What is the key point of reviewing geography exam in senior high school?

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General review outline of junior high school geography

Chapter 1: The Earth and the Earth

1. shape: the earth is an irregular sphere with slightly flat poles and slightly bulging equator.

2. Size: average radius: 6371km; Equatorial circumference: 40,000 kilometers.

3. Globe: A globe is a model of the earth. It is a regular sphere.

4. Meridian:

Meridian characteristics: all meridians have the same length; Meridian indicates the north-south direction; The meridian is a semicircle.

Longitude: 0-180; The longitude of 0 is the initial longitude, the east longitude is represented by the letter E, and the west longitude is represented by the letter W;

5. latitude:

Characteristics of weft: the length of weft varies, the equator is the longest, and it gradually shortens to the north and south poles; Both latitudes represent the east-west direction; Latitude is a complete circle.

Latitude: 0-90 degrees; Latitude 0 is the equator, and north of the equator is the north latitude, which is represented by the letter n; South of the equator is the south latitude, which is represented by the letter S.

6. Division of low, middle and high latitudes: In the northern and southern hemispheres, 0-30 is low latitude, 30-60 is middle latitude and 60-90 is high latitude.

7. the division of the eastern and western hemispheres: it is bounded by the warp circle composed of 20 W and 160 E; The eastern hemisphere is east of 20 W and west of160 E;

The western hemisphere is west of 20 W and east of160 E;

8. You can use the latitude and longitude net on the globe to determine the position anywhere on the earth.

9, the rotation of the earth:

Direction: from west to east; Cycle: one day; Center of rotation: Earth axis.

Geographical significance: There is a difference between day and night and time.

10, the revolution of the earth:

Center of rotation: the sun; Direction: from west to east; Duration: one year.

Geographical significance: it has produced seasonal changes and changes in the length of day and night.

1 1, division of five districts:

Chapter II: Maps

Representation methods of 1. scale: text type, line type and number type.

2. Scale comparison: the larger the denominator, the smaller the scale; The smaller the denominator, the larger the scale.

3. The larger the scale, the smaller the scope and the finer the content; The smaller the scale, the larger the scope and the simpler the content.

4, scale = distance on the map ÷ field distance

5. Direction on the map:

Ordinary map: map-oriented, up and down, north and south, left and right.

Map with beacon: the direction of beacon arrow points to the north.

A map with a latitude and longitude network: longitude indicates the north-south direction and latitude indicates the east-west direction.

6. Legend: Symbols representing various geographical things on the map. (Remember common legends)

7. Note: On the map, words used to explain the names of mountains, rivers, countries and cities, as well as numbers indicating the height and water depth of mountains.

8. Altitude (absolute height): The vertical distance of a point on the earth's surface above sea level.

Relative height: the vertical distance from one place to another on the earth's surface.

Contour: A line on a map connecting points at the same altitude.

9. On the contour topographic map, the contour lines are dense, indicating steep slope; The contour line is sparse, indicating that the slope is slow.

10, judging terrain by contour features:

Peak value: the contour line is high in the middle and low around. On the contrary, it is a basin.

Ridge: The contour line protrudes downward.

Valley: contour lines protrude to high places.

Saddle: The contour lines on both sides are relatively high.

Cliff: where several outlines overlap.

Chapter III: Land and Sea of the World

1, the proportion of land and water area on the earth's surface: ocean 7 1%, land 29%, land is divided into three parts, and ocean is divided into seven parts.

7 continents: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe and Oceania. (In descending order of area)

Four oceans: Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean and Arctic Ocean. (In descending order of area)

Can accurately find out the distribution of seven continents and four oceans on the world map.

3, the dividing line between the mainland:

Asia and Europe: Urals, ural river, Caucasus, Turkish Strait.

Asia and Africa: Suez Canal.

North and South America: Panama Canal.

Asia and North America: Bering Strait.

4. land topography includes five categories: plains, plateaus, mountains, hills and basins.

