The weather in Tingsiqiao Town

1. The root of the British Opium War: In the first half of the 9th century, in order to open the China market, promote industrial products and plunder cheap industrial raw materials, the direct reason for smuggling opium to China was to reverse the trade deficit.

2. 1839, Lin zexu was sent to Guangzhou by Daoguang Emperor to ban smoking, conduct unannounced visits and secret investigations, arrest cigarette dealers and collect opium. In June, opium was destroyed in Humentan, which was a great victory of China people's anti-smoking struggle and showed the strong will of the Chinese nation against foreign aggression. Lin Zexu, who led this struggle, became a national hero, and this activity became the fuse of the Opium War.

3. 1840- 1842, the first opium war broke out. After the Opium War, China gradually became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, which was the beginning of the modern history of China.

4. 1856- 1860 The British and French allied forces launched the Second Opium War to further open the China market. After occupying Beijing, they burned the Yuanmingyuan.

5. Before and after the Second Opium War, Russia forced the Qing government to sign a series of unequal treaties and occupied the territory of northeast and northwest China1500,000 square kilometers (combined with the table on page 8 and the picture on page 9).

6.1851-1864 Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, 1853 occupied Nanjing another day, made its capital, and established a regime against the Qing Dynasty. In order to overthrow the rule of the Qing Dynasty, troops were sent to the Northern Expedition and the Western Expedition.

7. As an imperial envoy, Zuo adopted the strategy of "going north first, then going south, and slowly advancing into urgent battle" to recover Xinjiang. In order to strengthen the management and defense of the northwest frontier, the Qing government established a province in Xinjiang in 1884.

8. 1894- 1895 After the defeat of the Qing government in the Sino-Japanese War, the treaty of shimonoseki was signed with Japan, which greatly deepened the degree of semi-colonization of China.

9. 1900 Spring, the Boxer Rebellion was aimed at imperialist aggression.

10. 190 1 year, the Qing government was forced to sign the treaty of mourning for ugliness with the eight countries, which increased the newborn burden of China people and seriously damaged China's sovereignty. Since then, the Qing government has completely become a tool for imperialism to rule China, and China has completely become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

11.65438+1960s-1990s, westernization? B style='color: black; Background color: # A0FFFF'> Break your arm? In the early days of the Westernization Movement, with the slogan of "self-improvement" and the introduction of advanced western production technology, a number of modern military industries such as Anqing Inner Ordnance Institute, Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration and Fuzhou Shipbuilding Bureau were established. Later, under the slogan of "seeking wealth", some civilian industries were set up, such as China Merchants Bureau founded by Li Hongzhang in Shanghai, Hanyang Iron Works founded by Zhang Zhidong, and Hubei Textile Layout. Construction began in the 1970s and 1980s.

12. Evaluate the Westernization Movement (the content is on page 30, focusing on it)

13.1In the spring of 895, Kang Youwei's "Letter to the Bus" kicked off the political reform.

14.18 From June to September, 1998, Emperor Guangxu issued a series of decrees, the content of which was (P33): It is required to master from five aspects: politics, economy, military affairs, education and ideology.

In 15. 1894, Sun Yat-sen organized a revolutionary group, the Zhong Xing Society. 1905, a unified revolutionary organization with Sun Yat-sen as the prime minister was established, and the revolutionary program of overthrowing the Qing Dynasty, abolishing the absolute monarchy, establishing a democratic country and reforming the land system was adopted. Its establishment greatly promoted the bourgeois democratic revolutionary movement throughout the country.

16.1911The Revolution of 1911 overthrew the rule of the Qing Dynasty, ended the feudal monarchy in China for more than 2,000 years, and made democracy and ideas deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. However, the achievements of the Revolution of 1911 were stolen by Yuan Shikai, a northern warlord, and failed to complete the task of anti-imperialism and feudalism.

17. 19 15, Chen Duxiu and other intellectuals held high the two banners of "democracy" and "science", took New Youth magazine as the main position, launched a new culture movement, and attacked Zun Kong with four main ideas and four oppositions as the main content, thus setting off a trend of ideological emancipation in society.

