove. The boiling water is boiling. The lid of the pot smacked and kept jumping up. Watt observed it for a long time and felt very strange. He wanted to know what the reason was, so he asked his grandmother. What makes the lid jump? "
Grandma replied, "The water is boiling, that's all."
Watt asked discontentedly, "Why does the water jump as soon as the lid is opened?" ? Is something pushing it? "
Maybe my grandmother was too busy to answer him correctly, so she said impatiently, "I don't know." What is the significance of children asking these questions? "
Instead of finding the answer with grandma, Watt was unfairly criticized. He was very uncomfortable, but he didn't lose heart.
For several days in a row, whenever cooking, he squatted by the fire and observed carefully. At first, the lid was very stable. After a while, the water will boil and make a loud noise. On the ground, the steam in the pot came out and pushed the lid to jump. The steam kept rising, and the lid kept beating, as if a magician was hiding inside, doing tricks. Watt almost cried out for joy. He opened the lid, closed it again and again, and verified it again and again. He also covered the cup and spoon that sprayed steam. Watt finally figured out that steam pushed the lid to jump, and the power of this steam was not small.
Just as Watt was in high spirits and ecstatic, grandma spoke again: "You child, you are ungrateful. What's so funny about the kettle? Go away! " She said casually.
His grandmother is too impatient and subjective, and if she neglects it casually, it will almost dampen Watt's self-esteem and enthusiasm for exploring scientific knowledge. Old man, you don't understand Watt's heart at all, do you? What a revelation water vapor is to Watt! Isn't the physical phenomenon that water vapor pushes the lid of the kettle to jump off the water bottle the source of Watt's understanding of inventing the steam engine?
1769, watt changed the steam engine into a single-acting engine with great power. Later, after many studies, the trial production of the new steam engine was completed in 1782. With the linkage device on the machine, the simple motion turned into rotary motion, and the perfect steam engine was successfully invented.
Due to the invention of the steam engine and the developed coal and iron industry in Britain at that time, Britain became the first country in the world to use steam to drive iron "seagoing ships". /kloc-in the 0/9th century, the reform of maritime transportation began, and some countries entered the so-called "steamboat era". Since then, ships have been sailing on the boundless ocean. Subsequently, coal mines, factories and trains all used steam engines. Manual labor was liberated and the economy developed. This is the result of the invention of the steam engine. Of course, this is also the credit of Watt, the inventor of the steam engine. Therefore, Watt is famous all over the world.
Watt's life is full of hardships and struggles. What a bumpy road he has traveled. He created blessings for mankind in hardships and hardships and opened up a new milestone for human progress. Watt attaches great importance to study and practice. Learning enriched his wisdom; Practice has achieved fruitful results.
138 Respondent: QQTTAA- intermediate disciple level 2 2007-5-6 14:2 1
Let me comment on >> related content.
Scientists' Invention Story 287 2009-4-20
A story about the invention of scientists.
Scientists invented the story.
Scientists have no intention of making up stories
What stories have scientists invented?
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Look at the same topic: stories invented by scientists.
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This is the story invented by scientists that you want. Read quickly. It works for you.
Responder: Ottoman Knight-Senior Magician Level 5 2007-4-25 20:42
Four Great Inventions on May 24th-Compass
Compass is one of the great inventions in the history of China, and it is also an important contribution of China to the development of world civilization. Compass is a pointing instrument made of the north and south polarities of magnets in the earth's magnetic field. The picture on the left shows the hook pointer repair model. This characteristic of magnets was used by the ancients to make guiding tools. The earliest tour guide was Sina, which was widely used in China. It is made of natural magnets and looks like a spoon. Its center of gravity is in the middle of the bottom, the chassis is smooth, and there are 24 directions engraved around it. When in use, put the spoon on the chassis and gently stir it with your hands to make it rotate. When it stops, the long handle points south. Wang Chong in the Eastern Han Dynasty (on balance? Its shape and usage are recorded. (Guiguzi? In the article), it is also said that Zheng people went to distant places to collect jade, and in order to avoid getting lost, they took Sina away. In addition, the invention of the compass also promoted this instrument to a higher level. The picture on the right shows the south guide car model, and the picture below shows the imaginary pictures of the south guide fish and Sina car model respectively.
Sina, made of natural magnets, has low finished products and weak magnetism. In the Song Dynasty, people invented the artificial magnetization method and made a guide fish and a compass, which was more simple and practical. Natural magnets are used to rub steel needles to keep the guiding performance under the action of geomagnetic field; In the future, it will be installed on the azimuth disk, called a compass. This is a great leap in the history of compass development.
