What are the factors that determine the temperature change?

The temperature in a certain place changes periodically not only because of the change of solar radiation, but also because of the movement of the atmosphere rather than periodically. The change of actual temperature is the result of the interaction between these two aspects.

If the former plays a big role, the temperature changes periodically; On the contrary, it shows an aperiodic change. However, from the general trend and most cases, the periodicity of daily and annual temperature changes is still the main one.

Various components in the heat balance, such as radiation difference, latent heat and sensible heat exchange, are affected by different control factors. Astronomical factors such as latitude and season have obvious zonal and periodic characteristics.

However, the nature, topography and weather conditions of the underlying surface, such as cloud cover and atmospheric humidity, all have non-zonal characteristics. At the same time, the influence of these factors is different in different places, so the temperature distribution caused by the change of heat budget is also uneven.

Second, human influence.

(1) The influence of urban underlying surface (the interface between atmospheric bottom and surface)

A large number of artificial structures in the city, such as paving the ground and various building walls, have changed the thermal properties of the underlying surface. Urban surface water content is less, and more heat enters the air in the form of sensible heat, which leads to air warming.

At the same time, the absorption rate of sunlight on the urban surface is higher than that on the natural surface, which can absorb more solar radiation, so that the air can get more heat and the temperature will rise.

(2) Urban air pollution

Motor vehicles, industrial production and a large number of people's activities in cities produce a lot of nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide, dust and so on, which can absorb a lot of energy from the thermal radiation in the environment, produce a well-known greenhouse effect, and cause further warming of the atmosphere.

(3) the influence of artificial heat source

Factories, motor vehicles, residents' lives, etc. Burning all kinds of fuels consumes a lot of energy and countless stoves are burning and emitting heat.

(4) The urban natural underlying surface is reduced.

Buildings, squares, roads, etc. It has increased a lot in the city, and the natural factors such as green space and water body have decreased accordingly, releasing more heat and absorbing less heat, and the ability to alleviate the heat island effect has weakened.

Extended data:

Factors affecting temperature distribution:

There are three main factors that affect the temperature distribution, namely latitude, land and sea and height. However, when drawing the isotherm map, the temperature value is often corrected to the same height, that is, sea level, to eliminate the height factor, so as to show the latitude, land and ocean factors more obviously.

In different seasons of the year, the temperature distribution is different. Usually 1 month represents winter in the northern hemisphere and summer in the southern hemisphere, and July represents summer in the northern hemisphere and winter in the southern hemisphere. The characteristics of the average temperature distribution on the earth's surface in winter and summer can be analyzed as follows.

First of all, on the global average temperature distribution map, it can be clearly seen that the temperature in the equatorial region is high and gradually decreases to the poles, which is a basic feature. In the northern hemisphere, the isotherm in July is rarer than that in 65438+ 10. This shows that the temperature difference between north and south in the northern hemisphere in June+10/October in 5438 is greater than that in July.

This is because the direct point of the sun in June+10/October in 5438 is located in the southern hemisphere. In the high latitudes of the northern hemisphere, the height of the sun is not only lower at noon, but also shorter during the day. In the low latitudes of the northern hemisphere, the height of the sun is not only higher at noon, but also longer during the day, so the temperature difference between the north and the south in 5438+ 10 is greater.

In July, the direct point of the sun is located in the northern hemisphere. In high latitudes, the height of the noon sun is lower and the daytime is longer, while in low latitudes, the height of the noon sun is higher and the daytime is shorter, resulting in a small temperature difference between the north and the south in the northern hemisphere in July.

Secondly, in winter, the isotherms in the northern hemisphere generally protrude to the equator on the mainland, and to the polar regions on the ocean, but the opposite is true in summer. This is because at the same latitude, the continental temperature is lower than the ocean temperature in winter and higher than the ocean temperature in summer.

Because the southern hemisphere has a small land area and a large ocean area, the isotherm is relatively flat, and the curve of the isotherm is similar to that of the northern hemisphere with land. The influence of land and ocean on temperature is more clear through large-scale ocean current and air mass heat transfer.

For example, the most prominent warm current and warm air mass is the Gulf Stream and the warm air mass above it, which makes the average temperature in Norway and Sweden reach 0- 15℃ in June, which is 10- 15℃ higher than the east coast of Asia and North America at the same latitude.

Where the westerly wind prevails at 40 degrees north latitude, it is close to the Atlantic coast of Eurasia. Due to the influence of the ocean, the average temperature in 65438+ 10 is above 15℃. Affected by the cold air mass along the east coast of Asia, the average temperature in June of 5438+ 10 was below -5℃.

The average temperature at the same latitude in June 5438+10/October actually differs by more than 20℃. 65438+1October, the average temperature of 40N on the west coast of North America is close to 10℃, while it is only 0℃ on the east Atlantic coast, with a difference of 10℃. As for the influence of cold ocean current on temperature distribution, it is also obvious in South America and the west coast of Africa.

In addition, high mountains can stop the flow of cold air and affect the distribution of temperature. For example, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China, the Rocky Mountains in North America and the Alps in Europe can prevent cold air from flowing south and east.

Third, the highest temperature zone is not at the equator, which is 5-10 n in winter and moves to about 20 N in summer. The average temperature in June and July in this area is higher than 24℃, so it is called the hot equator.

From winter to summer, the hot equator moves northward, because the position of the direct point of the sun moves northward during this period, and there is a large area of land in the northern hemisphere, which makes the temperature strongly heated.

Finally, in the southern hemisphere, the lowest temperature in winter and summer occurs in the South Pole. The lowest temperature in the northern hemisphere only appears near the polar regions in summer, while the coldest areas in winter appear in eastern Siberia and Greenland.

The degree and area of extreme temperature are often not reflected in the average temperature map. According to the existing records, the absolute lowest temperature in the world appears in Vilho Jansk and Oymyakon in eastern Siberia, which are -69.8℃ and -73℃ respectively.

1962, the new world lowest temperature in Antarctica is -90℃. The absolute highest temperature in the world is 63℃ in Somalia. In China, the absolute maximum temperature appeared in Turpan, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, reaching 48.9℃.

The absolute minimum temperature is in Mohe, Heilongjiang, February 1968-52.3. Second, the change of temperature is aperiodic, and the change of temperature is always influenced by atmospheric movement.

So sometimes, the actual change of temperature is not as simple as the periodic change mentioned above. For example, after March, it is the spring season in southern China, but it often turns cold suddenly because of the activity of cold air. In autumn, when the air is crisp in autumn, it often suddenly warms up because of the arrival of warm air.

References:

Baidu encyclopedia-temperature