How old is the Yellow River?

The Yellow River is the second longest river in China and the fifth longest river in the world. Originating in the Yuegu Zonglie Basin at the northern foot of Bayan Kara in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, it winds eastward, crosses the Loess Plateau and the Huanghuaihai Plain, and flows into the Bohai Sea. The total length of the main stream is 5464 kilometers, and the water level drop is 4480 meters. The total basin area is 795,000 square kilometers (including 42,000 square kilometers of internal flow area). According to the study of geological evolution history, the Yellow River is a relatively young river. In the late Early Pleistocene, 1 15000 years ago, there were only some unconnected lake basins in the basin, each of which formed an independent internal water system. Since then, with the uplift of the western plateau, rivers have been eroded and eroded. After the Middle Pleistocene of 654.38+0.05 million years, lakes and basins have been gradually connected, forming the embryonic form of the Yellow River system. It was not until the Late Pleistocene (654.38+ 10,000 years ago) that the Yellow River gradually evolved into a big river running up and down from the source to the estuary.

Because the flood of the Yellow River carries a lot of sediment, the Yellow River meanders into the downstream plain area and quickly silts up, and the mainstream wanders in the overflow area. People began to build dikes to prevent floods, and the spillway continued to accumulate and rise, becoming a "river on the ground" higher than the two sides. Under certain conditions, it will overflow the flood and take a new road. The severity of river migration in the lower Yellow River is unique in the world. According to written records, the Yellow River has been diverted many times. The river changes from Zhengzhou in the west, Tianjin in the north and Jianghuai in the south, covering an area of 250,000 square kilometers. During the period from the 5th year of Zhouding (602 BC) to the 2nd year of Jianyan in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 128) 1700, the migration of the Yellow River was mostly in the area north of the present river, invading the Haihe River system and flowing into the Bohai Sea. During the 700 years from 1 128 to 1855, the Yellow River oscillated in the south of the existing channel, invaded the Huaihe River system and flowed into the Yellow Sea. 1855, the Yellow River burst at Dongbatou, Lankao, Henan Province, and later diverted to capture the Daqing River in Shandong Province and enter the Bohai Sea.

The middle and lower reaches of the ancient Yellow River had mild climate and abundant rainfall, which was suitable for primitive human survival. The loess plateau and the alluvial plain of the Yellow River have loose soil and are easy to cultivate, which is suitable for developing primitive agriculture and animal husbandry. The characteristics of loess are beneficial for our ancestors to dig holes and live together.

As early as 165438+ million years ago, "Lantian people" lived in the Yellow River basin. There are also "Dali people", "Dingcun people" and "Hetao people" living in the basin. Yangshao culture, Majiayao culture, Dawenkou culture, Longshan culture and many other ancient cultural sites are spread all over the country. These ancient cultural relics are not only numerous and complete in variety, but also developing from far to near, systematically demonstrating the development process of ancient civilization in China.

As early as 6000 years ago, agricultural activities began to appear in the basin. About 4000 years ago, some blood tribes were formed in the basin, among which Yan Di and Huangdi were the most powerful tribes. Later, the Yellow Emperor gained the position of leader and merged with other tribes to form the "Huaxia nationality". Later generations regard the Yellow Emperor as the ancestor of the Chinese nation. There is the Huangdi Palace in xinzheng city, Henan Province, and the Huangdi Mausoleum in huangling county, Shaanxi Province. Chinese people all over the world regard the Yellow River Basin as the cradle of the Chinese nation, calling it "Mother River" and "Four Shames", and regard the yellow land as their "root".

From the Xia Dynasty in the 2nd/kloc-0th century BC, in the historical period of more than 4,000 years, the dynasties established their capital in the Yellow River basin for more than 3,000 years. Among the "seven ancient capitals" in the history of China, Anyang, Xi, Luoyang and Kaifeng are located in the Yellow River Basin and its adjacent areas. A large number of Oracle Bone Inscriptions remains in Yindu (which belonged to the Yellow River valley at that time), creating a precedent for written records in China. Xi 'an (including Xianyang), from the Western Zhou Dynasty, Qin Dynasty and Han Dynasty to Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty, has 13 dynasties as its capital, and has a history of thousands of years. It is a famous "Eight Rivers Imperial Capital". After the Eastern Zhou Dynasty moved its capital to Luoyang, the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Wei Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty, Hou Liang and the Hou Zhou all established their capitals in Luoyang, which lasted for more than 900 years and was known as the "ancient capital of nine dynasties". Kaifeng, located on the south bank of the Yellow River, was called Bianliang in ancient times. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Wei Huiwang moved its capital to Daliang, where it was built for about 200 years in the Northern Song Dynasty. For a long time, the political, economic and cultural center of China has been in the Yellow River Basin.

The middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River are the earliest areas for the development of science, technology, literature and art in China. Around 2000 BC, bronzes appeared in the basin, and the bronze smelting technology of Shang Dynasty reached a fairly high level, and iron smelting began to appear at the same time, marking the development of productive forces to a new stage. The shovel and iron axe unearthed in Luoyang after a series of treatments show that China developed the softening technology of cast iron more than 2000 years earlier than European countries. China's ancient "four great inventions"-papermaking, movable type printing, compass and gunpowder-all originated in the Yellow River basin. A large number of literary classics, from the Book of Songs to Tang poetry and Song poetry, and a large number of cultural classics are also produced here. After the Northern Song Dynasty, the national economic center of gravity gradually shifted to the south, but in the process of China's political, economic and cultural development, the Yellow River basin and the plain area in the lower reaches of the Yellow River are still in an important position. The long history of the Yellow River Basin has left a very precious legacy to the Chinese nation, leaving countless places of interest, which is the pride of our nation.

Basic information of river profile catalogue: length: 5464km；; Focal altitude: 4800 meters; Average flow:1774.5m3/s; The basin covers an area of 752,443 square kilometers; Source: the northern foot of Bayan Kara Mountain Range in Qinghai Province; Injection: Bohai Sea; The dividing point of the middle and lower reaches: Hekou (another name for old Jin Meng). The width of the estuary is 1500m, generally 500m, the narrower part is only 300m, and the water depth is generally 2.5m In some places, the water depth is only1.2 ~1.3m.. ..

Overview of the Yellow River overlooking the basin: The Yellow River takes Hekou Town, Tuoketuo County, Inner Mongolia as the upstream, with a total length of 3,472 kilometers and a drop of 3,496 meters, with an average of about one thousandth. The basin area is 386,000 square kilometers, accounting for 5 1% of the whole basin area. The reach is rich in water and sediment, and rich in hydraulic resources. The middle reaches from Hekou Town to Taohuayu in Zhengzhou, Henan Province are 1.206 km long, with a drop of 890 meters, with an average ratio of 1400. The drainage area is 344,000 square kilometers, accounting for 46% of the total drainage area. There is less water and more sediment in this reach, which is the main source area of flood and sediment in the lower Yellow River. Taohuayu to Hekou is the downstream, with a total length of 786 kilometers, a drop of 94 meters, an average gradient of about 8,000, and a basin area of 22,000 square kilometers, accounting for 3% of the total basin area. This section is the key section of the Yellow River for flood control, and dike works have been built in most sections. There are many opinions on the division of the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, and the division scheme of the Yellow River Water Resources Commission is adopted here. The Yellow River runs through China from east to west, with a length of 1.900 km from east to west and a width of1.654,38+0.000 km from north to south, with a total area of 752,443 square kilometers.

The average natural runoff of the whole Yellow River for many years is 58 billion cubic meters, the average annual runoff depth of the basin is 77 mm, the per capita water volume of the basin is 593 cubic meters, and the cultivated land is 324 cubic meters. The middle reaches of the Yellow River flow through the Loess Plateau, and tributaries bring a lot of sediment, making the Yellow River the largest river with sediment concentration in the world. The annual maximum sediment discharge is 3965438+ 1 100 million tons (1933), and the maximum sediment concentration is 920kg/m3( 1977). The average sediment discharge of Sanmenxia Station for many years is about 65.438+0.6 billion tons, and the average sediment concentration is 35 kg/m3.

