Review materials of Chinese, mathematics, English, politics, geography, biology and history in the first semester of junior one.

China history seventh grade second volume review outline.

A Prosperous and Open Society Lesson 1 From "Ruling by Emperors" to "Ruling by Zhenguan"

Yi sui dynasty

Founded in 1 year: 58 1 year, its capital is Chang 'an, and its founder is Sui Wendi, whose name is Huang Kai.

2 reunification: In 589, the Sui Dynasty destroyed Chen, and the north and south were unified.

3. Measures taken by Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty to govern the country: ① Reforming political institutions and selecting talents; (2) Vigorously develop agriculture and reduce taxes; ③ Advocating frugality.

4. Huang Kai's rule: During the reign of Emperor Huang Kai of Sui Dynasty, he was diligent in governing the country and determined to innovate, thus forming a prosperous situation of national prosperity and social prosperity.

"Emperor rule"

5 Death: In 6 18, Emperor Yang Di was killed by the Ministry in Jiangdu, and the Sui Dynasty perished.

Second, the rule of Zhenguan.

1 Establishment: In 6 18, Li Yuan proclaimed himself emperor in Chang 'an and established the Tang Dynasty.

2 Zhenguan Rule In 626, Li Shimin succeeded to the throne, and the title was Zhenguan. Li Shimin is Emperor Taizong.

Measures to govern the country: (1) Politically, draw lessons from the demise of the Sui Dynasty, call a spade a spade, select talents and appoint people according to their abilities, and improve administrative efficiency; (Sun Chang Wuji, Fang, Du Ruhui,; Reform three provinces and six departments) ("family destruction")

(2) Economically, it is frivolous to reduce the burden on farmers; (Farmers can use physical objects instead of corvees)

(3) Legally: simplify the law and punish lightly, and amend the law; (Zhenguan method)

(4) Education: attach importance to education and vigorously cultivate talents. (Xue, imperial academy)

(5) Ethnic relations: implement the policy of combining kindness with kindness (kissing and rewarding) to improve ethnic relations. (Known as: Tiankhan)

Performance: economic development, political clarity, social stability and strong national strength, which is known as the rule of Zhenguan in history.

The reasons are as follows: Emperor Taizong learned the lessons from the demise of previous dynasties, especially the Sui Dynasty, and adjusted the ruling policy; The measures taken by Emperor Taizong in favor of developing production and consolidating political power have produced direct results. Emperor Taizong himself is smart and capable, and makes great efforts to govern; National unity, the hard work of the broad masses of people.

The seventh learning theme

The development of ethnic relations and the shift of economic center of gravity to the south

Lesson 6 Coexistence of Liao, Song, Xixia and Jin

The establishment of Liao, Northern Song and Xixia

1 9 16 Yeluboji established the Khitan State with its capital in Beijing; In 947, Ye Ludeguang changed his country name to Liao.

1960, Zhao Kuangyin launched a mutiny, established the Song Dynasty, and made its capital in Tokyo (now Kaifeng), which was called the Northern Song Dynasty in history.

3 1038, Yuan Hao, the leader of the Tangut, proclaimed himself emperor, with his capital in Xingqing (now Yinchuan), which was called Xixia in history.

Erliao, Xixia and War and Peace in Northern Song Dynasty

1 1005 the northern song dynasty and the Liao dynasty made peace and concluded the "alliance of monasteries". Since then, the border has been stable and economic and cultural exchanges have been frequent (Yang Jiajiang).

2 1044, Xixia and the Northern Song Dynasty reached a peace agreement, and the two sides were at peace for a long time.

Confrontation between Southern Song Dynasty and Jin Dynasty

11115 years, the leader of the nuzhen nationality, akuta, established the Jin Dynasty, with Huining as its capital.

2 1 127. Jin Jun captured Tokyo, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, and took Song He away, and the Northern Song Dynasty perished.