18. 19 18 Li Dazhao published two articles, The Victory of the Common People and The Victory of Bolshevism, to promote Marxism.

19. The New Culture Movement is an unprecedented ideological emancipation movement in the history of our country. It inspires people to pursue democracy and science, explores the truth of saving the country and the people, and creates conditions for the spread of Marxism in China. However, the New Culture Movement also showed absolute negative or positive bias towards the eastern and western cultures, and had an impact on later generations.

20.1965438+On May 4th, 2009, students from Peking University and other schools held demonstrations, demanding "fighting for sovereignty from outside and getting rid of national thieves from inside", canceling "Article 21", opposing signing a "peace treaty" with Germany and punishing traitors, which was suppressed by the Beiyang warlord government. In early June, Shanghai workers went on strike and businessmen went on strike to support the students' struggle. Cao Rulin and other traitors were dismissed, and they refused to sign the peace treaty. The May 4th Movement achieved initial victory. The May 4th Patriotic Movement was a patriotic movement that was thoroughly anti-imperialist and anti-feudal, and it was the beginning of China's new-democratic revolution.

21.1921The party's program was adopted at the first national congress held in Shanghai in July, and the party's goal was to overthrow the bourgeois regime, establish the dictatorship of the proletariat, and realize capitalism. The central task is to lead the workers' movement.

22. 1922, the second national congress of communist party, China, decided that the party's democratic revolutionary program is to overthrow warlords, overthrow imperialist oppression and establish a democratic Republic. This is the first time that China put forward a thorough anti-imperialist and anti-feudal democratic revolutionary program.

Huangpu Military Academy was founded on 23rd.1924, with Zhou Enlai as the principal, and trained a large number of military and political talents.

24. 1926, Guangdong National Government's Northern Expedition, aimed at overthrowing the rule of Beiyang warlords and unifying the whole country; Object: Wu, Sun and Zhang; Main battlefields: Hunan and Hubei; Main battles: Tingsi Bridge, and Sheng Qiao; Destroyed Wu's main force in the battlefield between the two lakes; Less than half a year after his graduation, the Northern Expeditionary Army moved from the Pearl River Valley to the Yangtze River Valley, and the National Government moved from Guangzhou to Wuhan.

25. 1927 In April, Chiang Kai-shek rebelled against the revolution and established the "National Government" in Nanjing. It represents the interests of the big landlords and the big bourgeoisie, takes refuge in imperialism abroad and suppresses the people's revolutionary movement at home.

26. 1.0927 In August, Zhou Enlai, He Long, Zhu De and others led the Nanchang Uprising and fired the first shot of armed resistance against the Kuomintang reactionaries.

27.1In September, 927, Mao Zedong led the Autumn Harvest Uprising, launched an attack on the weak rural areas of the enemy, and established the first rural revolutionary base area in China: Jinggangshan Revolutionary Base Area. Nanchang Uprising and Autumn Harvest Uprising were the beginning of China's independent leadership of the revolutionary war, the establishment of the people's army and the establishment of rural revolutionary base areas.

28. 1934 10 to 1936 10 After the failure to crush the enemy's fifth "encirclement and suppression", the Chinese Red Army of Workers and Peasants was forced to make a strategic shift and make a long March.

29. 1.935 1 month, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held a Zunyi meeting, which solved the military and organizational mistakes of Bo Gukai and others, canceled the military command of Bo Gukai and others, and affirmed Mao Zedong's correct proposition. It was decided that Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai would be in charge of military command. Zunyi Conference established the correct leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Mao Zedong at the core. This meeting saved the party, the Red Army and the revolution, and it was the party's.

On the way to the Long March, we crossed the Jinsha River and jumped out of the encirclement of the enemy. 1936, 10 In June, the Red Second Army and the Red Fourth Army won and joined forces with the Red Army, announcing the end of the Long March victory. The victory of the Long March shattered the Kuomintang's reaction? B style='color: black; Background color: # A0FFFF'> Are you going? Hey? Sodium? Preserved the backbone of the Party and the Red Army, and turned the China revolution into safety.