Geographical environment: From Heyuan to Guide, it is mostly mountainous and grassland plateau, belonging to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The peaks are all above 3000 meters above sea level; The upper valley is over 4200 meters above sea level. The terrain on both sides of the upper valley is gentle and the drainage is not smooth; Causing large areas of swamps and many lakes. Guide's reach from Jinmeng River is the Loess Plateau, with Xibe and Weihe valleys in Lvliang in the south, Ordos Plateau in the north and Lanzhou Valley in the west. The elevation of the Loess Plateau is generally 1, 000- 1, 300m, with uneven landform and steep slope. The gully ground slope is 1.5-20 degrees, the gully area accounts for 40-50%, the gully density is 3-5km/km2, and the cutting depth exceeds/kloc-0. Below Jin Meng, it enters the low-lying North China Plain, with an altitude of no more than 50 meters. After entering the downstream, the river channel is flat, and the average gradient is only 0. 12%. The water flow slows down and a lot of sediment is deposited, which is 4-5 meters above the ground. Due to the repeated diversion of the Yellow River, the fan-shaped ancient riverbed and ancient natural dike have become inclined plains with alternating gentle hills and depressions, and the depressions are relatively open and flat.

Main tributaries: The main tributaries of the Yellow River are Baihe, Heihe, Huangshui, Zuli, Qingshui, Dahei, Cave Wild, Wuding, Fenhe, Weihe, Luohe, Qinhe and Dawenhe.

Mainstream Canyon: There are 30 canyons in the mainstream of the Yellow River, 28 in the upper reaches and 2 in the middle reaches. The lower reaches flow through the North China Plain without canyons. The canyon section of the main stream is 1707 km long, accounting for 3 1.2% of the total length of the main stream.

Origin of rivers: Where is the origin of the Yellow River? There are many sayings in history. In Shan Hai Jing, it is recorded that "Kunlun Mountain ... the river flows out".

Maqu Yellow River, but where "Kunlun" is, it was not clear at that time, but "the river flows out of Kunlun" has always been believed. Li Bai once wrote a poem, "The Yellow River comes from the west to set the Kunlun Mountain, roaring Wan Li and touching the Longmen".

On June 4th, 1280, 165438+ Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu sent a team to the source of the Yellow River for a formal investigation. After months of trekking, Du Shi and his party arrived in Xinghai, believing that this was the source of the Yellow River. Later, Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty also sent people to inspect Heyuan, and they only went to Xinghai. Although it was found that there were three rivers in Xinghai as the upper source, they did not catch up with the source. It was not until the end of Kangxi that a comprehensive topographic survey was organized, and the Heyuan above Xinghai was also explored and surveyed. These three rivers are called Kariqu, Maqu (Yueguzong Liequ) and Zhaqu respectively. Which river will be determined as the source of the Yellow River is still a controversial issue. There is little water in Zhaqu in the north, and no one thinks it is the source of the Yellow River. The controversy is mainly between Maqu and Kariqu.

1985, according to the historical tradition and opinions of various factions, the Yellow River Conservancy Commission determined Maqu as the proper source of the river source, and set up a river source sign at Maquguo in the southwest corner of Yogu Zonglie Basin, with the east longitude of 95 59' 24 "and the north latitude of 35 01'18".

Heluo culture is the representative of the history and culture of the Yellow River in Xiaolangdi Scenic Area. Located at the downstream of Xiaolangdi Dam 15km. Heluo Cultural Scenic Area consists of three parts: Emperor Guangwu's Mausoleum, Malone pagoda temple and Wang Duo's former residence. Wang Duo's former residence contains 90 stone carvings of Wang Duo's representative calligraphy work Zhuan Shan Yuan Tie, which fully displays Wang Duo's calligraphy art. Malong Futu Temple, also known as Fuxi Temple, is the ancestor of Chinese culture and human roots, and the source of Heluo culture, which attracts a large number of tourists to seek their roots every year.

The water and spirit of the Yellow River have nurtured the Chinese nation. In the ancient Yellow River valley, the Chinese nation staged a series of magnificent plays to repay the kindness of the mother river.

654.38+0.5 million years ago, the Xihoudu ape-man appeared in Ruicheng County near the Yellow River in Shanxi Province. Later, Lantian ape-man 6.5438+0 million years ago and Dali ape-man 300,000 years ago fished and hunted along the banks of the Yellow River, and continued to work silently for the birth of the Yellow River civilization.

70,000 years ago, the early Homo sapiens in Ding Cun, Xiangfen, Shanxi Province, and the late Homo sapiens in Dagouwan, Uxin Banner, Inner Mongolia, 30,000 years ago played the prelude to the ancient Yellow River civilization.

