Collect at least 30 pairs of couplets in "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" for analysis!

1. Couplets in the storyline

Most of the chapter novels arrange some couplets in the storyline, and "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" is no exception. Although there are not many, the whole book 49 pairs have appeared successively. Among them, there are 10 pairs with more than five characters, but both the "Dictionary of Appreciation of Famous Couplets" and the "Dictionary of Chinese Couplets" only include the Guandi Zhou couplets among them.

A. The Ten Couples

"The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" has created three major models, the positive characters Guan Yu and Zhuge Liang, and the negative character Cao Cao. Among them, Guan Yu is extremely righteous, Zhuge Liang is extremely wise, and Cao Cao is extremely treacherous. They are collectively called the "Three Excellents". The 10 couplets described below serve to shape these three typical characters.

1. Inspirational couplet from Liu Guan and Zhang: Work together to rescue the people in danger and report to the country to protect the common people.

This couplet comes from the first chapter of the Taoyuan sworn alliance. Liu, Guan and Zhang prepared sacrifices of black cattle and white horses in Zhang Fei's peach garden. They burned incense and worshiped each other and vowed to become brothers with different surnames based on the above couplets. They did not wish to be born in the same year, the same month and the same day, but only wanted to be born in the same year. Died on the same day of the same month. The general idea is that by uniting in thinking and working together, we can rescue difficulties and support crises; we can serve the country and the country at the top, and stabilize the people at the bottom. The All-China League adopted the technique of duality and self-reflection, "working together" to "rescue the solid and help the crisis", and "reporting to the country" to "secure the common people", which are very stable.

From the 1st chapter of Momota’s sworn alliance to the 83rd chapter of Liu Bei’s revenge against Guan Yu and Zhang Fei against Soochow, the author spent nearly two-thirds of the space writing about the history of loyalty and righteousness of the three people and describing their world. Loyalty echoes this inspirational couplet. In order to follow their mission, Liu, Guan, and Zhang did not hesitate to sacrifice their lives and careers, and truly endured hardships and hardships until death.

2. Couplet of Guandi Temple in Yuquan Mountain

Red face and red heart, riding a red rabbit to beat the wind, never forgetting the Red Emperor when galloping

Viewing the history of history with a green lantern, Standing against the blue dragon and the moon, the hidden place is worthy of the blue sky

This couplet comes from the 77th chapter of Guan Gong's Appearance. After Guan Yu's death, he was enshrined as a god, and he often appeared in Yuquan Mountain to protect the people. The villagers were impressed by his virtues, so they built a temple on the top of the mountain and offered sacrifices at four seasons. Later generations inscribed this couplet in front of the temple. The general idea is: the red face shows sincere loyalty, riding the red rabbit chasing the wind horse, never forgetting that he is a general of the Han Emperor while galloping; studying the history of Qing Dynasty under the green oil lamp, holding the Qinglong Yanyue broadsword, Even in the most secret place of the soul, there is no shameful behavior that can be disrespectful to heaven. This couplet provides a comprehensive summary and evaluation of Guan Yu's appearance, mounts, weapons, hobbies and moral characteristics. The couplet uses the technique of pairing colors with emphasis on words, four reds versus four greens, which is full of fun and memorable.

This couplet strongly praises Guan Yu's loyalty and courage. Reciting the couplet, we can't help but imagine that Guan Yu was in Cao's camp and his heart was in the Han Dynasty. After learning the news about Liu Bei, he put up a seal and sealed the gold to protect Mrs. Gan and Mi. He rode alone for thousands of miles, passed five passes, and beheaded The six generals went directly to Hebei to join Liu Bei. Along the way, Guan Yu paid homage to the two emperor's wives, and often read a book under the lamp every night, etc. A series of scenes.

