Why did Zhuge Liang leave Qishan six times?

The reasons for Zhuge Liang's six visits to Qishan are as follows:

1, natural factors

Longyou is connected to Qinchuan in the east and to Weihe River along the Silk Road (namely Guanlong Avenue). It is said that the Qinlong Line is connected by lips and teeth, and the south of Tianshui can directly reach Sichuan and Jianghan in Sichuan from Yin Ping Ancient Road and Jianghan Line. Hanzhong and Longyou were the two gates of Shu Han and Cao Wei at that time. Since Hanzhong already exists, if Longyou is taken, the Shu and Han will be attacked from both sides, forming a double attack. If it is a defense, you can stay indoors and keep Cao Bing out. It is also difficult for Cao Wei to realize his eternal dream. Hehuang in the west and desert in the north can be connected with the vast minority areas. Especially after the opening of the Silk Road, this is the first stop from Guanzhong to the western regions. It is much easier to cross Longshan into Qinchuan than Qinling Yin. Topographically, it is located in Liupanshan, which is connected with Huanggu Valley in central Gansu. Weihe River Valley runs through it, and Jialing River and Shui Gu of Western Han Dynasty smoothly entered Sichuan from Gansu. There is the natural barrier of Longshan in the east, the natural barrier of Hehuang in the west and the retreat of Sichuan, Minjiang and Hanjiang in the south. It is a natural garrison.

2. Economic factors

The total area of Tianshui is 14267 square kilometers, with 5.933 million mu of cultivated land and a population of 2.72 million. The average annual runoff of Weihe River and Jialing River is 65.438+28.4 million cubic meters and 547 million cubic meters respectively. Groundwater resources reached 65.438+0.6 billion cubic meters. The aquifer thickness is 4- 15m. The annual precipitation reached 654.38+056 billion cubic meters. Therefore, it is famous for "Tianhe water injection". The annual average temperature is 65438 00.5℃. It is the hottest in July, with the highest temperature of 38.2℃ and the coldest in 65438+ 10. The lowest temperature is-19℃. There are many changes in spring, and spring is often very cold; There is no heat in summer, rain and heat are in the same season, and precipitation is concentrated; The temperature drops rapidly in autumn, which is lower than that in spring, and there are many rainy days. Winter is cold without severe cold, with dry climate, abundant rainfall and abundant water resources. During the Three Kingdoms period, there were few people and abundant grain output, which was a grain depot for providing military grain for the garrison. So there is the story of Zhuge Liang's "going to Gansu Liu Mai". At the same time, it is an oasis on the Loess Plateau, known as "the forest in Longnan" and "the crown of nymphs". The mountainous plain is vast, with lush vegetation, forest coverage rate of 27.42% and woodland area of 874.4 1 10,000 mu. Before the Three Kingdoms, it was a natural pasture with rich water plants. In the 9th century BC, Fei Zi, the father of Qin Dynasty, released his horse for Zhou, which played an important role in the revival of Zhou. Therefore, Tianshui is a treasure-house rich in horses, and it is naturally a good breeding ground for horses needed by Zhuge Liang to cut the Wei front. In addition, the Silk Road has opened up Longyou ancient towns such as Changning Post, Gongmenzhai, Longjiang, Qin Ting, Jieting, Lueyang, Ji Cheng, Xianqin, Qingshui, Mianzhu, Shangguan, Xinyang, Ji Cheng, Luomen, etc. Merchants from the western regions have exchanged trade and the market economy is prosperous. These are all favorable factors for Zhuge Liang to attack Wei.