The microlithic cultural sites from 10000-7000 years ago, the Neolithic cultural sites from 7000 to 3700 years ago, the bronze cultural sites from 3700 to 2700 years ago and the iron cultural sites appearing in 770 BC are almost all over the Yellow River basin. Since the Middle Stone Age, the Yellow River Basin has become the development center of ancient culture in China. Suirenshi, Fu and Shennongshi created and invented artificial fire technology, primitive animal husbandry and primitive agriculture, which opened the prelude to the development of the Yellow River civilization.

Qin Huang Hanwu, Tang Zong Song Zu, a generation of arrogant Genghis Khan, these emperors led the Chinese nation to push the ancient Yellow River civilization to the brilliant peak that attracted worldwide attention. Gunpowder, compass, papermaking, printing, Tang poetry and Song poetry, and Yuanqu are glittering treasures in the Yellow River civilization. Inventions and scientific achievements not only promoted the development of China, but also spread all over the world and promoted the progress of all mankind.

Every year, the Chinese people worship their ancestors at the Huangdi Mausoleum in Qiao Shan, Shaanxi Province, and countless people go to the locust tree in Hongdong, Shaanxi Province to find their roots. The Yellow River civilization, with its great cohesion and creativity, leads the Chinese nation to a bright future like the endless Yellow River.

Formation period of the Yellow River civilization: The formation period of the Yellow River civilization was roughly between 4000 BC and 2000 BC, which lasted for two thousand years. During this period, many regional civilizations appeared in China, such as Chengdu Plain Civilization, Jianghan Civilization, Taihu Civilization in the Yangtze River Basin, etc. Its representative archaeological cultures include Daxi Culture, Qujialing Culture, Shijiahe Culture, Songze Culture and Liangzhu Culture. There are Gan Qing civilization, Central Plains civilization and Haidai civilization in the Yellow River basin, and its representative archaeological cultures are Yangshao culture, Central Plains Longshan culture, Dawenkou culture, Shandong Longshan culture and Majiayao culture. There is Yanshan civilization in the northeast, and the representative archaeological culture is mainly Hongshan Culture. All regional civilizations have developed to a fairly high level, which is highly respected by the academic community. But later, some civilizations were interrupted and some civilizations went to a low tide. Only the Yellow River civilization, like the mainstay, is full of vigor and vitality, absorbs and integrates the essence of regional civilization and develops to a higher level. Corresponding to the above archaeological culture are the five emperors in the history of China, namely the Yellow Emperor, Zhuan Xu, Di Ku, Tang Yao, Yu Shun and Tai Hao and Shao Hao in Haidai. According to documents, their ethnic groups mainly multiplied, lived and developed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, creating a splendid early civilization of the Yellow River. At this time, the society was full of nationalities, battlements, socialization of agricultural production, specialization of handicrafts and standardization of etiquette. The polarization between the rich and the poor, the emergence of classes, and the rapid development of culture and art at this time, the Yellow River civilization is in the formation period of great blending, which can be called the primary stage of national civilization or Chinese civilization.

The development period of the Yellow River civilization: The development period of the Yellow River civilization is its sublimation stage. From the time point of view, it is mainly Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties. At this time, the Yellow River civilization was mainly concentrated in the Great Central Plains in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, and the culture in the Great Central Plains was the center of the Yellow River civilization. Heluo culture in Central Plains is the core of Yellow River civilization. Heluo region generally includes the inner included angle continent and the outer included angle continent at the intersection of the Yellow River and Luohe, as well as the south of Shanxi and the north of Henan on the north bank of the Yellow River. Heluo cultural circle can extend to Guanzhong in the west and reach eastern Henan in the east. In the Heluo cultural circle, there are not only rich legends and relics of the Five Emperors, but also the capitals of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Archaeological findings show that the capitals belonging to this dynasty include the ancient city of Wang Chenggang's former Bafang ruins, Dengfeng, Xinmixinzhai ancient city, Erlitou city site of Yanshi, Zhengzhou mall, Shixianggou mall of Yanshi, Yinxu mall of Anyang, Huanbei mall, and the capital ruins of Western Zhou and Eastern Zhou discovered in Shaanxi and Luoyang. The capitals of Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties are all in Heluo area. Therefore, Heluo culture is not only a kind of regional culture, but also a kind of Wang Du culture that lasts for about two thousand years, and it is the core carrier of the Yellow River civilization. At this historical stage, the political power system has emerged, with relatively mature state institutions, relatively perfect ritual and music systems and relatively standardized writing. Science and technology, agriculture, handicrafts and commercial trade have developed rapidly, and the epoch-making bronze culture is famous at home and abroad. There are Bashu culture, Wuyue culture, Chu culture, Yanzhao culture and Qilu culture around Heluo culture. Through communication, absorption and integration, Heluo culture has been injected with vitality and become more active on the historical stage. During this period, many immortal works appeared, such as China's earliest collection of poems, The Book of Songs, and the philosophical Book of Changes. Schools such as Taoism, Confucianism, Mohism, Legalism, Military strategists and famous artists, which have influenced China for thousands of years, have mushroomed in Heluo area, creating a golden age for a hundred schools of thought to contend in China. Heluo culture enriched the content of Yellow River civilization and injected fresh blood. The light of civilization lit up the east of Asia, which not only lagged far behind the north and south of the Great Wall, but also enjoyed a high reputation in the world at that time.