I also made a detailed study on the method of placing the compass, summed up four different methods and compared them: First, Shui Piao method. Shen Kuo didn't explain how to float the compass on the water to indicate the direction. In the late Northern Song Dynasty, pharmacologist Kou Zongxuan's "Materia Medica Derives Meaning? It turns out that putting a wick on the compass can make the needle float. The disadvantage of water flotation is that the magnetic needle will swing with the water. Second, the nail rotation method. Putting the magnetic needle on the nail can run flexibly, but the disadvantage is that it is easy to slide down. Third, the bowl and lip rotation method. Putting the magnetic needle on the edge of the bowl can also rotate freely, but it is also easy to fall off. Fourth, the hanging line method. Take a new cotton thread, stick it in the center of the magnetic needle with a little wax, and hang it in a windless place to indicate the direction. Comparatively speaking, Shen Kuo thinks this method is the most ideal. The picture on the right shows four experimental restoration designs of the sunken compass.
Compass is a common directional tool in 1 1 century. The greatest contribution of compass is that it greatly promotes the development of navigation. According to research, the compass began to be used for navigation at the end of 1 1. From the end of 12 century to the beginning of 13 century, the compass was introduced to Arabia by sea, and then to Europe by Arabia.
Four Great Inventions-Papermaking
Papermaking is an important chemical process. The invention of paper is a very valuable contribution made by China to the spread and development of human culture and a great achievement in the history of chemistry in China.
Before the invention of paper, Oracle Bone Inscriptions, bamboo slips and silk were ancient materials used for writing and recording. However, due to the rapid economic and cultural development in the Western Han Dynasty, Oracle Bone Inscriptions and bamboo slips can no longer meet the needs of development, thus promoting the improvement of writing tools.
At that time, people had begun to use small pieces of paper made of silk floss, because archaeologists discovered an ancient piece of paper in Robnaoer, Xin Qiang in 1933. It is "hemp, white, made into square slices, with incomplete surroundings, about 40 cm long and 100 cm wide. It's rough and uneven, and there are hemp tendons on the paper. However, when the cover was first made into paper, hemp fiber and silk floss had their own functions. If it is used as a raw material for papermaking, it will inevitably be greatly limited, and it is difficult to develop rapidly to meet the requirements of cultural life for paper.
Under the requirements of the new objective situation, the appearance of Cai Lun has brought a new breakthrough to papermaking. It is recorded in the second volume of The View of the Eastern Han Dynasty: "Cai Lun was talented, honest and cautious. He took a break every time, closed the door and thanked guests, exposing himself to the field. Canon is even better, and plans to use bark, cloth and fishing nets as paper. In the first year of Yuanxing, the emperor had good ability and naturally did not need it. The world is salty and called Cai Hou paper. As can be seen from the above, Cai Lun uses bark, rags and fishing nets to make paper.
Although there was paper in Cai Lun before, the raw materials were limited. The discovery of new raw materials in Cai Lun solved this problem. Because rags and fishing nets have completed their tasks, they have become waste and used as raw materials, which has a great promotion effect on the paper industry.
The use of new raw materials will inevitably put forward the requirements of new technologies. However, due to the loss of classics, the actual operation has been lacking in records and it is impossible to know. But it is probably to tear or cut a piece of cloth or net first, and then soak it in water for a long time, which needs to be mashed before it can be made into pulp. It is more difficult to make paper from bark. In addition to the preliminary cutting and pounding, the middle should be boiled and added with a decomposition accelerator such as lime slurry. The following picture shows the ancient papermaking projects in China (curtain pressing) and (dry drying and fire drying).
Four great inventions-gunpowder
Gunpowder is one of the four great inventions in China. Gunpowder, as the name implies, is (the medicine that gets angry). Its origin is closely related to alchemy, which was inadvertently prepared by ancient alchemists during alchemy. The picture on the left shows the bronzes of the Yuan Dynasty.
It is a mixture of sulfur, saltpeter and charcoal. The first two items were listed as important medicinal materials in China's first pharmacological classic (Shennong Herbal Classic) written in the Han Dynasty. Even gunpowder itself is classified as a drug. According to Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica in Ming Dynasty, gunpowder can cure sores and tinea, kill insects, eliminate dampness and plague. The invention of gunpowder is the result of people's long-term practice of alchemy, and it has a history of 1000 years.