3. Cultural factors

Tianshui has a long history and is an important place for the development of Chinese culture. It is said that Fu, the ancestor of human civilization, was born here, so it is called "the hometown of Huang Xi". The Book of Changes says: "The ancients cherished the monarch of the family, but looked up to the sky and looked down at the land of France. They regarded the culture of Ulu as suitable for the land, and took the body near and the things far away. Therefore, they started gossip to communicate the virtues of the gods, tied the rope with the love of all things, and fished by tenants." "Supplement to Biography of Historical Records of Huang San" said: "The surname is Feng, following Sui Ren as the heavenly king, and his mother was born in Bixu (now in the water area)." According to the investigation, there are more than 500 prehistoric ancestral settlements on both sides of Weihe River in Tianshui and its tributaries, and 10,000 pieces of cultural relics have been unearthed, some of which are similar to the connotation of Fuxi clan culture, especially the excavation of Qin 'an Dadiwan, Tianshui Shizhao Village, Xishanping and Wushan Fujiamen, which proves that the painted pottery vessels with snake patterns on their heads are completely consistent with the totem worship of Fuxi clan, indicating that there was snake worship in Tianshui and Longyou areas in prehistoric culture. Fuxi family culture is the source of China ancient culture and a great contribution to the future. Fuxi nationality rose in Longyou, then migrated, climbed Longshan, entered Guanzhong and became a disciple of Chen Lun. Continuing eastward along the Weihe River, Chen Zhou was appointed governor (now Wanli). It has played an enlightening role in the civilization of the Chinese nation. Before Fuxi nationality entered the Central Plains, the patriarchal society took Yan Di nationality as its surname. Jiang surname of Yan Di nationality, Ji surname of Huangdi nationality. "Mandarin" says: "The Yellow Emperor was made of water, and the Yan Emperor was made of ginger water". "Jiang" and "Ji" are from "female", which means they are descendants of matrilineal line. Sheep, Jiang and Qiang are all shepherds. "The Emperor's Century" said: "Once upon a time, there was a Shi Jiao married in Shaodian, named Nvdeng, who was a sheep of Huayang and gave birth to the stone chamber of the Dragon Mountain". "Wild West Trail" says: "There is a country with a surname, the grandson of Emperor Yan, named Lingyi, and Lingyi was born with a surname." It shows that the stone man is also a branch of the Qiang people. Then Longyou and Qiang are also descendants of Fu, Shenlong and Xuanyuan. From this perspective, Huang San originated in the west, and then entered the Central Plains because of migration and war, which is the cornerstone of ancient China culture. How can Zhuge Liang, the famous leader, politician and strategist of Jingxiang, ignore this point?

Second, the rise of Emperor Yong Zhou. Unite the western minorities to develop production. Inspired by Fu and innate gossip, he performed the gossip the day after tomorrow, which laid a solid foundation for the Book of Changes. BC 1066, with the assistance of Lu Shang, Jiang, he joined forces with Peng, Pu, Lu, Hui, Shu and Yong, and joined forces with Konoha. Within a month, 700,000 soldiers defected and invaded Chao Ge, leading to the collapse of the corrupt and unpopular Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Gossip theory is a kind of cosmology and dialectics created by our ancestors in production practice. It reveals people's theories and methods of understanding the world, has been guiding various undertakings, is particularly important to military strategic thinking, and has undoubtedly inspired and influenced Jingxiang gentry and intellectuals. Zhuge Liang, as a famous Jing Xiang, must have taught a lot. And he also used it flexibly in later wars.