3 1. 193 1 September 18th Incident broke out, and Chiang Kai-shek demanded that Zhang Xueliang stationed in the northeast implement a policy of non-resistance, so that more than one million square kilometers of land in the three northeastern provinces fell into the enemy's hands in less than half a year. The people of the whole country opposed Chiang Kai-shek's policy of non-resistance and demanded to stop the civil war and resist Japanese aggression. The northeast people and some Northeast Army units organized anti-Japanese volunteers to resist Japanese aggression.

32. After the September 18th Incident, China put forward the idea of establishing a national anti-Japanese national united front, demanding that the National Government stop the civil war and unite against Japan. Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng accepted China's * * *, and launched the "Xi Incident" in June1938+February 12 to force Jiang to resist Japan.

33. 1937 The Japanese army launched an attack on the defenders of China at Lugouqiao, which created the July 7th Incident and the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression of China people broke out in an all-round way. In the incident, Tong and Zhao died for their country and fell one after another, and the anti-Japanese national United front was formally established.

34.1937 65438+In February, the Japanese army occupied Nanjing and created the Nanjing Massacre. In six weeks, more than 300,000 China residents were massacred.

35. During the all-round Anti-Japanese War, the Eighth Route Army led by Zhong * * * won the "Pingxingguan Great Victory", which was the first great victory since the Anti-Japanese War. In order to smash the enemy's "cage" policy, 1940 organized a Hundred Regiments War under Peng's command in August, which was the biggest battle for China's army to take the initiative to attack the Japanese army during the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period. In the spring of 1938, the Kuomintang army won a total victory in Taierzhuang.

36. On the eve of the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the 7th Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) was held in Yan 'an in April 1945. The congress mainly discussed the major issues of what road China will take after winning the victory in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. Formulated the party's political line: mobilize the masses freely, defeat the Japanese aggressors, liberate the people of the whole country, and establish a new-democratic China under the leadership of the China Communist Party.

37.1August, 1945 15, Japan announced its unconditional surrender, which marked War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's final victory.

After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Chiang Kai-shek, with the support of the United States, plotted to launch a civil war against the people. In order to gain more time to prepare for the civil war and deceive the people, Mao Zedong was invited to Chongqing for negotiations. From August +0945 to August +65438 10, Mao Zedong, accompanied by Zhou Enlai and Wang Luofei, negotiated with the Kuomintang and finally reached a peaceful founding of the country.

39. 1946 In June, Chiang Kai-shek tore up the October 10th Agreement and launched an attack on the Central Plains Liberated Area, marking the outbreak of all-out civil war.

40.1In the summer of 947, Liu Bocheng and Deng Xiaoping led troops into Dabie Mountain, threatening Nanjing and Wuhan, marking the beginning of the strategic counterattack.

From April 1.1September 1948 to June 1949 and1year, the PLA launched three major campaigns: Liaoshen, Huaihai and Ping Jin. The victory of the Huaihai Campaign laid the foundation for the liberation of the provinces in the south of the Yangtze River (Chen Yi once said that the Huaihai Campaign was launched by people driving a car), and the whole territory of North China was basically liberated. 49660.88666 (master P98 map) The victory of the three major battles wiped out and reorganized more than1500,000 Kuomintang troops, and the main force of the Kuomintang army was basically eliminated, which greatly accelerated the victory of the national people's liberation war.

42.1On April 23rd, 949, the People's Liberation Army occupied Nanking, which marked the collapse of the Kuomintang regime that had ruled China for 22 years.

After the treaty of shimonoseki was signed, when the Chinese nation faced a serious national crisis, Zhang Jian, the number one industrialist, put forward the slogan of "saving the country through industry". He founded a series of enterprises, such as Sheng Da Cotton Mill, as well as schools and charities. During World War I, because imperialism relaxed its oppression on China's national capital, enterprises got further development, but they were annexed after the war.