3. Couplet on the door of Zhuge Thatched Cottage: Indifferent to clarify one's ambitions, tranquility and long-term goals

This couplet comes from Chapter 37 of the Second Visit to Thatched Cottage. Liu, Guan, and Zhang followed the boy into Zhuge Thatched Cottage. When they reached the middle gate, Liu Bei saw a large couplet written on the door. The general idea is: Only by not pursuing fame and fortune and living a simple life can one show one's ambitions; only by not pursuing excitement and being in a peaceful and quiet state of mind can one achieve lofty goals. This couplet reveals Zhuge Liang's noble moral character. There are two sentences in Zhuge Liang's "Book of Commandments": "Without indifference, there is no clear ambition; without tranquility, there is no way to reach far." Originally a negative sentence, the author of the novel replaced the original negative-negative form with an affirmative sentence. , and used as the door couplet of Zhuge Thatched Cottage. But it is still a parallel sentence rather than a dual sentence, and it is extremely disharmonious.

Zhuge Liang’s ambition is shown many times in the book before and after the appearance of this couplet. At the end of Chapter 36, Xu Shu went into the thatched cottage to see Zhuge Liang and told him that he had recommended him to Liu Bei. When Zhuge Liang heard this, he said with a look: "You want me to be a sacrifice for you!" After saying that, he walked in with a flick of his sleeves. In Chapter 38, when Liu Bei asked Zhuge Liang to come out of the mountain, he said: "Liang Ji is happy to farm and hoe. He is too lazy to cope with the world and cannot obey orders." After hearing this, Liu Bei was extremely disappointed and cried: "Sir, if you don't come out, how will you be like the common people?" !" After saying that, tears were streaming down his clothes. Zhuge Liang saw that Liu Bei was "sincere in his intentions", so he agreed that he was "willing to do the hard work of dogs and horses." When setting off the next day, he told his third brother Zhuge Jun that he "could not bear to leave" because of Liu Bei's "three considerations". ”

4. Xu Shukou accounted for the second officer:

① The horse and the unicorn jackdaw and the phoenix

This couplet comes from the 36th chapter of Zouma Jian Zhuge Zhong, Liu Bei After worshiping Xu Shu as his military advisor, Cao Ren led the army to attack Xinye. Xu Shu assisted Liu Bei, causing Cao's army to go north in three battles and was defeated back to Xuchang. Cao Cao used Cheng Yu's plan to deceive the generals, and Xu Shu recommended Zhuge Liang to Liu Bei before leaving. When Liu Bei asked, "How is this man more virtuous than your husband?" Xu Shu responded with this couplet. The general idea is: Compared with him, I am a dwarf, the difference is more than a hundred thousand miles! The antithetical work of the whole couplet is stable, with "驽马" and "jackdaw" as correct form and name pairs, and "Qilin" and "鸾风" as parallel phrases.

② The strategy of being able to escape ghosts and become gods by those who have experienced the world

This couplet comes from the 39th episode of Bowangpo Military Use. Cao Cao ordered Xiahou (忄xiang) to lead 100,000 troops to get a glimpse of the new wilderness. Xu Shu, who entered Cao's camp without saying a word, said that Liu Bei was as powerful as a tiger with Zhuge Liang as his assistant. When Cao Cao asked who Zhuge Liang was, Xu Shu used this couplet to praise his intelligence. The general idea is: Zhuge Liang has the genius to plan the world and the wonderful and superb strategies. The Marquis of Xia (忄xiang) refused to accept, and as a result, Zhuge Liang defeated Cao's army with a fire attack at Bowangpo and forced it to retreat to Xuchang. Cao Cao was frightened and Guan Zhang was convinced.

5. Zhuge Liang’s four oral couplets:

①Although there are thousands of words in his writing, there is really no strategy in his mind

This couplet comes from the 43rd Chapter of Hui Zhan Qun Confucianism. Zhuge Liang went to Jiangdong as an envoy to unite Wu against Cao Cao. Before meeting Sun Quan, he met with more than 20 civil and military officials from Jiangdong in the outer hall. Among them, most of the civil servants, including Zhang Zhao, advocated surrendering to Cao Cao. Knowing Zhuge Liang's intention, they deliberately started a debate in order to make Nuo Ge Liang retreated when he realized the difficulty. Unexpectedly, Nuo Geliang was calm and answered fluently. This couplet is Zhuge Liang's response to Cheng De's statement that he was "laughed by Confucians" and described as a "little man's Confucianism". The general idea is that a villain can only talk but cannot solve a practical problem.

