Why is a bronze age tomb called the sorrow of grave robbers?

It was an ancient time that was still in the stage of bronze civilization, but it developed amazing tomb-robbing technology. A 2000-year-old Chu tomb in the Spring and Autumn Period shows us the wisdom of the ancients. The heavy barriers in the tomb made the grave robbers look at each other and cry. After several excavations in two thousand years, it has never been broken by intruders. The tomb of Shangcai Chu in Zhumadian City, Henan Province has been visited by grave robbers since the Warring States Period. However, over the past two thousand years, grave robbers have dug graves for more than ten times without success. What strange anti-theft technology has prevented grave robbery again and again? The archaeological team found several bones when cleaning the top and periphery of the tomb. These bones are rolled sideways. Are they grave robbers? Why was the ancient tomb built on the ruins of a village? Who is its owner? Another tomb was found 23 meters away from the tomb. Who is its owner? What is the relationship with the owner of Tomb No.1? Strange anti-theft tactics 65438 One night in February 2004, a dull explosion sounded in the dark winter night in guo zhuang cun, Shangcai County, Henan Province, which woke people from their sleep. Early the next morning, the police station received a report from the masses and went straight to Dadugangzi, guo zhuang cun. At the scene, the police found an explosion hole about 4 meters in diameter. Judging from the numerous local ancient tombs and frequent grave robberies, this should be a hole blasted by grave robbers. The locals call this big mound Tsukiko, but the old people call it Bengcun. Because every time it rains heavily, the soil on the mound will fall off. A few years ago, around this "moon", some kilns also dug out some patterned tiles when burning bricks to borrow soil. However, the villagers never thought that there would be an ancient tomb under the "moon" that they had long been accustomed to. In the past, cultural relics surveys once said that this place was the site of Shang and Zhou Dynasties. In fact, it was first discovered that there were ancient tombs or grave robbers below. The county cultural management office immediately organized experts to drill and found a big tomb hidden under Tugangzi. People were surprised and angry when they saw the grave robbers holding a battle with naked fire and openly robbing, and they made an urgent report to the cultural relics department of Henan Province. In May, 2005, with the approval of National Cultural Heritage Administration, Henan Institute of Archaeology set up an archaeological team headed by Associate Researcher Ma, and started the rescue excavation of Guo Zhuang's tomb. When the remaining two meters of soil on the ground was uncovered, people understood why it had been designated as a Shang and Zhou cultural site in the cultural relics survey for many years. Because the filler in this grave is very strange. Generally, the soil in tombs is evenly filled, but the soil seal in this tomb is divided into three layers and four small layers, the upper layer is black, the middle layer is red and the lower layer is black. This situation generally occurs when large houses and high-rise buildings in ancient times are discovered. The fact that the grave is closed really creates the illusion that there is no grave underground. Regardless of whether the grave robbers intentionally imitated the appearance of the site in those days, the huge earth-sealing piles objectively played an anti-theft role, which even puzzled professional exploration workers. Most of the tombs before the Warring States period were flat tombs, which were not sealed and could not be seen from the surface, so there was no need to guard against theft. After the Warring States period, a large number of civil tombs were sealed, and the wind of grave robbery prevailed, so the contest between grave builders and grave robbers began. Luoyang shovel, widely used in field archaeology in China, was invented by a grave robber named Li Yazi. Luoyang shovel is different from other shovels, it is semi-cylindrical. After being fitted with tough wax wooden poles, it can be driven into the ground for more than ten meters. After being lifted, the inner surface of the shovel head will bring out a bucket of soil. By distinguishing the structure, color, density and inclusion of soil, we can judge the soil quality and whether there are ancient tombs underground. After more than five months of hard excavation, the ancient tomb gradually revealed its true colors. This is a tomb in the early Warring States period. Although the traces of excavation and disturbance are very obvious, and the stolen holes in the tomb are shocking, nearly a thousand precious cultural relics have been unearthed because