Third, Longyou is the birthplace of pre-Qin culture. The ancestors of the Qin people were originally the female disciples of Zhuan Xu, the descendant of Levin, the grandson of the Yellow Emperor. The female disciples swallowed the mysterious eggs and gave birth to the great cause (namely Hao Tao). Hao Tao's grandson, Boming, has made more achievements in water control than him, so Shun changed his surname to Won. Fei Da's descendants live in the Yi land in the Central Plains. "In order to assist Yin, they won more surnames and became princes." According to Records of the Historian Qin Benji, during the Yin Zhou Dynasty, among the descendants, "I was in Xirong, free from western intrusion." According to Kuodizhi in the Tang Dynasty, Xiqu is "90 miles southwest of Shangluan County, Qin Zhou". Later generations thought it was the Red River Basin in Lixian County. Non-Chinese Miao descendants live in dog hills and are good at raising horses. Gouling people tell Zhou. Longyou Valley, "Nine Seats and Four Tuned Springs", is a good place for many horses. "Historical Records of Qin Benji" says: "The filial piety Wang Yuexi is the main animal of Shun, and the animal has much interest, so it has soil and is given the surname of Won. Today and after, I will also stop the horse. I am a vassal of the land, the Qin of the city, so that I can continue to win sacrifices. It's called Qin Ying. So in the thirteenth year of Xiaozong, Longyou, which is called the turn of the century, was named a concubine to specialize in herding horses, became a vassal of the Zhou royal family, and built a city for Qin. As the rise and development of Qin State, the fire of Qin Pavilion played a fundamental and beneficial role. Zhou Liwang was corrupt and Xirong rebelled against Qiu Qin. Zhou Xuanwang appointed Qin Zhong, the grandson of Qin Ying, as a doctor to attack Xirong and was killed by Xirong. King Xuan also sent Qin Zhong's five sons to attack Xirong to recover lost ground, and appointed his eldest son Qin Zhuanggong as the doctor of Xirong. Zhou Youwang died in the warlord war. The son of Zhuang led troops to save Zhou, escorted Ping to move to Luoyi, made Xiang Gong a vassal, and gave the land west of Qi to Qin. Since then, the state of Qin has developed to the east of Longshan. In the third year (763 BC), 700 people marched eastward to Wei, then conquered Rong, and their troops soon reached disambiguation. Qin Mugong selected talents, made great efforts to prepare for 20 or 30 years, "benefiting the country for 12 years, exploring Wan Li, and then dominating Xirong". Qin Xiaogong adopted the method of Shang Yang and made great progress. After the sixth expedition, Qin Shihuang made a long-term plan to conquer the six countries in one fell swoop, completed the great cause of the reunification of the motherland, and established the first centralized feudal empire in the history of China. This cannot be said to have no influence on future generations. Can Zhuge Liang 'an not follow Qin Gong's example and enter Qinchuan from Longyou to complete the great cause of reunification?

Fourthly, Xiao Wei, a native of Tianshui, was an official in counties when he was young, and was later accepted as a teacher by Liu Xin, a Buddhist of Wang Mang. Liu Xin returned to his hometown after his death. Wang Mang's perverse behavior aroused national opposition. Wang Kuang and Wang Feng, new citizens, raised the banner of the Greenwood Uprising, and the whole country responded. The ruined aristocrats mingled with the nobles of Nanyang landlords, such as Chen, Lin Jun and so on, and pieced together Fuling soldiers to attend the new town meeting. In a.d. 23, Tianshui people, together with Ji's father, Kui Chong, Kui Rolls for grain, Shangguan and Zhou Zong of Jixian County, called themselves the general of Xizhou in Tianshui. Relying on regional risks, manage Longxi, Wudu, Jincheng, Wuwei, Zhangye, Jiuquan and Guo Huang counties. In the second year of Jianwu (26), Liu Xiuling made him * * * crusade against Gongsun Shu's failure in Sichuan, so he became a vassal in Gongsun Shu, made him King Ning of Shuozhou, and sent reinforcements. So Liu Xiu led his relatives to attack Ban Long. In the spring of the ninth year of Jianwu (33), he died of illness, hunger and grief. When Geng and Cen Peng besieged Xicheng and sealed the city, they wrote to Cen Peng: "If both cities are breached, they can attack from the south. If the people are not satisfied, they will pacify Gansu and look back at Shu. " There is a saying in "A Letter to Geng": "If you want to grow, you can't look at Shu." . It shows that Longyou is indeed a military artery to enter Shu and a barrier to protect Shu. No wonder Zhuge Liang wants to "go out of Qishan six times" and get Shu State and Dragon.