②The appearance of the sunken fish and the falling geese, the appearance of the closed moon and the shy flowers

This couplet comes from the 44th chapter of Zhiji Zhou Yuzhong. Zhou Yu was originally the leader of the battle, but he deliberately pretended to surrender. Lu Su believed it was true and argued with him. Zhuge Liang had already seen through Zhou Yu's thoughts and deliberately said that he would surrender. He also said that one of the reasons why Cao Cao marched with his army was to capture the two beauties from Jiangdong, Da Qiao and Xiao Qiao. Cao Cao was originally a lustful person, but Erqiao's country was so beautiful! Zhuge used this couplet to describe their appearance. The general idea is: It's simply so beautiful! The fish sank to the bottom of the water, the geese landed on the sandbank, the moon hid in the clouds, and the flowers bowed their heads shyly. After Zhou Yu heard this, he scolded Cao Cao for being too deceptive, and then he revealed his true intention. He also hoped that Zhuge Liang would help him defeat Cao's thieves.

③The road guard Rao Yu is a useful man in the battle on the Jinglin River

This couplet comes from the 45th chapter of the battle of wits at Sanjiangkou. Zhou Yu knew that Zhuge Liang had the talent of being a king's assistant, so he asked him to His brother Zhuge Jin persuaded him to abandon Liu Bei and join Soochow, but the result was unsuccessful. Zhou Yu hated Zhuge Liang and wanted to kill him, so he asked Zhuge Liang to go to Jutie Mountain to cut off Cao Cao's food route at starry night. Zhuge Liang happily accepted the promise, and then used Jiangnan nursery rhymes to verbally occupy the first couplet to motivate Zhou Yu. The general idea is: Lu Su and others can only guard the road but cannot fight on water; Zhou Yu can only fight on water near the river but cannot fight on land. Zhou Yu was angered and even led his troops to cut off Cao's food supply. Zhuge Liang laughed and blocked him. A thief is accustomed to cutting off people's food routes all his life, so he must be prepared now. Zhou Yu paused for the first time and said: "This man's knowledge is ten times better than mine."

④ Prepare the nest bow to catch the tiger, arrange the bait to catch the whole fish

This couplet is from Chapter 56 Return to Zhou Yuzhong of Three Qi. Zhou Yu made a false plan to destroy Guo, taking Sichuan in vain but actually taking Jingzhou. Liu Bei asked Zhuge Liang about the timing, and Zhuge Liang took advantage of this couplet. The general idea is: Prepare strong bows and crossbows to capture ferocious tigers, and arrange fragrant baits to catch huge old turtles. The specific content is to order Zhao Yun to lead his troops to stand ready in Jingzhou City. Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Huang Zhong, and Wei Yan surrounded him and shouted in unison: "Capture Zhou Yu alive." Zhou Yu was so angry that his arrow wounds re-opened and he fell from his horse. , gritted his teeth, and was so angry that he really wanted to take Xichuan. Arriving at Baqiu, Liu Feng and Guan Ping led troops upstream to block the waterway. Zhou Li became more and more angry. Suddenly, it was reported that Zhuge Liang had sent someone to deliver a letter. Zhou Yu looked up and sighed: "Since Yu is born, how can Liang be born!" He screamed several times and died. There is a similar couplet at the end of Chapter 24: Preparing the bow and shooting the tiger, arranging scented bait to catch the turtle. In short, through Xu Shu's second couplet and Zhuge Liang's own four couplets, Zhuge Liang's artistic image as the incarnation of wisdom is fully demonstrated. This is an artistic image on which the author has put the most effort and effort.

