What is Tangshan? How was Hebei's first economic city made?

(⊙ _ ⊙) Every day, an article on Global Human GeographyNo. 1278-Who changed Tangshan Author: Sven's Fan Xuechang Cartography: Sun Lu/Proofreading: Cat Stu/Editor: Yakult Tangshan can be regarded as one of the most famous cities in Hebei, whether it is the distinctive Tangshan dialect, the highest per capita GDP in the province, the painful memory of the Tangshan earthquake, or from Tangshan has long been proud of its coal and steel output. Today, with the elimination of backward production capacity, serious air pollution, relatively weak tertiary industry and slow development of Internet economy, where should Tangshan go? Tangshan, which rose in great changes, is located in the earthquake zone of North China Plain, and its geological movement is active, which is also the geological basis of Tangshan earthquake tragedy. But unfortunately, the other side is the gift of ancient geological activities-rich minerals. In Carboniferous, Permian and Early Triassic, the crust in Kailuan area declined, forming the coal seam in Tangshan today. Subsequent geological activities lifted the area and squeezed it into the Yanshan Mountains, making some coal mines in Tangshan easy to mine. Of course, there are not only coal mines in Zhangjiakou in the northwest of Tangshan, but also coal mines in Handan Fengfeng in Shixingtai in the southwest. Tangshan is obviously in a unique position, so that it is rumored that Tangshan's steel output is second only to Hebei (pictured below: Jeff Schmalcz, MODIS Rapid Response Team, NASA /GSFC) ▼ Tangshan's rise benefits from its easy-to-mine coal mines. In the Qing Dynasty, local people used to work as miners to subsidize their families during the slack season. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, there were pre-modern small coal wells all over the country. With the Westernization Movement, Tangshan became the earliest industrialized area in China. It is said that Tangshan is full of mines, but it is not too much to follow the large and small mines. Large and small factories have been built (photo from Google Maps) ▼ 1876. Li Hongzhang sent Tang to inspect Kaiping with the assistance of British experts. After preparing for IPO, 1878 established Kaiping Mining Bureau, and then moved to Tangshan. Shares issued by Kaiping Mining Bureau in the seventh year of Guangxu (188 1 year) ▼ Kaiping Coal Mine adopts advanced western technology and equipment, employs foreign experts and foremen, and adopts advanced management and operation mode. In the formulated rules, it is emphasized: "No matter how big or small, it should be handled in accordance with the normal trading practices, and all official habits should be eliminated." Whether to do it or not is another matter. ) The construction of Tang Xu Railway, the first independent railway in China, is also related to Kaiping Coal Mine, and its purpose is to transport coal. 188 1 the first steam locomotive of tangxu railway (photo from: IC/ Tuchong Creative) ▼ Unfortunately, during Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China, Kaiping Mine Supervisor sold the coal mine to a British company without the consent of the Qing Dynasty, and the efforts of the Westernization School were in vain. Qing * * * repeatedly asked the British for Kaiping Coal Mine, but failed, so we had to find another way. One of them is Luanzhou Coal Mine, which was established under the impetus of Yuan Shikai. Because the two coal mines are adjacent and the mining strata are similar, Qing * * * has always hoped that Kaiping Coal Mine can be recovered with the help of Luanzhou Coal Mine one day. In order to achieve this goal, the Qing Dynasty provided Luanzhou Coal Mine with funds, land, concessions and sales policies, which enabled it to develop rapidly. Then, when Kailuan Coal Mine was destroyed in the Qing Dynasty, it continued to prosper in China's industrial revolution (photo from: Zhuo Ying _ Mo Wei/Tu Chong Creative) ▼ The development of coal mines also promoted the modernization of other industries. Tang Xu Railway Repair Shop built the first steam locomotive in China. At 1887, there were many workshops and the transition to electrification began. In order to solve the problem of expensive imported cement, Tangshan fine cotton soil factory was established. After several twists and turns, it was renamed Qixin Cement. By 19 1 1 year, the annual output is 600,000 barrels, and the quality is comparable to that of Europe and America. It also won the Excellence Award of the World Expo in Turin, Italy, and contributed to China's modern infrastructure construction. Tangshan Qixin Cement Industry Museum (Tangshan has many modern industrial heritages) ▼ Modernization is a process in which many industries benefit. In addition to the above, there are posts and telecommunications, transportation, power generation, and even light industry, commerce, and municipal management, which complement each other and embark on the road of modernization, with a large population. Tangshan, a city based on coal mines, has basically taken shape. For China people who just saw heavy industry at that time, this thing may be a monster, an institution and a temple, but what is certain is that it will change the fate of everyone who works in it (picture @) ▼ But it also means that the city is forced to embark on the road of heavy industry from a modern place. Growing up in twists and turns, Tangshan's modernization process was vigorous, but the Qing Dynasty suddenly perished and national politics fell into chaos. But for Tangshan, which started from heavy industry, the situation of warlord scuffle is not necessarily a bad thing. Due to the huge demand for coal in military industry and material dispatching, heavy industries such as coal, railway, water conservancy and electric power in Tangshan have developed rapidly, and infrastructure construction such as railways and highways is also in full swing. Moreover, Tangshan was also the only place where the Northeast Railway connected North China at that time. At the same time, Tangshan, as a valuable industrial town, should be vigorously