3 1 127, Zhao Gou proclaimed himself emperor, with its capital in Lin 'an, which is known as the Southern Song Dynasty. Zhao Gou is Song Gaozong.

4 1 14 1 year, the Southern Song Dynasty concluded a peace treaty with Jin, and the war between the two sides basically stopped. Yue Fei is a hero against gold.

The influence of the war and peace between the Northern Song Dynasty and Liao and Xixia on all parties.

(1) The war brought losses to both sides;

(2) making the border between the two sides relatively stable is conducive to economic and cultural exchanges and maintaining long-term peaceful relations.

(3) The Northern Song Dynasty paid a large amount of annual money to Liaoxia every year, which became an important factor in the poverty and weakness of the Northern Song Dynasty.

Lesson 7 Economic Development in the South

The performance of economic development in South China:

1 agriculture:

Irrigation and farming techniques in the south have been greatly improved, and polder fields and terraces have expanded the cultivated land area;

B rice production in the south has increased significantly, Suzhou and Huzhou; C Wheat, millet and beans originating in the north spread in the south;

Cotton planting area has expanded and become an important cash crop in South China.

Handicraft: a During the Southern Song Dynasty, the cotton textile industry rose in the south; It has become an important handicraft industry in ancient China.

B The southern porcelain industry has developed rapidly, and Jingdezhen has become a famous center of porcelain industry;

3 Commerce: During the Northern Song Dynasty, commerce was developed, and Jiaozi, the earliest paper money in the world, appeared in Sichuan.

The paper money issued in the Southern Song Dynasty is called Huizi.

Lin 'an, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, is the political center of the South and the largest commercial city.

Overseas trade is active, and the seaports are mainly Guangzhou and Quanzhou. , managed by the government.

Second, the economic center of gravity moved south.

1 moving south: from Xia and Shang dynasties to Qin and Han dynasties, China's economic center of gravity has always been in the north; The Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties

Start moving south; After the mid-Tang dynasty, the southward migration accelerated; In the Song Dynasty, the south had become the center of the national economy.

2 reasons for moving south: ① a large number of people in the north moved south; ② The relatively stable political environment in the south.

③ More natural resources in the south have been developed and utilized.

3. The performance of southward migration: ① Southern rice is the largest grain crop in China, and Suzhou and Hangzhou have become world-famous granaries;

(2) Handicraft industry plays an important role in South China; (3) The commercial level in the south exceeds that in the north;

(4) Taxation in the south has become the main pillar of national finance.

In Song Dynasty, the life of urban and rural residents was rich and colorful.

1 clothes: in the song dynasty, linen was the main thing, and cotton cloth was more shameful; Wear industrial clothes; There are many styles of women's wear; Different government and private services

2 food: eaten in the north and cooked with rice in the south in the Song Dynasty; Northern mutton, southern pork and fish; The widespread consumption of vegetable oil; Drinking is prevalent;

3. Living: In the Song Dynasty, farmers lived in thatched cottages and citizens lived in tile houses; Noble bureaucrats go to garden-style buildings; High furniture is very popular.

Line 4: During the Song Dynasty, the rich took sedan chairs and carriages, while the people took ox carts and donkey carts, and rode horses, mules and donkeys.

Second, the city life:

1 Tokyo has a population of over one million, and the "night market" is connected with the "small market", and the entertainment places are "tiles" and the stage is "goulan".

2 Lin' an: the population exceeds one million; There are many "tile houses" in entertainment places; The stalls are lined up; Teahouse duo

Today's traditional festivals, such as Spring Festival, Lantern Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, etc. Both existed in the Song Dynasty. Song Dynasty is called Spring Festival.

For the Chinese New Year, I am most concerned.

Combined with the relevant contents of the last lesson and this lesson, the characteristics of commodity economy development in Song Dynasty are summarized.

(1) The business in the urban area is prosperous, and there are many shops on the street. (urban business prosperity; (2) I have been in business for a long time. The night market just ended and Xiaoshi opened again.