Himalayas, Cordillera Mountains, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Amazon Plain can all be found on the topographic map.

6. Read the topographic map of the mainland and judge the general trend of the mainland.

7. Plate tectonic theory: The lithosphere on the earth's surface consists of six plates, namely, Asia-Europe plate, Africa plate, Indian Ocean plate, Pacific plate, America plate and Antarctica plate. The interior of the plate is relatively stable and the crustal movement at the edge of the plate is relatively active, which is easy to form volcanoes and earthquakes.

8. There are two major volcanic seismic belts in the world: the Pacific Rim volcanic seismic belt and the Mediterranean-Himalayan volcanic seismic belt.

Chapter IV: World Climate

1. Weather: Atmospheric conditions (wind and rain, heat and cold, sunny and sunny days, etc. ), and the weather is short-term and constantly changing.

Climate: the average weather condition in a place for many years. The climate is long and relatively stable.

2. Understand common weather symbols.

3. Temperature refers to the temperature of the atmosphere in degrees Celsius.

The temperature will change during the day. The highest temperature on land generally appears around 2 pm, and the lowest temperature appears around sunrise.

The temperature changes in a year. The highest average monthly temperature on land in the northern hemisphere is July, and the lowest temperature is 65438+ 10 month, but the opposite is true in the southern hemisphere.

5. Daily temperature difference: the difference between the highest temperature and the lowest temperature in a day.

Temperature annual range: the difference between the average temperature in the hottest month of the year and the average temperature in the most Leng Yue.

6. Vertical variation of temperature: in the same place, the temperature drops by 0.6℃ per altitude 100 m.

7. Learn to read the annual average isotherm of the world.

8. Distribution law of annual average temperature in the world:

Global temperature decreases from low latitude to high latitude;

At the same latitude, the temperature of ocean and land is different;

At the same latitude, the temperature in the plateau and mountainous area is low, and the temperature in the plain is high.

9. Learn to read the temperature curve.

10. Precipitation: Water vapor in the air falls to the ground in the form of rain, snow and hail, which is called precipitation. The unit is millimeters (mm).

1 1, which can analyze the seasonal variation of precipitation in a place.

12, learn to look at the world precipitation distribution map.

13, regional difference of world precipitation:

There is more precipitation in equatorial regions and less precipitation in polar regions;

Near the tropic of cancer, there is more precipitation on the east coast of the mainland and less precipitation on the west coast;

In temperate regions, there is less precipitation on the mainland and more precipitation along the coast;

There is more precipitation on windward slope and less precipitation on leeward slope in mountainous area.

14, learn to read precipitation histogram.

15, the main influencing factors of world climate: latitude position, land and sea position, topography, etc.

16, know the main climate types and distribution.

17, which can explain the influence of climate on production and life.

Chapter V: World Residents

1, natural population growth rate = birth rate-mortality rate

Population density = total population/area

3. The densely populated areas in the world: the plain areas in the mid-latitude coastal areas such as East Asia, South Asia, Europe and East America.

Areas with sparse population distribution in the world: desert areas with drought and water shortage, rain forest areas with high temperature and humidity, high latitude areas with perennial cold, plateau mountainous areas with high terrain and thin air.

4, the population problem:

Rapid population growth will lead to food shortage, housing shortage, traffic congestion, schooling, employment, difficulty in seeing a doctor and shortage of resources.

Too slow population growth will lead to problems such as labor shortage, insufficient national defense force and aging population.

5. The three major races in the world:

Yellow race: distributed in eastern and southeastern Asia, northern North America, northern and western South America.

Caucasians: Europe, West and South Asia, North Africa, Central North America, East Coast of South America and Oceania.

South Africa and Central Africa.

6. The main languages in the world are Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish and Arabic.

Chinese is the most widely used language in the world and English is the most widely used language.

7. The three major religions in the world:

Islam: Popular in West Asia and Southeast Asia, North Africa and East Africa.

Buddhism: spread from ancient India to East Asia and Southeast Asia.