built under the control of warlords in Northeast China and North China. ▼1965438+At the end of 2002, China Bank of Communications also set up a branch in Tangshan, and the financial industry began to develop, thus promoting the development of light industry. It was at this time that Tangshan's famous ceramic industry began mechanized production. By 193 1, there are more than 60 ceramic factories, some of which use motors to produce, and their technology is exquisite, and even exported to Southeast Asia. In addition, there are ceramics, textiles, daily chemicals, glass manufacturing, grain and oil processing, paper industry and so on. , has begun to start, attracting a large number of working people to settle here. Powerful northern porcelain capital (picture from shutterstock)▼ Population concentration and industrial development have also promoted the changes of Tangshan citizens' lives. Tangshan has hotels, bathhouses, grain and oil markets, vegetable markets, tobacco and alcohol industries, department stores, jewelry stores, hotels and slaughterhouses. By the mid-1930s, the hill on the south side of the railway had become a commercial center, and a "Great World" shopping mall with a cinema appeared (named "Tribute to Shanghai Great World"). However, the change of the status quo will eventually have an irreversible impact on urban life. 1933 When the Great Wall War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression broke out, the heroic Japanese soldiers failed to stop the crazy Japanese army with broadswords after all. Two years later, the puppet regime Jidong National Defense Autonomous Committee was established, and Tangshan gradually became a Japanese colony. Japanese products are dumped in Jidong, and a large number of small and medium-sized manufacturers cannot survive. After all, the broadsword can't be stopped (photo from: *) ▼ The Japanese supported the puppet Manchukuo in the northeast, and the puppet Manchukuo also became a tool for the Japanese army to infiltrate into North China (for example, it gradually infiltrated south of the Great Wall through the Jehol area). Tangshan, which is in the front line of the war, is also an important target of the Japanese war machine ▼ 1937. Japan has invaded China in an all-round way, and finally there is no need to hide its economic plunder of Tangshan. The annual output of Kailuan Coal Mine reaches 194 1 6.64 million tons, but 40% of it is sold to Japan. After the outbreak of the Pacific War, the Japanese army directly took over the coal mines, and during the three years and nine months until Japan surrendered, it attacked and plundered 22.6 million tons of coal mines. Qixin Cement (1939), a national industry, was also forced by the Japanese army to upgrade its equipment and expand its production capacity to serve military ports and bunkers in northeast China. The two benchmark enterprises have become the epitome of many large enterprises in Tangshan controlled by Japan, such as railway, steel, electric power, locomotive maintenance, hardware manufacturing, ceramics, light industry, etc., but they were kidnapped into Japanese chariots and eventually destroyed. After Japan's full-scale invasion of China, industrial facilities in eastern coastal cities began to move inward on a large scale. Although there were huge losses along the way, many of them survived, especially in North China. The Japanese army is advancing too fast, and there are not many opportunities to move inward. China made great sacrifices for War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory, not only for the war dead, but also for the survivors. The economic collapse and civil war in the late Republic of China put Tangshan's proud heavy industry in a state of suspension and semi-suspension. On the one hand, the output declined, on the other hand, the sales volume was bleak and the products piled up like mountains. The layoffs and production cuts of large enterprises are barely maintained, and small enterprises will only be more bleak. Although it once again became the front line of the war, it didn't take long this time. * * * Entering the city (photo from: * * *) ▼ However, after 49 years of political stability, Tangshan, with a sound industrial base, once again demonstrated its strength. After just three years of recovery, Tangshan has formed an industrial system dominated by coal, steel, chemicals, food, textiles and building materials, with an industrial output value of 283 million yuan. During the first five-year plan period 1953- 1957, the total industrial output value increased on average 14%, and Tangshan's economy developed rapidly, especially its heavy industry. By 1957, the output of steel is 245,000 tons, the output of coal is 8.387 million tons, and the output of Tangshan characteristic light industrial ceramics industry is 265,438+. China's interrupted industrial revolution falters again, and those who join it have the opportunity to change their destiny again (photo from: IC/ Thumb Creative) ▼ But there are always some special turning points in special times. During the period of 1958-1960, Tangshan, as a steel capital, was also influenced by the one-sided development of the steel industry. In the unreasonable plan, the steel output was forced to increase by 2.45 times, but the quality was predictably uneven. The worst pass rate of ironmaking in earth blast furnace is only 58%. After several years of adjustment to 1965, the economic structure tends to be normal. At the beginning, I was still trying to improve efficiency, but soon, the bubble far exceeded efficiency (photo from: *) ▼ This can also be said to be a microcosm of the abnormal industrial development of large and small cities in China in that era. /kloc-in the 1970s, the state supported small enterprises in counties, and industries such as steel, coal, cement, power generation and textile grew rapidly, among which the fastest growth rate was still the steel industry, which increased by 2.64 times, and the status of steel in Tangshan's industrial structure became increasingly prominent. By 1975, Tangshan is obviously a heavy industrial city with 600,000 people, accounting for 62. 