(3) Commercialization of entertainment activities, with tiles and fences; City life is rich and colorful. )

(4) The appearance of paper money facilitates commercial trade. (paper money appears; Active foreign trade)

Lesson 9 Genghis Khan and Kublai Khan

Genghis Khan unified Mongolia.

1206, Mongolian nobles honored Temujin as Genghis Khan at the source of Monan River, and the Mongolian khanate was founded.

The establishment and unification of the Yuan Dynasty

127 1 year, Kublai Khan changed the title of the country to Yuan and made its capital mostly (now Beijing). Kublai Khan is Yuan Shizu.

1276 Yuan Army captured Lin 'an and the Southern Song Dynasty perished. 1279 Yuan Dynasty unified China.

The first unified dynasty (Yuan Dynasty) in the history of China, with the leaders of ethnic minorities (Mongolians) as emperors.

Wen Tianxiang is an anti-meta hero.

Three Yuan Shizu reform content:

1 Politically: A is located in the central government, with a Chinese book province to manage the national government affairs; Plus a hospital specializing in the management of Buddhist affairs in the whole country and Tibetan areas.

Military and political affairs.

B. Local level: setting provinces as the highest local administrative bodies; The Penghu Inspection Department was established to manage Ryukyu (Taiwan Province Province) and Penghu Islands.

Economically: A attaches importance to the development of agricultural production, prohibits returning farmland to grassland, encourages land reclamation to grow grain, and promotes cotton planting.

B presided over the flood control of the Yellow River and dug two new canals.

Ethnic Relations in the Quaternary Period: Integration

Reason: The unification of Yuan Dynasty provided conditions for communication, exchange and economic development of people of all ethnic groups, and promoted the integration of all ethnic groups.

Fusion. Yuan has a close relationship with the Mongolian khanate and pursues an open policy.

Performance: people of all ethnic groups learn from each other and communicate with each other; Khitan, Nuzhen and Han Nationality Entering the Yellow River Valley

Integration, collectively referred to as Han people; Form a new nation that believes in Islam-Hui nationality.

Huang Daopo's cotton textile technology comes from Li nationality.

The crisis of feudal empire

Prosperity and crisis

1 Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong periods, the economy was prosperous and the national strength was strong, which was called "the prosperous time of Kanggan" in history.

The performance is as follows: a. Agriculture: ① The output of rice and other food crops is further improved; ② Cotton planting area expanded; ③ The cultivation of sweet potato, corn, potato, tobacco and other crops has been continuously promoted.

B Handicraft industry: ① The production scale of Jingdezhen, the porcelain-making center, has been further expanded, and the technological level has made a new breakthrough. Nanjing has become a new center of silk industry. Cotton fabrics from Songjiang and Wuxi sell well all over the world.

C commerce: goods are more widely circulated and commerce is more developed.

The reasons for the decline of the Qing Dynasty are as follows: after the middle period of Qianlong, land annexation was serious, the ruling group was extravagant, bureaucrats were corrupt, the army was decadent, class contradictions were increasing day by day, and the powerful Qing Dynasty declined rapidly.

2. Closed door policy

Reasons: ① The fundamental reason was that the self-sufficient natural economy in feudal society was relatively stable, and the Qing government did not think it necessary to conduct foreign trade.

(2) In order to attack Zheng Chenggong and other coastal anti-Qing forces; (3) In order to resist the invasion of western countries.

Performance: In the early years of the Qing Dynasty, a strict "sea ban" policy was implemented, prohibiting businessmen from going to sea; During the Qianlong period, only one place in Guangzhou was opened, and the regulations and articles of association restricting foreign businessmen's activities and domestic businessmen's maritime trade were promulgated, forming a strict closed-door policy.

Impact: ① It has played a certain role in resisting foreign aggression; ② It hindered the contact between China and foreign countries, affected China's absorption of world advanced culture and science and technology, and hindered the development of China's economy and culture, which was one of the important reasons for China's backward modern society.