At the end of the Tang Dynasty, gunpowder had been used in the military. In the first year of God bless in Tang Zhaozong (904), Yang Xingmi led an army to besiege Zhang Yu, and Zheng Kun's department (led troops to launch the Fei Huo, burned the dragon shamen, led the strong men to the city first, and became quilts urgently). The (Fei Huo) here refers to (artillery) and (rocket). (artillery) is to make the powder into a ring, ignite the messenger wire and throw it out with a trebuchet; (Rocket) is to tie a pink ball under an arrow, light a messenger wire and shoot it with a bow. In the Song Dynasty, disputes continued, which accelerated the development of gunpowder weapons. The Northern Wei government established gunpowder workshops, and successively produced gunpowder arrows, artillery and other weapons with strong explosive power (thunderbolt) and (thunderbolt). 1259, Nanwei built a gun with giant bamboo as the barrel and gunpowder inside. In the Yuan Dynasty, the bronze casting fire system appeared again, which was called (General Copper). These weapons are all powered by the explosion of gunpowder, showing unprecedented power in the struggle. The picture on the right shows Nanwei musket.
12 and 13 centuries, gunpowder was first introduced to Arab countries, and then to Greece, Europe and even the whole world. It has promoted the civilization and progress of human society and promoted the development of economy, science and culture. It was not until the middle of14th century that the United States and France recorded the use of gunpowder and firearms. The picture on the left shows the northern gunpowder arrow.
Four Great Inventions-Printing
Seal, rubbing, printing and dyeing and block printing
Seals existed in the pre-Qin period, generally only a few words, indicating names, official positions or institutions. All seals are engraved and reflected, and there is a difference between yin and yang. Before paper appeared, official documents or letters were written on bamboo slips. After writing, tie it with a rope, put sticky mud on the ligation place to seal the knot, and cover the seal on the mud, which is called mud seal. Mud seal was printed on mud, which was a secret means at that time. After the appearance of paper, mud seal evolved into paper seal, which was covered at the joint of several official documents or the sealing of official documents paper bags. According to records, during the Northern Qi Dynasty (550~577 AD), someone made a big seal for stamping official documents, much like a small block print.
Bronze seal in the Warring States period (475 BC-22 BC1year).
Ge Hong, a famous alchemist in the Jin Dynasty (AD 284-363), mentioned in his book Bao Puzi that Taoism used the word "four inches square" (13.5× 13.5) and "big wooden seal" 120. This is already a small block.
In order to make Buddhist scriptures more vivid, Buddhists often print Buddha statues on the frontispiece of Buddhist scriptures. This kind of hand block printing is much more convenient than hand painting.
Inscription technology is very enlightening to the invention of engraving printing technology. The invention of stone carving has a long history. Ten-sided stone drums were discovered in Fengxiang, Shaanxi Province in the early Tang Dynasty, which were carved by Qin in the Spring and Autumn Period of the 8th century BC. Qin Shihuang went on patrol and carved stones in important places seven times. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, stone tablets prevailed. In the fourth year of Emperor Ling of the Han Dynasty (AD 175), Cai Yong suggested that the imperial court set up seven Confucian classic stone tablets, including The Book of Songs, Shangshu, Zhouyi, Book of Rites, Spring and Autumn Annals, Biography of the Ram and The Analects of Confucius, with 209,000 words, which were engraved on 46 stone tablets. It took eight years to carve it all. Become a classic of scholars at that time. Many people compete to copy. Later, especially during the Wei, Jin and Six Dynasties, some people took advantage of being unprepared or unattended to print the scriptures on paper for their own use or sale. The results were widely circulated.
The ancients found that a slightly wet piece of paper was covered on the stone tablet and tapped with a soft mallet to make the paper fall into the concave part of the stone tablet. When the paper is dry, it is wrapped in cotton, dipped in ink, and tapped lightly on the paper, leaving the same black and white characters on the paper as the stone tablet. This method is simpler and more reliable than manual copying. So rubbing appeared.
Friction is one of the important conditions of printing technology.
Printing and dyeing technology also has great enlightenment to block printing. Printing and dyeing is to engrave the pattern on the board and print it on the cloth with dye. China's printing plates are divided into relief and hollowed-out versions. 1972 two pieces of printed yarn (about 165 BC) unearthed from the Han tomb at Mawangdui No.1 in Changsha, Hunan Province were printed by block printing. This technology may be earlier than Qin and Han Dynasties, but it can be traced back to the Warring States Period. After the invention of paper, this technology may be used in printing. As long as the cloth is turned into paper and the dye is turned into ink, the printed thing becomes block printing. In the stone chambers of Dunhuang, there are Buddha statues printed with convex plates and hollow plates in the Tang Dynasty.
Seal cutting, rubbing, printing and dyeing technologies are mutually inspired and blended, and with the experience and wisdom of our people, block printing technology came into being.
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