4. Human factors

Longyou is located in Liang Yong, and everyone is tough, good at riding and shooting, martial arts and full of strong fighting capacity. Therefore, the west is cool and the soldiers are strong. So this is a powerful base to supplement troops in battle. Due to this geographical and humanistic feature, many outstanding generals appeared before the Eastern Han Dynasty, among which Qin Lixin, Li Guang and Li Ling were the most famous, and later generals Zhao Chongguo, Li Xin, valiant soldiers and the Western Regions all protected the government. Therefore, in the Western Han Dynasty, there was a proverb that "Kanto is a spectacle and Longxi is a general". Li Guang can be regarded as a big star in the desert of Weizhen in the Western Han Dynasty. Li Xin, the ancestor of the Qin Dynasty, once captured Yan Taizi Dan alive. Li Guang is brave and good at fighting, and apes are good at shooting. Once he mistakenly shot the big stone in the grass as a tiger, and the arrow cluster actually fell into the stone. In the 14th year of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty (169), the Xiongnu sent out140,000 troops to invade the south. Li Guang 18 years old, brave and good at fighting for more than 40 years, won more than 70 games. Zhao Chongguo is a resourceful and calm general with rich military strategies. He can ride well and shoot well, and once quelled the rebellion of Miao people. Attack the Huns and capture the King of Western Qi alive. In the first year of Jue (6 1 BC), Zhao Chongguo, who was in his seventies, supervised the army in the western regions and adopted effective strategies to defeat the Qiang people. And repeatedly wrote the idea of "integrating with agriculture and reclaiming wasteland with soldiers", with excellent results. Ji Xin pretended to be Hanwang in the dispute between Chu and Han, pretending to be crazy and selling stupidity, and was burned to death in Yang. As the protector of the western regions, Yin reconciled all ethnic groups in the western regions, consolidated border villages and promoted the reunification of the motherland. All this and so on. Zhuge Liangbing left Qishan and entered Longyou, which is still an important place to recruit talents and replenish troops.

5. Racial factors

Longyou has lived in Mianzhu, Lu 'an, Hebei, Biandi, Biandi, Qiang and Shandong since the Zhou and Qin Dynasties. Especially from the Eastern Han Dynasty to Cao Wei, Qiang people lived in Wuwei, Anding, Tianshui, Jincheng, Jiuquan and other counties in Liangzhou. Dizuo lives in Wudu, Fufeng and Tianshui counties. There are Xiqiang, Xianbei and South Xiongnu in Hexi. "The History of the Three Kingdoms" quoted the legend of Xirong as saying: "In the recent Jian 'an years, there were more than 10,000 Wang Gui and Wang Yang. "Because this is a place where ethnic minorities live together, Cao Cao has never relaxed his management here. The Biography of the Three Kingdoms Wu Huan said: "In the sixteenth year of Jian 'an (2 1 1), Cao Cao went north to attack Niaohuan and" killed King Wu Huan's tower shield ". In the same year, attack the northwest Qiang area. The History of the Three Kingdoms and Emperor Wudi records: "In the twentieth year of Jian 'an (2 15), people in Tuwudu and Tianshui were attacked. In the twenty-fourth year of Jian 'an (2 19), Tuwu lived in the north of Beijing, Fufeng and Tianshui. It can be seen that Longyou was a multi-ethnic area at that time, and the contradictions between ethnic minorities and the rulers of the Eastern Han Dynasty and Cao Wei were firm and sharp. Zhuge Liang put forward in his book "Long Zhong Dui" that Longyou is suitable under the ethnic policy of "West and Zhu Rong", which is an important reason why Zhuge Liang wants to "leave Qishan six times".