44. The most famous newspaper in China is Shenbao, and 1872 was founded in Shanghai. Founded in Shanghai, the Commercial Press 1897 is the oldest and largest cultural publishing institution in modern China.

45. 1909, Zhan Tianyou presided over the construction of the Jing-Zhang Railway, which was the first railway designed and built by China people themselves? B style='color: black; Background color: # A0FFFF'> Are you going?

46. Hou, who unveiled the mystery of alkali production, wrote the book "Alkali Production", and its alkali production method was named "Hou's Alkali Production Method".

47. Wei Yuan and Yan Fu are the representatives of thinkers who opened their eyes to see the world in modern times. Wei Yuan compiled a book "Atlas of Sea Countries", which systematically introduced the history and geography of Southeast Asia, Europe and the United States, and explained that the purpose of compilation was to "learn from foreigners and master their skills to control foreigners". Yan Fu was an enlightenment thinker during the Reform Movement of 1898. He translated the theory of natural evolution and expounded that "natural selection is the only way to survive"

48. During the Reform Movement of 1898, Shi Jing University was founded, which was the highest institution established by the first country in modern China.

49.6438+0905 The Qing government announced the abolition of the imperial examination system that had been used for more than 300 years.

50. Lu Xun's representative works include Diary of a Madman and Kong Yiji. Xu Beihong's representative works include Yu Gong Yi Shan and so on. Nie Er, known as the people's musician, is march of the volunteers and Xian Xinghai is the Yellow River Chorus.

geography

Great motherland: People's Republic of China (PRC) is located in the east of Asia and the west bank of the Pacific Ocean. ? Including land and sea.

Vast territory: land rights: ① vast territory ② land boundary ③ land neighbors 14.

Maritime power: ① vast sea area; ② Long coastline; ③ Six countries facing each other across the sea.

Northernmost: Mohe 54 degrees north latitude; Eastmost: East longitude 135 degrees at the intersection of Heilongjiang and Wusuli River. Southmost point: Zengmu shoal is at 4 degrees north latitude. West: Pamirs 73 degrees east longitude.

China has a vast territory, with a total land area of about 9.6 million square kilometers, which is almost equivalent to the whole area of Europe. It ranks third among countries in the world and is a country with a large area in the world.

China is an important maritime power in the world, with a coastline of over18,000 kilometers, which is one of the longest countries in the world. There are more than 6,500 islands with a sea area of over 500 square meters in China. The width of China's territorial sea is 22.22km (12 nautical mile). The sea area under the jurisdiction of China is about 3 million square kilometers.

There are many neighboring countries: China has a long land border, reaching 20,000 square kilometers, and there are 14 neighboring countries (Mandarin): eastern Korea, northern Mongolia, northeastern and northwestern Russia; Hajita Aba in the west; Danny in southwestern India; There are Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam in the south. There are six countries across the sea: Indonesia, Malaysia, Wen Fei, Japan and South Korea.

Historical administrative divisions: current administrative divisions: China's current administrative divisions are basically divided into three levels: provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government), counties (autonomous counties and county-level cities) and towns (townships). There are 34 provincial administrative units in China, including 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities directly under the Central Government and 2 special administrative regions, namely Hongkong and Macau.

Taiwan Province Province is an inalienable and sacred territory of our country.

Names, abbreviations and administrative centers of 34 provincial administrative units

The first in the world: the fifth census: the total population of China is 6543.8+29.5 million. The current population is 654.38+0.3 billion.

Rapid growth: uneven distribution: Tengchong Mohe, China population density.

Characteristics of multi-group and minority groups

The eastern region has a large population; Coastal, river and lake areas have a large population; The plains and basins have a large population; Areas with developed economy and transportation have a large population; Areas with dense towns and developed industries have a large population; The Han area has a large population. The western region has a small population; The arid desert area has a small population; The population in mountainous areas and plateaus is small; Remote farming and pastoral areas have a small population; Remote farming and pastoral areas have a small population; Most ethnic minority areas have a small population.

China's population policy: it is a long-term basic national policy to implement family planning, control population and improve population quality.