What policies were implemented to foreign countries in the early Qing Dynasty? Why did the Qing government implement this policy? What is the impact of implementing some policies?

(1) In the early Qing Dynasty, the policy of closing the country to the outside world was implemented.

(2) The reasons for shutting the country out: First, the feudal economy in which the rulers were self-sufficient dominated.

China is rich in products and does not need to communicate with foreign countries. Second, I am afraid that the contact between foreign businessmen and coastal people will cause trouble and threaten their rule. Third, in order to combat Zheng Chenggong and other anti-Qing forces.

(3) The role of closed doors is: it has played a certain role in resisting foreign aggression; However, the long-term implementation of this policy hindered the contact between China and foreign countries, affected China's absorption of world advanced culture and science and technology, and hindered the economic and cultural development of China, which was an important reason for the backwardness of modern China society.

(1) What is the "China" in the material? A: It refers to the Qing Dynasty.

(2) According to the above materials, point out Emperor Qianlong's understanding of foreign trade and make a brief evaluation.

Answer: I don't think it is necessary to trade with foreign countries. Trade with foreign countries is a gift to foreign countries. It reflects the complacency of the rulers of the Qing Dynasty.

(3) From the materials, we can see what policies China pursues abroad. What are the specific performances?

A: The closed door policy. Performance: ① Ordered Guangzhou to open only one foreign trade port; (2) Promulgate laws and regulations to strictly restrict foreign activities and maritime trade of domestic businessmen.

Printing, compass and gunpowder

printing material

Engraving printing was invented in Sui and Tang Dynasties and reached its peak in Song Dynasty. The earliest block printing with exact date in the world is the Diamond Sutra, which was carved in 868.

Movable type printing was invented by Bi Sheng in the middle of Northern Song Dynasty. More than 400 years earlier than Europe. This is a great leap in printing technology.

Movable type printing spread to Japan and Korea in the Northern Song Dynasty and to Europe in the Yuan Dynasty.

Two compasses:

1 was made into Sina during the Warring States Period. During the Northern Song Dynasty, the compass was invented and began to be used in navigation. In the early Southern Song Dynasty, it was made into a "compass".

China is the first country in the world to use the compass in navigation.

In the 4th/kloc-0th/2nd century, the compass was introduced into Europe through Arabia, which promoted the development of the world navigation industry.

Three gunpowder

In the Tang Dynasty, ancient alchemists in China invented gunpowder (sulfur, charcoal and saltpeter). At the end of the Tang dynasty, gunpowder began to be used in the military. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, firearms were widely used. From13rd century to14th century, firearms were introduced to Arabia and Europe.

The influence (contribution) of gunpowder, compass and printing on the world;

Gunpowder: spread from Arabs to Europe, which led to great changes in European society. The emerging bourgeoisie defeated the backward feudal forces with firearms, and gunpowder also played an important role in production and promoted the development of productive forces.

Compass: After the compass was introduced to Europe, it became an important condition for Columbus to discover the new world and Magellan's fleet to sail around the world;

Printing: The invention of printing promoted the dissemination and exchange of cultural knowledge.

1 Read the following information about the Northern Song fleet's mission to Korea:

You can't go to the ocean, you can only watch the stars go forward. If it's dark (it's dark), beat the north and south with a floating needle. -"Xuanhe Shi Feng Koryo Atlas"

architectural wonder

Zhao Zhouqiao ("A rainbow 100 feet high crosses the water, and a crescent moon rises from the sky." )

During the Sui Dynasty, Li Chun designed and presided over the construction of Zhao Zhouqiao, which is the oldest existing large stone arch bridge in the world.

E grand canal

During the Sui Dynasty, Yang Di dug the Grand Canal. The Grand Canal is centered on Luoyang, starting from Yuhang (now Hangzhou) in the east and ending in Zhuo Jun (now Beijing) in the north. Divided into Yongji Canal, Tongji Canal, Hangou River and Jiangnan River, it is the longest canal in the world.