6. Kong Rong's expressive couplet:

The house is always full of guests, the glass is empty

This couplet comes from the 11th episode of Beihai Rescue of Kong Rongzhong. Kong Rong was a great guest and often recited this couplet to express his feelings. The general idea is: I am extremely hospitable and love my friends. I hope that the house will be filled with friends and guests will welcome the door; the wine glass will not be empty and the aroma of wine will overflow. A glass of wine is often served to reward guests. This couplet shows Kong Rong's interest in making friends and being hospitable. Chapter 23 Kong Rong recommended his good friend Mi Heng to Cao Cao as an envoy to Jingzhou to complain about Liu Biao, and Mi Heng beat drums and scolded Cao Cao. Chapter 40: Cao Cao planned to conquer Liu Biao and Sun Quan in the south, but Kong Rong objected. Cao Cao refused to accept it, and Kong Rong sighed that "even the most unkindness defeats the most benevolent". Langlu reported to Cao Cao secretly and said, "Heng praised Rong and said that Zhongni is not dead, and Rong praised Heng and said that Yan has returned to life. Heng humiliated the prime minister, and Rong made him do it." Cao Cao was furious and ordered Kong Rong to be copied all over his house. cut. This couplet was used in the hymn of later generations quoted in this chapter: "The seats are always full of guests, and the bottles of wine are never empty."

In order to respect Liu and demote Cao, the author of this book did not even arrange a pair for Cao Cao. A decent couplet, even if it is the comment made by outsiders on him, "A capable minister in governing times, a traitor in troubled times", it is not a couplet. But a couplet sentence. In fact, Cao Cao in history, together with his two sons, were all well-known poets and writers.

However, Zhuge Liang, Liu, Guan, Zhang and others, who were not very good at reciting poems and chanting couplets, arranged as many as 6 pairs for them. Adding in the 3 pairs that outsiders rated them, the total is 9 pairs. How clear is the love and hate. also!

B. Four categories of auxiliary couplets

Short couplets of four characters or less are often not regarded as couplets because they are closely integrated with the context, but this should not be the case. The 39 short couplets in the storyline of this book can be roughly divided into four categories: discussing people, narrative, expressing emotions, and understanding.

1. Discussing people: For example, in the 9th chapter, Lu Bu scolded Dong Zhuo for "bullying the emperor and torturing the living beings below"; in the 21st chapter, Liu Bei said Liu Biao was "named the Eight Great Heroes and powerful in all nine states"; Cao Cao called him a great hero. "He has great ambitions and a good plan"; in Chapter 36, Xu's mother called Liu Bei "a humble soldier, respectful to himself and others"; in Chapter 45, Zhou Yu called the debater "a tongue like a sharp blade, and a mouth like a hanging river"; in Chapter 57, Lu Su called Pang Tong "Astronomy is understood above, geography is known below"; in the 64th chapter, Liu Zhang scolded Fazheng as "a traitor seeking glory, ungrateful and treacherous"; in the 80th chapter, Cao Nu said that Cao Cao's "contributions to the whole region and his power shocked the world".

2. Narrative: For example, Cai Mao in Chapter 7, Yuan Shao in Chapter 31, and Lu Chang in Chapter 73 all said, "When troops approach the city, they will be at the edge of the trench." Around Chapter 13, "The spears and knives reflect the sun, and the golden drums vibrate." "Heaven"; in the 20th chapter, Dong Cheng said that Liu Bang "lost Qin in three years and destroyed Chu in five years"; in the 28th chapter, the natives said that Zhang Fei "recruited troops, bought horses, and accumulated grass and grain"; in Chapter 42, Cao Cao said, "Old fish The sea of ????people, letting the tiger return to the mountain"; in the 40th chapter, Kuai Yue said, "foreign troubles are not at peace, but internal troubles will arise"; in the 65th chapter, Li Hui said that Ma Chao "cannot be accommodated in the world, and he has no master"; in the 116th chapter, Zhong Hui said, "every time Mountains make roads, and rivers build bridges."