The flourishing age of Yellow River civilization: The flourishing age of Yellow River civilization is the historical stage of entering feudal imperial civilization. From the Qin and Han Dynasties to the Northern Song Dynasty, Heluo region was at the core for more than a thousand years. The culture of imperial capital promotes the great progress of national science and culture. Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, abolished feudalism, established a county, shared the same car and book, and unified measurement. Han inherited the Qin system, which further standardized, improved and popularized this great civilization creation. Confucianism and Taoism in the pre-Qin period have been inherited and carried forward in all previous dynasties. Sinology is an important school founded by scholars in the Han Dynasty, with a long history and great influence. Their achievements in Confucian classics have always been regarded as classics by later scholars. Neo-Confucianism in the Song Dynasty played an important role in shaping the character of the Chinese nation. Imperial academy is the earliest institution of higher learning in China, located in Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty, with a maximum of more than 30,000 students. After Cao Wei and the Western Jin Dynasty, a large number of talents were trained for all parts of the country, and many outstanding figures appeared. Astronomical calendar, agronomy, geoscience, medicine, water conservancy, machinery, architecture, smelting, ceramics, brewing, textile, paper making, movable type printing and other technologies have all created historical miracles; Han Fu, Tang Poetry, Song Poetry, Calligraphy, Painting, Sculpture, etc. They all climbed to the peak of culture and art; Various historical books handed down from later generations are voluminous, recording the history of the rise and fall of dynasties and social development from ancient times to the present. The famous Silk Road began in Xi in the Western Han Dynasty and in Luoyang from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Sui and Tang Dynasties. Xi and Luoyang were international metropolises for foreign cultural exchange and commercial trade. Therefore, the Han and Tang civilizations in the history of China are world-renowned. This fully shows that the Yellow River civilization has indeed developed into a new historical stage. The core of this highly prosperous Yellow River civilization is indeed within the scope of Heluo culture.

The main body of Chinese civilization is the Yellow River civilization, with its center in the Central Plains and its core in the Heluo cultural circle. The greatest characteristics of Heluo culture are shown in the following three aspects: First, the continuity of the national capital culture. During the formation of the Yellow River civilization, the Yellow Emperor had bears, Zhuan Xu was the capital of Diqiu, and Pingyang and Shundu Puban in Du Yao; During the development of Yellow River civilization, Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, Yangcheng, Yangzhai, Zhuan and Laoqiu were the capitals of Bo, Yi, Xiang and Yin, while Fenghao and Luoyi were the capitals of Zhou. Xi 'an, Luoyang and Kaifeng were the capitals of the Western Han Dynasty to the Northern Song Dynasty in the imperial era when the Yellow River civilization was at its peak. The above capitals are all in the Heluo cultural circle, and the history of establishing the capital for thousands of years has formed a capital culture with great influence. This is the most prominent feature of Heluo culture. Second, the deep-rooted culture is another feature of Heluo culture, and the source of many civilizations is in this area. For example, the earliest country is here, and the four key points determined by the civilization traceability project started in recent years, such as Taosi in Linfen, Guzhen Village, Xinzhai Village and Wang Chenggang in Zhengzhou, are also here, and Chinese characters such as Hetu, Luoshu and Yijing, which are regarded as the source of traditional culture and one of the important ties of Chinese culture, are also produced here. Due to various historical reasons, a large number of people in the Central Plains migrated in all directions, even overseas. According to the research of surnames experts, among the hundreds of surnames in China, there are more than 70 surnames whose ancestral home or roots are in the Central Plains. Nowadays, overseas Chinese, especially overseas Chinese, call themselves "Heluolang" and come to seek roots to worship their ancestors. Heluo area has become a holy land for cultural roots and surname roots. Third, the idea of great unification is deeply rooted and forms traditional national genes. The national personality that is good at absorption, tolerance, openness and cohesion is fully reflected in Heluo culture, but the most prominent one is the unified national gene. For thousands of years, people have waged unremitting struggles and made brilliant achievements in safeguarding national unity and strength and opposing separatism. This excellent tradition has now become the rock-solid cohesion and soul of the whole Chinese nation.