1.4 population of China:

56 Ethnic Groups: China is a unified multi-ethnic family with 56 ethnic groups including Han, Zhuang, Mongolian, Hui, Tibetan, Uygur and Miao. The Han nationality has a large population, which is close to 92% of the total population in China. Other ethnic groups account for only 8% of the population and are called ethnic minorities.

Large mixed communities and small settlements: Han nationality is the most widely distributed, mainly concentrated in the east and middle. Ethnic minorities are mainly distributed in the southwest, northwest and northeast. There are ethnic minorities living in Han areas, and there are also Han people living in ethnic minority areas.

Ethnic customs: Mongolian Nadam Congress; Yunnan Dai water splashing festival; Dragon Boat Festival in China.

The terrain is high in the west and low in the east: it is stepped. The mountains are staggered; Mountain situation:

East-west trend: Tianshan, Yinshan, Kunlun, Qinling and Nanling; North-south trend: Helan Mountain, Liupan Mountain and Hengduan Mountain. Northeast and Southwest: Daxinganling, Taihang Mountain, Wushan Mountain, Xuefeng Mountain, Changbai Mountain, Wuyishan Mountain, Taiwan Province Mountain and Yushan Mountain. Northwest and southeast strike: Altai Mountain and Qilian Mountain; Arc strike: Himalayas.

Five Mountains in China: Mount Tai and Dongyue; Xiyue Huashan; Hengshan Mountain in Nanyue; Mount Hengshan in Beiyue; Zhongyueshan

The terrain is complex and diverse: China's terrain is high in the west and low in the east, showing a stepped distribution. The criss-crossing mountains and complex and diverse terrain provide us with rich and colorful natural landscapes, and the production activities and lifestyles in different parts of the motherland are different. Four plateaus: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: the highest plateau in the world, known as the "roof of the world". The mountains are covered with snow all year round, and glaciers crisscross. Inner Mongolia Plateau: The plateau is flat and open, and there are many deserts, Gobi and fertile grasslands in the east and middle of the northwest. Loess Plateau: Loess is the most widely distributed area in the world.

Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau: Most of the plateau is rugged and limestone is widely distributed.

Great basin: Tarim Basin: the largest inland basin in China. Among them is the Taklimakan Desert, the largest desert in China. Junggar Basin: China's second great basin. Qaidam Basin: Known as the "cornucopia".

Sichuan Basin: It is called "Purple Basin". The famous Chengdu Plain is located in the west of the basin, with developed agriculture and rich products, and is known as the "land of abundance".

Three plains: Northeast Plain: Black soil covers a vast area. North China Plain: The terrain is low and flat, and the ground slope is very small.

The plain in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River: China's famous "land of plenty".

The climate is complex and diverse: the climate is complex and diverse: in winter, the temperature difference between north and south is large, the south is warm, and the farther north, the lower the temperature. In summer, the temperature in the north and south is generally high. The climate types in China are divided into temperate monsoon climate, subtropical monsoon climate, tropical monsoon climate, temperate continental climate and plateau alpine climate.

Remarkable monsoon climate: Although there are various types of climate in China, the monsoon climate is remarkable, with the widest monsoon climate area.

The influence of monsoon is the main reason for the uneven distribution of precipitation in time and space. Mainland characteristics.

Many special weather: mainly cold wave, plum rain, typhoon, sandstorm and so on. Many droughts and floods. Flood is a natural disaster with frequent occurrence and serious losses in China. Drought is a kind of climate disaster which has the greatest influence, the most common and the widest distribution on agricultural production in China.

The outflow area is the main area: the basin refers to the area where rivers or water systems are concentrated. Water system refers to the water flow system composed of all rivers, lakes, swamps and underground rivers in the basin. Rivers where surface and underground runoff finally flow into the ocean are called outflow rivers. The distribution area of outflow river becomes outflow area. Rivers that eventually do not flow into the ocean, that is, rivers that flow into inland lakes or disappear into the desert, are called inland rivers. The area where inland rivers are distributed is called the internal flow area.