3. Expression of emotion: For example, in the second chapter, Wang Yun said, "We must support the country and establish the country again"; in the 37th chapter, Cui Zhouping said, "Mediating between the heaven and the earth, and mending the universe"; in the 56th chapter, Cao Cao said, "Spring and Summer" Study, hunt in autumn and winter"; in Chapter 101, Zhuge Liang said, "Sweep out the traitors and restore the Central Plains."

4. Mingli: For example, in the 60th chapter, Liu Bei said: "The mountains of paste never grow old, and the green waters last forever"; in the 70th chapter, Guo Huai said, "Three armies are easy to obtain, but a general is hard to find"; in the 79th chapter, Cao Pi said “Though we are brothers, we share the same righteousness as our ruler and his subjects.” In Chapter 95, Sima Yi said, “Don’t cover up when you return to the army, and don’t pursue the poor bandits. ”

2. Couplets with concise description

In the book, when describing objects and setting off the environment, short and concise couplets are often used to achieve the effect of getting the best with half the effort. This is This kind of couplets has not been mentioned. The reason is similar to the short couplets in the plot mentioned above. There are 71 such couplets in this book. The long ones are eight words and the short ones are three words. They can be roughly divided into characters' appearance. , endoplasm, action and external environment.

1. Appearance: For example, in the first chapter, it is written that Liu Bei's "face is like a crown jade, and his lips are like grease"; it is written that Guan Yu's "danfeng eyes, sleeping silkworm eyebrows". "; "Zhang Fei has a leopard's head and eyes, a swallow's chin and a tiger's beard"; the 10th chapter writes that Ma Chao has "a tiger body with arms, a belly and a wolf's waist"; the 15th chapter writes that Zhou Yu has "a graceful posture and beautiful appearance"; 38 Chapter 53 writes that "Zhuge Liang wears a silk scarf on his head and a crane cloak"; Chapter 53 writes that Wei Yan has "a face as heavy as jujubes and eyes as bright as stars"; Chapter 57 writes that Pang Tong has "thick eyebrows and raised nose, black face and short beard".

2. Internal quality: For example, in the first chapter, it is written that Cao Cao "has plans and many contingency plans"; in the 8th chapter, it is written that Sun Ce "recruits talents from the local people, and he treats others with humiliation"; in the 58th chapter, it is written that Xiliang soldiers "people" People build bravely, and everyone is a hero." Chapter 117 writes that Zhuge Liang's wife "understands astronomy and geography."

3. Actions: For example, in the 5th chapter, it is written that Zhang Fei "opened his round eyes, and the tiger's beard was erect;" in the 20th chapter, it was written that Guan Yu "picked up his lying silkworm eyebrows and opened his red and phoenix eyes"; in the 41st chapter It is written that the people of Jingzhou were "shot with arrows and spears, abandoning men and women"; Chapter 42 is written that Cao Jun's "people surged like a tide, and horses were like landslides"; Chapter 55 was written that the Soochow Army was "powerful like Pegasus, and as fast as meteors"; Chapter 7l It is written back to Zhao Yun that "the whole body is like dancing pear blossoms, and the whole body is full of diversity, like falling snow"; the 87th chapter is written that the Shu army is "hungry for food and thirsty for drink, and they live at night and march at dawn"; the 91st chapter is written that the Shu soldiers are "beating with whips and golden stirrups" "People still sing triumphant songs."

4. Environment: For example, in the 37th chapter, the weather is "bright wind, auspicious snow and falling sky". It writes about the scenery that "the mountains are like clusters of jade and the forests are like silver makeup"; the 41st chapter writes about Xiangyang "flags are planted all over the city, and the trenches are densely covered with antlers"; the 69th chapter writes about the Lantern Festival "Jin Wu can't help it, and the jade scratches without urging", Chapter 9l It is written about Lushui that "the clouds have gathered and the fog has dispersed, the wind is calm and the waves are calm"; the 102nd chapter is written about the Shu army's "drums and horns are noisy in the sky, and the artillery is shaking the ground"; the 103rd chapter is written about the Shu army's "mines do not shake, and firearms have no effect"; Chapter 116 The weather is described as "gentle breeze and drizzle."