From 3000 BC to 2000 BC (Yangshao culture in the Yellow River valley to Yinxu in Anyang), the geographical environment of the Yellow River valley was suitable for the growth of vegetation and the development of human production and living activities, and the climate environment about 2℃ higher created favorable conditions for the development of crops and vegetation. During this period, there were a large number of lakes such as Leixiaze and Onoze in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. "On Mencius and Teng Wengong" once recorded that the Yellow River valley was "lush with vegetation and animals", and there were still "beautiful mountains and rivers and talented people" in Guanzhong Plain until the Warring States Period in China.

After the Warring States period, with the extensive use of iron farm tools and the migration of Qin's economic center to Guanzhong, the vegetation in the Yellow River basin and the Loess Plateau began to be destroyed. Because the Yellow River Basin has been the center of Chinese civilization for a long time, and the phenomenon of attaching importance to agriculture over grazing in ancient China, the vegetation destruction in the Yellow River Basin has become a long-term and large-scale phenomenon. With the beginning of the cold climate in 1 1 century and the southward movement of the economic center of China, the ecological damage in the Yellow River basin began to decrease, but the forest coverage rate has been difficult to recover to the situation of the 3rd century BC. With the destruction of vegetation, the Loess Plateau began to be eroded by the Yellow River, and a large amount of soil was swept away, forming a surface morphology of thousands of valleys. According to the research of scientists, the Yellow River has changed for two reasons. 1. Since the Qin Dynasty, the temperature in the Loess Plateau has turned cold and the rainstorm has been concentrated. Coupled with the loose structure of loess itself, it is easy to be eroded and collapsed, which contributes to soil erosion and makes a lot of sediment enter the Yellow River. Second, the rapid population growth, unrestricted land reclamation and grazing, caused the destruction of forests, grasslands, green vegetation, and the loss of natural protective layer on the Loess Plateau, resulting in serious soil erosion. Every year, 4,000 tons of precious soil is eroded every square kilometer in the Yellow River Basin, which is equivalent to destroying 5.5 million mu of cultivated land a year! What's more, soil erosion has obviously reduced soil fertility, resulting in a large-scale reduction of crop production. The more production is reduced, the more people need to reclaim wasteland: the more land is reclaimed, the more serious soil erosion will be. In this way, the poorer the reclamation, the more sediment the Yellow River will have, and the number of breaches and diversions of the Yellow River will become more and more frequent. The key to harnessing the Yellow River is to control sediment and prevent it from flowing into the Yellow River at will. After the founding of New China, scientists designed a scheme to control the Yellow River. They believe that the Loess Plateau should adhere to the management direction of animal husbandry and forestry. We must protect forest resources and restore lost vegetation as soon as possible. Let everyone know that deforestation is downright self-destructive, and it is necessary to rationally plan and use land and build a large number of water conservancy projects. This multi-pronged approach will certainly prevent soil erosion and make the dream of the Yellow River better realized.

River course change: According to historical records, during the three or four thousand years before 1946, the Yellow River was threatened by the recent 1593 flood, and the river course was diverted 26 times and burst 1000 times.

The last diversion of the Yellow River was in 1855 (the fifth year of Qing Xianfeng). Before the great diversion of the Yellow River, the lower reaches of the Yellow River flowed through the route. According to China's current administrative divisions, it generally passes through Xingyang, Zhengzhou, Yuanyang, Fengqiu, Zhongmou, Kaifeng, Lankao and Puyang in Henan, Caoxian and Shanxian in Shandong, Dangshan and Xiaoxian in Anhui, and finally reaches Fengxian, Peixian, Xuzhou and Pixian in Jiangsu. However, after the diversion, the Yellow River broke through the original channel, changed to the northeast, and borrowed the Daqing River to flow into the Bohai Sea in Shandong.