The hydrological characteristics of the outflow rivers in China are deeply influenced by the monsoon climate. With the Qinling Mountains? The Huaihe River is the boundary, and the rivers in the south area flow through the humid area, which is rich in water. Northern rivers flow through semi-humid or semi-arid areas.

Compared with the outflow river, the hydrological characteristics of inland rivers in China are obviously different. The largest freshwater lake in China is Poyang Lake. Rolling Yangtze River: The Yangtze River originates in Tanggula, its main stream flows through Qinghai-Tibet and other provinces 1 1 and finally flows into the East China Sea, with a total length of 6,300 kilometers, making it the longest river in China and the third longest river in the world. Upstream: source Yichang; Middle reaches: Hukou, Yichang, Jiangxi; Downstream: estuary of Jiangxi Lake. The middle reaches are called "nine-curved ileum".

Yellow River: The Yellow River is the second longest river in China and one of the world famous rivers. Originated in Bayan Kara, it flows into 9 provinces and regions such as Qinghai and Sichuan, and flows into Bohai Sea, with a total length of 5,464 kilometers.

What are natural resources? Natural resources are substances and energy that exist in nature and can provide welfare for human beings.

It mainly includes climate resources, water resources, land resources, biological resources, mineral resources and marine resources.

Characteristics of natural resources: The concept of natural resources is not immutable. In nature, the amount of natural resources is huge, but it is limited. The quality of natural resources varies from region to region. China's natural resources are second only to the United States and Russia. Restricted by some reasons, the distribution of natural resources has certain regularity, but its regional distribution is generally uniform. The situation of natural resources is constantly changing.

Land resources in China * World Land Day on June 25th * Land is the stage for human life and production activities.

"More people and less land" is the basic national condition of our country. Complete types: China's land resources are complete, forming a variety of land types such as cultivated land, woodland and grassland, which is conducive to adapting to local conditions. China's vast grassland area ranks among the top in the world, which provides better resource conditions for the development of animal husbandry. China is a Shaolin country. The cultivated land area in China is less than 1 100 million hectares. Land types in China: cultivated land, desert, woodland, grassland, Gobi, alpine desert and rocky mountain. The regional differences are obvious: the spatial distribution of land resources in China is unbalanced, and the regional differences of land productivity are obvious. The natural forests in China are mainly distributed in the mountainous areas of northeast, southwest and southeast, mostly artificial forests and secondary forests. The grasslands in China are mainly distributed in eastern Inner Mongolia and the eastern and southern parts of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The quality of land resources in different regions of China varies greatly. There is plenty of sunshine and heat in the northwest inland, but it is dry and rainy, and the water is insufficient, mainly grasslands and deserts. Cherish every inch of land:

Water resources in China * * * World Water Day on March 22nd * * *

Disparity in regional distribution: the total amount of water resources in China is quite large, but the per capita possession is very low, which is about 1/4 of the world's per capita water. Uneven time distribution: the time distribution of water resources in China is characterized by more summer and autumn, less winter and spring, and the actual change is great. Rational use of every drop of water: due to the uneven distribution of water resources in China, we must see the inter-basin water transfer project to make rational use of water resources. * * * Diversion from Yellow River to Qinghai * * * South-to-North Water Transfer Project * * *

Diversity of biological resources: China is rich in marine biological resources, with more than 20,000 species, including more than 3,000 species of fish and more than 70 species of main economic fish. Pseudosciaena crocea, Pseudosciaena crocea, hairtail and squid are the four famous seafood in China.

Rich mineral resources: China's coastal continental shelf is rich in oil and natural gas. China coastal placer reserves are very rich. Huge chemical resources: China's marine production is developing rapidly. Protecting the "blue land": China has made great achievements in the development and utilization of marine resources, but it also faces some serious problems.

Huaihe River in Qinling Mountains: The Qinling Mountains span the central part of China, stretching for 500 kilometers from east to west, with a width of 100- 150 kilometers from north to south and an altitude of 1500-2500 meters. The Huaihe River originates from Tongbai Mountain, flows eastward through Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu and other provinces into Hongze Lake, and then flows into the Yangtze River through Gaoyou Hunan.