6. Political factors

The politics of the Eastern Han Dynasty was based on the rule of powerful men. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty abolished the system of buying and supervising iron, and allowed private salt and iron to go unchecked, making the powerful and powerful even more powerful. Strong men and bureaucrats are local separatists. Eunuchs and consorts were autocratic, and the Eastern Han regime was tottering, losing the dark corruption that was good for the family. Longyou is the birthplace of Xirong. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty opened the western regions, and the Qiang people outside the region became stronger and stronger, which aroused the rebellion of the Qiang people and more than 40 anti-town wars at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. For example, in the tenth year (34) and eleventh year (35) of Jianwu, Qiang began to fight against it; In the second year of the Central Plains (57), the second year of the founding of the People's Republic of China (77), the second year of Yuanhe (86), the first year of Zhanghe (87) and the ninth year of Yongyuan (97), the Party fought against Dou Gu, Ma Wu, Ma Fang, Geng Lai and Zhang Yi. In particular, "In the first year of Yongchu (107), General Deng Zhi and a captain were appointed as officers in Hanyang (now Gangu) to prepare for Qiang" lasted for 14 years, employing 2.4 million people, spending huge sums of money and food, and countless people were exterminated, with corpses lying everywhere and bones lying on the ground. Since then, wars have continued. It was not until the first year of Jiankang (145) that the Eastern Han Dynasty was ruled by the peasant uprising in the mainland that the war was temporarily suspended. Fan Wenlan's General History of China said, "The war cost more than 80 billion yuan, most of which was swallowed up by officials. 159, the war broke out again. According to the Records of Qinzhou, only in the eighth year of Yongjia (165), Duan Yingxi attacked Qiang and made a big break ... 23,000 people were beheaded, tens of thousands of people were born, and more than 10,000 people were reduced, making it the hometown Hou. " "In the second year of Zhong Ping (185), the general Pei Wen rode to Hanyang, which made Dong Zhuo, the general who broke Lu, send 30 thousand soldiers to win the first place." "In the fourth year of Zhong Ping (187), in the spring and March, Han Sui surrounded Longxi ... and entered Hanyang ... the country of Hanyang people rebelled against it." In the 16th year of Jian 'an (2 1 1), Cao Cao attacked Ma Chao and Han Sui. "In the autumn and July of the eighteenth year of Jian 'an (2 13), Ma Chao led Shuai Hu to attack the counties in Longshang." "In the spring of the 19th year (2 14), Ma Chao led the troops around Qishan, followed by more than 10,000 divisions such as Xingguo and Bai Qing. Xia and Zhang He saved Lushan, and they were defeated ... A hundred hectares of border kings went to Shu, and those who could not go all surrendered. Cao Cao attacked his good generals and divided them into Tianshui and Nan' an counties. " "Twenty-four years (2 15), Cao Caozhao Zhang Lu; ..... Since Hank, Li Tezu has belonged to more than 500 families, worshipped as a general and moved to Lueyang (now Longcheng). " These frequent wars make the Han people levy endlessly, which often puzzles the garrison and expedition in the distance. Since Andi, there have been peasant uprisings everywhere. According to Fan Wenlan's General History of China, there were 67 uprisings before the Yellow turban insurrectionary uprising. The class struggle closely linked the frontier uprising with the peasant uprising. Du Qi, Du Ji, Wang xin and Hanyang Qiang people jointly revolted in Tianshui area. In the great uprising of the frontier, Qiang and Han alliance, local armed forces got rich by suppressing the uprising, while Han Sui, Marten, Ma Chao and Dong Zhuo went their own way. /kloc-in 0/69, Duan Ying only killed 40,000 people, with a total cost of 4.4 billion. I made a fortune. Instead, Huangfugui caressed Qiang, killing 50 or 60 big corrupt officials and more than 100 small corrupt officials, and Qiang people attached more than 200,000. Because they offended officials and were overbearing, they were sent to prison for hard labor. 1972, 23 Han bamboo slips were unearthed in the cold tomb of Liujia Shandong, Weiyang Cross Road, Gangu. The three characters are even more obvious: "On the 28th, the imperial edict of agricultural official Situ Shou went from private to official, and he was fortunate to receive the imperial edict of Yonghe County. On February 1 day, 2006, the ancient Zong Zheng went to the north. " Another cloud said, "On December 12th, the first year of Shenshuo, the ministers of the clan administration died suddenly, and the merchants died suddenly. I want to write the text "March 16, 2003, the magistrate of Shu County made a statement, showing the first chapter and imperial clan". There is another cloud: "Lei Di is guilty and lives on the border. Ask five foreign envoys to rule the homeless legally. Only within the five families, Liu Huai and Liu Gen are not allowed to be above the imperial clan. They are not allowed to be above towns and counties, except the official. Se is like Geng Wu imperial edict soup in Yonghe for six years. "