Recently, the problem of weathering has become more and more serious. Now experts say that if human beings cut down trees indiscriminately, the source of the Yellow River is likely to be submerged in wind and sand. The Yellow River is the origin of the Chinese nation, but it is called the source of the mother river. Today, it is surrounded by barren hills and sandstorms everywhere.

Experts pointed out that illegal logging against the natural way of life is the main reason for destroying water resources, which makes this ecosystem with thousands of years of history face collapse and is likely to become another site of human civilization destruction.

Suspended River: Due to sediment deposition, the riverbed of most sections of the 5,464-kilometer Yellow River is higher than that of cities and farmland in the basin, and they are all constrained by dikes, otherwise it will bring disaster to the local people in the basin, so it is called "suspended river".

Dengkou County, southwest of Bayannur League, Mongolia, where the Yellow River is 4 to 6 meters higher than the county on average. The Yellow River flows between Zhongtiaoshan Mountain and Qinling Mountains and passes through Jin Meng, Henan Province. From here, 30 kilometers away from the Yellow River, it is Luoyang, the famous capital of our country.

The Legend of Mother River Return Catalogue, Legend 1

Prehistoric Archaeology and Legend of the Yellow River Valley Long ago, the ancient Yellow River was a wild horse that was difficult to tame. It runs as it pleases, like a grinning monster, roaring day and night, devouring fertile land. Bite Chung Shan Man, the Hui people on both sides of the Yellow River can only live a slash-and-burn life at the top of the mountain and at the bottom of the ditch. At that time, Ningxia was not a plain bordered by Ma Pingchuan, but green mountains and valleys. There is no flat field, and no field can be irrigated with Yellow River water. Legend has it that there are several families living in Niushou Mountain who return to the Han family. They carry water at the foot of the mountain and farm at the top of the mountain for generations. All ages are busy, but they don't have enough to eat and don't wear warm clothes. For a long time, no one could stand this torture.

One year, Del, a 70-year-old Hui man, opened a melon garden on the mountain and planted some cucumbers. He gets up early every day and goes to the Yellow River to fetch water and water cucumbers. His shoulders are swollen and his feet are skinned. He carefully cultivated cucumbers, and the yellow ones looked tender and sweet. On this day, the old man was tired and fell asleep at the gate of the vegetable garden. As soon as he fell asleep, he dreamed that there was a white cloud floating in the sky. Gradually, Baiyun became an imam with a white beard, shook his silver beard and said to the old man, "There are two strong winds today, so you should pay attention. There is a yellow wind at noon, which can make cucumbers wither; There is a black wind in the afternoon, which can make cucumber stems fall off. No matter how windy it is, don't pick cucumbers. When the old man woke up, he saw that the white-bearded imam had disappeared, but he saw that the yellow wind in the north was overwhelming and suddenly blew to Niushou Mountain. The old man looked at the cucumbers carefully, and sure enough, they faded one by one. He was very sad. A year's efforts were in vain, but the thought of the white-bearded imam stopped him.

In the afternoon, a black wind blew, shaking the earth and shaking the leaves layer by layer. When the old man saw that the cucumber was about to fall to the ground, he was very angry. He picked a cucumber and threw it into the Yellow River. The Yellow River immediately broke a line. As if he had been cut by a fairy with a knife, he clearly saw the bottom of the river. When the old man Gerd swooped down, the river suddenly joined again. The old man was tired and hungry, sitting on the river bank, blinking, and the golden flower danced wildly and was dizzy. At this time, the old man in Del heard the white-bearded imam say, "This cucumber is the key to conquering the Yellow River. You can cut off the Yellow River and make it listen to people. But now the Yellow River is called Yellow Wind and Black Wind, and these two Iberians are suffering. Don't be impatient, be patient and work harder. Next year, you plant another cucumber garden. When the cucumber is ripe, you pick the biggest one and throw it into the Yellow River. At that time, you walked into the cave at the bottom of the river, took off your jewels, took away the seeds of grains, and had a sword to cut dragons and demons and tame the Yellow River. Wherever it is referred to, the Yellow River water will flow. "