Geographical significance of Huaihe River Line in Qinling Mountains: In the process of learning geography, geographical areas and geographical boundaries are very important. Geographical regions reflect the geographical similarity within regions, and geographical boundaries reflect the differences between regions.

Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River are important geographical boundaries in eastern China. On its north and south sides, there are significant differences in natural environment, geographical landscape and residents' production and living habits.

Page 77 Qinling Mountains? Qinling mountains north of Huaihe line? South of Huaihe River

Four geographical regions: northern region, southern region, Qinghai-Tibet region and northwest region. The dividing line between north and south is Qinling and Huaihe River. The dividing line between the north and the northwest is the annual precipitation line of 400 mm. The boundary between Qinghai-Tibet and Northwest China is the boundary of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The boundary between the Qinghai-Tibet region and the southern region is the boundary of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Northern area: Overview: The northern area refers to the area north of the Huaihe River in the Qinling Mountains in northeast China, accounting for about 20% of the country's total area and 40% of the country's population. Northeast Plain, North China Plain and Wei Fen Plain are important agricultural areas in China. Culture: The northern region has a long history and culture, many scenic spots and historical sites, and rich cultural tourism resources.

Crops: spring wheat, corn, sorghum, soybean, potato, beet, etc. Temperate fruits: apples, pears, peaches, apricots, persimmons, dates, grapes, etc. Minerals: coal, iron, oil, etc.

Southern region: refers to the region south of Huaihe River in Qinling Mountains and east of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China, including the plain in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The southern coastal area and the southwest area are three unusual areas. The area accounts for about 1/4 of the whole country, and the population accounts for about 55% of the whole country. There are more than 30 ethnic minorities in the west of this area, and Yunnan Province is the province with the largest number of ethnic minorities in China. Topography: The terrain in this area is high in the west and low in the east, with plains, basins, plateaus and hills interlaced. There are many rivers and lakes in the plain area, and the water network is vertical and horizontal, which has typical characteristics of southern water towns. Crops: rice, pigs, oranges, tea, silkworms, sugar cane, aquatic products and tropical crops. Minerals: copper mine, tungsten mine, mercury mine, tin mine, antimony mine, lead-zinc mine.

Qinghai-Tibet Region: Overview: Qinghai-Tibet Region mainly includes Xizang Autonomous Region, Qinghai Province and western Sichuan Province, accounting for about 25% of the country's total area, and its population only accounts for about 1% of the country's total. The main body of the Qinghai-Tibet region is the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which is called the "roof of the world". Crops: highland barley, peas, wheat, rape. Religion: Tibetan Buddhism. Terrain: Mountains crisscross, glaciers are widely distributed, and transportation is very difficult. Highway: Sichuan-Tibet, Qinghai-Tibet, Xinjiang-Tibet, Yunnan-Tibet and China-Nepal.

Northwest China: Located on the Great Wall? Qilian Mountain? Altun Mountain? To the north of the Kunlun Line, the area accounts for about 30% of the whole country, and the population accounts for about 4% of the whole country. Ethnic minorities: Mongolian, Hui, Uygur, Kazak, etc. Crops in pastoral areas: meat, milk, skin, wool, etc. Mineral resources: rare earth ore, nickel ore, coal, oil and lignite.

***4.5 Supplementary Summary * * *

Northern region, southern region, northwest region, Qinghai-Tibet region

Topographic elements

Plateau and plain are the main basins, plains, plateaus and hills with the highest altitude.

Climatic characteristics Summer: high temperature and rainy winter: cold and dry, sufficient water and heat, sufficient sunshine, low temperature and dry, sufficient sunshine.

The main rivers are the Yellow River, the Yangtze River in Heilongjiang, the Yangtze River in Pearl River and the Tarim River at the source of the Yellow River.

The main minerals are coal, iron, petroleum, non-ferrous metal potassium salt, petroleum coal and petroleum.

The main crops are wheat, rice and sugar beet.