Famous books of science and technology and history

1 Take history as a mirror

It is a historical masterpiece compiled by Sima Guang, a historian of the Northern Song Dynasty, and records the history from the Warring States to the Five Dynasties 1300 years.

Tang poem Song jambic verse

A Tang poem

Tang poetry is the peak of my poetry development. The most outstanding poets in the Tang Dynasty were Li Bai, Du Fu and Bai Juyi.

Li Bai, the greatest romantic poet in ancient China, is known as the "Poet Fairy". Difficulties in Shu Dao, Entering Wine, and Dreaming of Climbing Mount Tianmu

Du Fu was a great realistic poet in Tang Dynasty. His poems reproduce the turbulent times before and after the An Shi Rebellion, so they are called "the history of poetry" and "the sage of poetry". "Three Officials and Three Farewells"

(3) Bai Juyi was another outstanding realistic poet in Tang Dynasty. His poems are easy to understand and profound in meaning. His masterpieces include The Star of Selba and Song of Eternal Sorrow. Pipa, everlasting regret

Ersong ci

There are graceful words and bold words in Song Ci. The representative figures of graceful words are Liu Yong and Li Qingzhao. Su Shi in Northern Song and Southern Song Dynasties

Xin Qiji is a representative figure of bold and unconstrained ci. People call Xin Qiji and Su Shi "Su Xin".

Yimo grottoes

Mogao Grottoes, also known as "Thousand Buddha Cave", is located in Mingsha Mountain in Dunhuang, Gansu Province. Most of them were excavated in the Tang Dynasty, with a large number of exquisite colored statues and murals. It is one of the largest existing grottoes in the world.

Eryungang Grottoes

Located in Datong, Shanxi Province, it was excavated in the middle and late Northern Wei Dynasty. It not only inherits the tradition of stone carving art in Qin and Han Dynasties in China, but also integrates the carving style in South Asia.

Sanlongmen Grottoes:

In Luoyang, Henan Province, most of them were excavated in the Tang Dynasty, and the largest cave is Lushenafo in Fengxian Temple, which embodies the superb carving art in ancient China.

Mogao Grottoes, Longmen Grottoes and Yungang Grottoes are called the three major grottoes in China.

Lesson 265438 Calligraphy and Painting

A piece of calligraphy:

1 In the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Xu and Huai Su were famous for cursive script, while Yan Zhenqing and Liu Gongquan used regular script to form the style of Yan and Liu.

Famous calligraphers in Song Dynasty include Su Shi and Huang Tingjian.

Zhao Mengfu, a calligrapher in Yuan Dynasty, wrote Zhao Ti.

Second, painting.

1 Portrait painting in the Tang Dynasty entered a golden age.

Yan is a famous painter, and his representative works include Step by Step Map and Emperors of Past Dynasties.

Wu Daozi is known as "the sage in the painting".

Landscape painting reached its peak in Song and Yuan Dynasties.

Zhang Zeduan, a painter in the Northern Song Dynasty, has The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival, which is a true portrayal of the daily life of urban residents in the Song Dynasty (custom realistic painting).

In the Ming Dynasty, flower-and-bird painting became plump, mature and perfect. Xu Wei's freehand flower-and-bird painting pushed China's traditional painting to a new stage in modern times.

During the Sui, Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties, what scientific and technological achievements did China have that led the world?

(1) Zhao Zhouqiao, designed and built by Li Chun, a craftsman of Sui Dynasty, is the oldest stone arch bridge in the world.

(2) China first invented block printing and movable type printing in the world.

(3) The Diamond Sutra in the Tang Dynasty is the earliest block printing in the world, with the exact date.

(4) China was the first country to invent gunpowder in the world, and it began to be used in the military in the late Tang Dynasty. Firearms were more advanced in Song and Yuan Dynasties.

(5) The Forbidden City is the largest and most complete palace complex in the world.