The next year, the hardworking old man Gerd planted another cucumber garden. He is not afraid of the long journey, and he does not hesitate to sweat like rain, carrying water from the Yellow River to water melons. Everything comes to him who waits. Finally, a three-foot cucumber grows in the garden, which looks like a key. The old man happily slept in the melon garden for a day and a night until the melon was ripe. On this day, the weather was fine, without a cloud. Old man Wilder picked a three-foot cucumber, read "Taismi" and threw it into the Yellow River. At this time, I only heard the roar of the Yellow River, and I opened a long crack. All the stones at the bottom of the river are clearly visible. When the old man went down to the bottom of the river, he saw a hole near the river bank, where pearls and agates were everywhere. The old man took some and just left, he heard the storm whistling. At that time, the waves on the river rolled and the waves became higher and higher. The old man Gerd picked up his sword and cut dozens of swords on the left and right sides of the black whirlwind and the yellow whirlwind. After a while, black wind and yellow wind blew in the sky. At this time, the faults of the Yellow River gradually tightened. Del's old man remembered the command of the white-bearded imam, and this sword could conquer the Yellow River. He knew very well, and he thought, I want the Yellow River to fill ditches and level mountains. Holding two swords, the old man plunged into the Yellow River, and the water in the Yellow River stopped flowing at once, as if a Great Wall had been blocked in front, but it was still rising steadily, which was really scary from a distance.

Three days later, from Liupanshan in the south to Helan Mountain in the west, there was water everywhere, leaving only a few mountain tips. Only then, the old man, Gerd, drew his sword and told the Yellow River to flow forward. Since then, Ningxia, a deep mountain valley, has become Ma Pingchuan, and the Hui people living on both sides of the Yellow River have dug ditches for farmland with hard-working hands and lived a happy life.

Legend 2

Dayu had three treasures when he governed the Yellow River. One is the river map; The second is a mountain axe; The third is to avoid water swords. Legend has it that the river map was given to Dayu by Hebo, the water god of the Yellow River. In ancient times, there was a man named Feng Yi in Huayin General Township. He feels uncomfortable farming, but he is bent on becoming an immortal. He heard that people can become immortals after drinking the juice of daffodils for one hundred days. So I looked everywhere for daffodils. Before Dayu harnessed water, the Yellow River flowed to the Central Plains. There is no fixed channel, it flows everywhere and is often flooded. There are seven strands and eight roads on the ground, and the branches in the ditch are all yellow river water. Feng Yi ran around looking for daffodils, often crossing, crossing and dealing with the Yellow River.

After 99 days, find a daffodil and suck the juice of the daffodil for one day, and the legend and supernatural things of the Yellow River Water God will become immortals. Feng Yi was so proud that he crossed the Yellow River and went to a small village to look for daffodils. The water here is not deep. Feng Yi waded across the river and reached the middle of it. Suddenly, the river rose. He panicked, slipped, fell into the Yellow River and was drowned alive. After Feng Yi's death, she was full of grievances and resentments and hated the Yellow River, so she went to the Jade Emperor to sue the Yellow River. The Jade Emperor was also annoyed when he heard that the Yellow River was undisciplined and wandering around, endangering the people. Seeing that Feng Yi had been sucking the juice of daffodils for ninety-nine days, it was time to become an immortal. He asked Feng Yi if he would be the water god of the Yellow River and govern it. Feng Yi was overjoyed. Full of promises. Now I can realize my dream of becoming an immortal, and secondly I can avenge my drowning. Feng Yi became the water god of the Yellow River and was called Hebo. He has never been involved in water control, and suddenly assumed the responsibility of managing the Yellow River, helpless and worried. What should we do? I have no magic weapon, so I have to ask the Jade Emperor for advice. The Jade Emperor told him that to manage the Yellow River well, we must first find out the water conditions of the Yellow River and draw a river map. Based on the river map of the Yellow River, it will be much easier to control the Yellow River.

Hebo, the statue of Dayu, is absorbed in drawing a river map according to the instructions of the Jade Emperor. He went to his hometown first and wanted to ask the villagers for help. Everyone in the village hated his idleness and his work, and no one answered him. He found the old man in the village and expressed his great ambition to govern the Yellow River. When the old man saw that he was now a fairy and wanted to do something good for the people, he promised to help him. From then on, Hebo and later old people came and went in the rain, wading through mountains and rivers to see the Yellow River water regime.