Christianity: popular in Europe, America and Oceania.

8. The main forms of settlements include cities and villages.

9. Settlements are mainly distributed in areas with flat terrain, fertile soil, abundant water resources, warm and humid climate, rich natural resources and convenient transportation.

10. List some settlements listed in the World Cultural Heritage List.

Chapter VI: Development differences in different parts of the world.

1. Developed countries are mainly distributed in the northern hemisphere and Oceania in the southern hemisphere.

Developing countries are mainly distributed in the southern part of the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere, that is, most countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America.

Examples can be given to illustrate the difference in development level between developing countries and developed countries.

2. The UN Security Council consists of five permanent members, namely China, French, Russian, British and American, and ten non-permanent members. Its headquarters is in new york, USA. The United Nations has done a lot of work in maintaining world peace and promoting international cooperation and development.

Chapter 7: Regions of the World

(1) Asia

1. Asia is the largest continent in the world, with the widest latitude and the farthest distance from east to west.

2. Tell the latitude position and land and sea position of Asia by map.

3. The terrain in Asia is high in the middle and low around, and the terrain is complex and diverse.

Characteristics of rivers in Asia: Originating in the central mountains and plateaus, they flow radially to the surrounding oceans, and are called "the continent of giant flows".

Climatic characteristics of Asia: complex and diverse, with remarkable monsoon climate and extensive continental climate distribution.

The most widely distributed climate type in Asia is temperate continental climate.

Asia is a vast country with a large population of about 3.68 billion. East Asia, Southeast Asia and South Asia are densely populated areas;

Asian countries with a population of over 6,543.8 billion include China, Indian, Indonesian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi and Japanese.

5. The birthplace of the three Asian civilizations: the Yellow River-the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River; Indus valley; Two river basins (Mesopotamia Plain).

6. Asia's economic development is unbalanced, with Japan as a developed country and others as developing countries.

(2) Western Europe

1. Use the map to tell the location, scope and main countries of Western Europe.

2. Western Europe is dominated by plains, with temperate maritime climate in coastal areas, temperate continental climate in inland areas, Mediterranean climate and plateau mountain climate in the south and frigid climate in the north.

3. Western Europe is mainly developed countries, mainly manufacturing, with developed traditional animal husbandry. Western Europe has developed tourism.

(3) Antarctica

1. Use the map to tell the location and scope of Antarctica: the southernmost point of the earth, most of which is located in the Antarctic circle.

Antarctica is the highest in the world, with the highest latitude, the highest average elevation, the longest longitude span and the coldest climate.

3. The topography of Antarctica is mainly plateau, which is called "ice plateau", with an average thickness of over 2000 meters and abundant fresh water resources.

4. Climatic characteristics of Antarctica: dryness, strong wind and cold.

Antarctica is rich in coal and iron resources, with few plant species.

(4) Japan

1. Japan is an island country in the northwest Pacific Ocean. Its territory consists of four big islands and many small islands, including Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu, with Tokyo as its capital.

2. The terrain of Japan is dominated by mountains and hills, and the plain area is narrow. Mount Fuji is the highest peak. It is a famous active volcano. Japan is located at the junction of the Asia-Europe plate and the Pacific plate, and there are many volcanic earthquakes. Transportation is mainly by sea.

3. Japan is located in the middle latitude, and its climate is dominated by subtropical monsoon climate and temperate monsoon climate. The ocean is obvious.

4. Japan is rich in water resources and has a high forest coverage rate.

Japan is short of natural resources, and the raw materials and fuels needed for its development mainly depend on imports.

6. Japan is the only developed country in Asia, with strong scientific and technological strength, most of its products are sold to the international market, and its economy is highly dependent on foreign countries.

Japan's industrial layout is coastal, and its industries are mainly distributed along the Pacific coast and the inland sea coast of Seto. Facilitate the introduction of raw materials and the export of industrial products, reduce transportation costs and expenses,

(5) Russia

1. Russia is the largest country in the world, with a length of 1 10,000 kilometers from east to west, and its territory spans Asia and Europe. The capital is Moscow.