The couplets in the chapter structure of chapter novels can be divided into three categories: back-to-back couplets, back-to-end couplets and inserting couplets.

1. Huimu couplets: The book is divided into 120 chapters, and there are 120 Huimu couplets, including 89 seven-character couplets and 31 eight-character couplets. Its function is to indicate the content of the chapter, which is highly general and serves as an outline. These couplets mainly pay attention to contrast and do not take into account the balance. Therefore, the majority of the couplets are neat but the balance is discordant, and there are fewer couplets that are poor in both or both. The confrontation is neat but uneven, such as in Chapter 6, "Dong Zhuo commits an attack by burning the gold palace, and Sun Jian breaks the promise by hiding the jade seal."; The difference between the two is such as "Pang Ling Ming carried the squid to fight to the death, Guan Yunchang released water to flood the seven armies" in Chapter 74; both are the same. A good example is Chapter 49: "Zhuge sacrificed to the wind at the Seven Reclamation Altar, and Zhou Yu set fire to Sanjiangkou."

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2. Coda: The codas of each chapter in the book except Chapter 1 is the Seven Blind Quatrains, Chapter 120 is the Seven-Character Ancient Style, Chapters 4, 6, 12, 13, 16, 48 and so on. In addition to two seven-character poems, the remaining 112 chapters are all seven-character couplets, which are all introduced by the word "zheng". The function of the last couplet is generally to summarize and summarize the above. Some echo with the Huimu couplets; the second is transition and reminder of the following; some Huimu couplets express the author’s comments or exclamations about the plot or characters. For example, in Chapter 8, “The anger is soaring to the sky, and the fat body is falling to the ground. "Dui" summarizes Dong Zhuo's anger because Lu Bu and Diao Chan were together, and he hurriedly chased him and was knocked down by someone. Chapter 2 "Ou Chujun was surrounded by people in the night. "You must listen to the advice of the wise men in the court" leads to Cao Cao's words to He Jin; Chapter 3: "Ding Yuan died first because of his righteousness, and Yuan Shao was in danger of competing for the front." "It not only summarizes the above article that Ding Yuan was killed by Lu Bu, but also leads to the following article about Yuan Shao's return to Jizhou from Beijing; the 27th chapter "Six strokes blocked the pass and the disciples were killed, and an army blocked the road and fought again" not only summarizes the above article but six generals were killed by Guan Yu along the way. It leads to the following text: Xiahou (Xianxiang), a group of people and horses arrived, and also echoed the couplet "The beautiful bearded man rode alone for thousands of miles, and the Hou Hou of Han Dynasty killed six generals in five passes"; the 100th chapter "It is difficult to win when you encounter an opponent in chess, but you will encounter a good talent." "Don't dare to be arrogant" is the lament that Zhuge Liang used the method of reducing troops and adding more firepower to deceive Sima Yi and retreat safely to Hanzhong.

3. Inserting couplets: In the process of narrating the plot of the story, insert a couplet or comment , or sighing, praising, or denouncing; it is also introduced with "zheng". There are two pairs in the whole book: Chapter 16 shooting a halberd at the camp gate, after Lu Bu nocks an arrow and pulls the bow, insert "the bow opens like the autumn moon moving across the sky, "The arrows are like shooting stars falling to the ground" praising Lu Bu for his strong body and miraculous shooting skills; in Chapter 42, during the riot at Changban Bridge, Xia Houjie was so shocked by Zhang Fei's shouts that his liver and gallbladder were shattered, and he was knocked down by his horse. Cao Cao's entire army turned around After escaping, he inserted "A child with a yellow mouth cannot hear the sound of thunder; a sick man cannot hear the roar of tigers and leopards" to praise Zhang Fei's heroism.