1% of the industry. It is a famous industrial capital of North China. 1970 The steam locomotive produced by Tangshan Locomotive Works was retired in 2003 (picture from IC/ Thumb Creative) ▼ But fate played a joke on the city again. 1976, the earthquake turned Tangshan into ruins, 240,000 people were killed,160,000 people were injured, and 650,000 of the 680,000 houses in the city collapsed. Tangshan, once the industry leader, started from scratch, and China's economy soon entered a new era. It may happen in history, or it may happen in movies (the picture comes from IC/ Thumb Creativity) ▼ It may also happen in reality (the picture comes from google. ) ▼ Times have changed. After the reform and opening up, China's economy has developed rapidly. Around 2000, after 20 years of precipitation, the demand for housing and automobiles in China was obviously upgrading, and the growth rate of heavy industry and infrastructure construction in China was also very fast. As the head enterprise of iron and steel industry, Tangshan Iron and Steel Co., Ltd. has developed rapidly, which once promoted the development of hundreds of small and medium-sized iron and steel enterprises in Tangshan and contributed huge output value and employment to Tangshan. Branding Tangshan's imprint for the times (picture from: IC/ Figure Worm Creative) ▼ 1978 When the reform and opening up, China's steel output was 31780,000 tons, accounting for 4.4% of the world's total output; The output of 20 18 crude steel is 928 million tons, accounting for 5 1.3% of the world's output, ranking first in the world for 23 consecutive years, a large part of which is contributed by Tangshan. Tangshan's steel output once surpassed that of the United States. The existence of heavy industry, especially steel industry, makes Tangshan's GDP rank first in Hebei Province for a long time. Many people have this question (screenshot from: Zhihu @ Song Gang) ▼ But the sequelae can't be ignored. The problems of extensive development and similar product structure are particularly prominent in cities like Tangshan. In that era when the growth rate of upstream industries slowed down and the quality of economic development and environmental problems were emphasized, the debts owed in the process of industrialization were finally paid off. Your speed has not slowed down, but the speed outside has become faster (photo from: Chuan Walker/Tu Worm Creative) ▼ For example, the air pollution problem, the sulfur dioxide emitted by Tangshan's steel industry once accounted for 35% of the national steel industry emissions, which seriously affected the air quality and the living standards of residents. However, the long-term resource economy model is unsustainable. By the end of 16, Tangshan's coal reserves are only1900 million tons, which is only enough for another 50 years. The haze is too big to see the direction clearly (image from: IC/ Thumb Creative) ▼ But the transformation cannot be achieved overnight. Iron and steel industrial cluster is the lifeline of Tangshan. The rise and fall of the steel industry will be related to all categories of upstream and downstream, involving the livelihood of countless families and a large amount of taxes, which will affect the whole body. It is not easy for Tangshan to transform from a coal-dependent resource-based city into a heavy industrial city with many industrial categories. Resource endowment, path dependence and siphon effect near big cities all make the transformation difficult. Of course, this is not a problem of a city in Tangshan (picture from NASA) ▼ The transformation idea of Tangshan that can be found at present is to eliminate the backward production capacity of the secondary industry and expand the tertiary industry, rather than drastically de-industrialization. Eliminate backward production capacity through annual plans, gradually reduce the output of steel, cement and coal, and leave enterprises with advanced technology and less pollution behind. After 20 1 1 year, Tangshan has supported five emerging industries, namely, energy conservation and environmental protection, rail transit equipment, electronics and intelligent instruments, power batteries and robots, which are all related to the past heavy industries and upgraded. At the same time, the output value of the tertiary industry in Tangshan has also increased steadily, and the optimization of the economic structure is still relatively obvious. Another form of transforming secondary production into tertiary production (picture from: deposit/worm idea) ▼ The secondary industry is Tangshan's natural advantage, and it may be a way to seize the highland of emerging industries by using this advantage. After all, as a prefecture-level city in Hebei, its geographical location is relatively remote, and Tangshan cannot compete directly with top players like Beijing and Tianjin. The shrinkage of information technology service industry above designated size in the first half of Tangshan 20 19 is a proof. However, Tangshan may also find a special way to prove to people that not all cities rely on ppt to draw cakes for their future, and doing a good job in industry can also be the way to change. Hebei's economic first city may still be able to maintain its own advantages. References: Zhu Yanming, Zhao, structural characteristics and genetic evolution of Tangshan mine in Kailuan mining area, coalfield geology and exploration Yan Yongzeng prospers the city with mines: a study of modern Tangshan urban development 1878- 1948 The development status of Tangshan iron and steel industrial cluster in Xiamen University in 2007 is, Research on Problems and Countermeasures China Business Theory 20 13 Wang Zhaowei Li Ning Cheng Ju Tangshan Iron and Steel Industry Development Status, Causes and Transformation and Upgrading Research Contemporary Economy 20 16 10 Tangshan Statistical Yearbook 20 18 Tangshan Statistical Monthly Report 20 19 September * The content of this article is the author's opinion and does not represent the position of the Earth Knowledge Bureau. The cover picture comes from the idea of saving/drawing worms.