2. The main topographical areas in Russia are Eastern Europe Plain, Western Siberia Plain, Central Siberia Plateau and Eastern Siberia Mountain in turn from west to east.

3. The Volga River in Russia is the longest inland river in the world, and Lake Baikal is the deepest lake and a freshwater lake in the world.

4. Russia is located in the middle and high latitudes and belongs to temperate continental climate, with long and cold winters and short and warm summers.

Siberia, a part of Asia, is the source of cold air in winter, with low annual average temperature.

5. Find out the main Russian rivers on the map: ob river, Yenisei River and Lena River. (All injected into the Arctic Ocean from south to north)

6. Russia is rich in natural resources and developed in heavy industry. Define the locations of Kursk Iron Mine, Tyumen Oilfield and Kuzbas Coal Mine on the map.

Russian industries are close to resource-rich places. The main industrial zones are St. Petersburg Industrial Zone, Moscow Industrial Zone, Ural Industrial Zone and Novosibirsk Industrial Zone.

7. Russia has a complete transportation department, with developed railways, highways, aviation, inland rivers, oceans and pipelines, but transportation lines are unevenly distributed in Europe and Asia.

(6) America

1. The United States is located on the North American continent and consists of 50 states, including 48 states on the mainland and the District of Columbia, where the capital is located, as well as two overseas states, Alaska and Hawaii. The main body of the United States is located in the northern temperate zone, Alaska is located in the northern cold zone, and Hawaii is located in the tropics.

2. The main part of the United States (mainland) is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean in the east, the Pacific Ocean in the west and the Gulf of Mexico in the south.

3. The topography of the United States is columnar in north and south, with Rocky Mountains in the west, Central Plains in the middle and Appalachian Mountains in the east.

The Mississippi River in the United States is the fourth longest river in the world, and the Great Lakes bordering Canada are the largest freshwater lakes in the world, among which Lake Superior is the largest freshwater lake.

The agriculture and industry in America are very developed, which is the most developed country in the world.

6. American agriculture is characterized by modernization and specialization. The proportion of people engaged in agriculture in the United States is very small, but the efficiency is high and the output is large. America is the country that exports the most agricultural products in the world. Remember the distribution of agricultural belts in the United States with maps.

7. American industry is dominated by high-tech industries. Among the three industrial zones, the traditional industry is the main industry in Northeast China, the aerospace industry in South China and the electronics industry in West China.

8. The United States has a developed industry, a serious waste of resources, and needs a lot of imports.

(vii) Australia

1. Australia is located in the South Pacific Ocean, bordering the Pacific Ocean in the east, the Indian Ocean in the west and south, and the capital Canberra. Sydney is Australia's largest industrial center and port city, and Melbourne is Australia's second largest city.

2. Australia has a small population density, and it is a country with a vast territory and a sparse population.

3. The topography of Australia is divided into three parts, the western part is a low plateau, the central part is a great basin, and the eastern part is a typical great artesian basin and a great watershed.

Murray river, the largest river in Australia, flows into the Indian Ocean from the southeast.

5. Tropic of Capricorn passes through central Australia, and the climate has the characteristics of semi-circular distribution, and the tropical grassland climate and tropical desert climate have a large distribution area.

6. Because Australia has been isolated from the southern hemisphere for a long time, its biological uniqueness is very prominent. Endemic animals are kangaroos, emus, platypus, koalas and so on.

7. Australia has a large number of sheep and is the country with the largest export of sheep and wool in the world. Known as "the country riding on the back of sheep".

8. Agriculture and animal husbandry plays an important role in Australia, and four different agricultural and animal husbandry areas have been formed by using the natural conditions in different regions.

9. Australia is rich in mineral resources, with a significant proportion of mineral exports, and is called "a country sitting on a mine car".

10, Australia's cities and population are mainly distributed in the southeast coastal areas.