of strict anti-theft measures taken during the construction of the tomb. The depth of the mausoleum itself is 18m, and the seepage surface of groundwater is only 50cm away from the bottom of the mausoleum. The depth of18m is very rare in tombs, which has constituted a basic anti-theft measure. However, the tomb depth of 18 meters still failed to stop the grave robbers. Long-term grave-robbing activities have enabled grave robbers to accumulate a set of grave-robbing skills. Before the archaeological excavation, the black hand of grave robbers reached here many times. After clearing the earth-sealed fill, a grand tomb with a length of 25 meters from east to west and a width of 17 meters from north to south is presented. When archaeologists dug up the compacted soil layer, only thick fine sand was exposed below. The designer of the mausoleum filled the tomb with 10 meter thick fine sand. The tomb is still 1 m from the ground, and it is covered with fine sand. The sand filling of the whole tomb adds up to nearly 1 1 m thick. Most of the sand is pure and seems to have been carefully screened before filling. So far, there is nothing on the beach. I don't know what special treatment they have experienced to have such characteristics. Grave robbing was very popular during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and sand accumulation was the most popular anti-theft measure at that time. Its ingenuity lies in taking softness as rigidity, filling a large amount of fine sand in the chamber, and finally filling it with soil for compaction. Once the stolen cave enters the tomb, the surrounding fine sand will flow into the stolen cave like running water, causing a large area of the tomb to collapse, making it difficult for grave robbers to survive. According to folklore, in order to keep the sand dry and enhance its fluidity, the fine sand filled in the tomb is fried. As the saying goes, "the Tao is one foot high and the devil is one foot high." Such strict fortifications still failed to stop grave robbers. For more than two thousand years, at least 12 thieves tried their best to bypass the anti-theft sand layer and patronize this ancient tomb. A stolen hole found in the tomb proves that in order to prevent the quicksand from collapsing, the grave robbers borrowed from the way of jacking wood in the coal mine roadway, covered the quicksand with wooden boards while leaning against the tomb wall, and built a roadway of at least ten meters to the bottom of the tomb. The height of the roadway is1.2m, and there is a certain space for people to squat in it. A small piece of bronze ware was found on the ground, indicating that the grave robbers really stole something. But just as he succeeded, the huge stones in the grave rolled down and smashed their wooden supports. The boulder falling from the grave is another killer for the grave builder to guard against theft. It seems that the tomb designers 2,000 years ago knew all kinds of grave-robbing techniques, and knew that it was impossible to stop grave robbers by conventional methods. So he used his unique skills to place thousands of stones in the sand piled up at the top and around. Such thick accumulated sand has made it difficult for ordinary thieves to see the bottom, and the stones in the sand have further played a role in preventing grave robbers. Although the wooden support of the grave robbers was smashed by huge stones, but the cultural relics are about to be obtained, how can the grave robbers leave it at that? They changed their positions and re-entered the grave. A modern mineral water bottle and a flour bag produced locally in Shangcai were found in this wooden roadway, and the production date shown above was March 2004. It seems that these thieves have the characteristics of collectivization, intelligence and modernization. It is conceivable that only the wood and time and energy needed to build these two "roadways" can be imagined. Stones in ancient tombs are generally divided into gravel layer on the upper layer of sand accumulation, top stone layer above the coffin top, waist stone layer leaning outside the coffin and undercover stone layer at the bottom of the coffin. Undercover stone clings to the floor. If you dig from the side or bottom, the undercover stone will collapse. If the grave robbers chisel, the parapet will collapse. However, the undercover stone and parapet stone are not as heavy as the top stone, because the top stone is the most important layer of protection. If you want to open the coffin, the 300-pound boulder will fall down with the trend of coping. Such anti-theft measures will inevitably discourage grave robbers. During the Warring States period, the accumulation of stones and carbon in tombs became popular. The accumulation of carbon can protect against moisture, while the accumulation of stones can prevent theft. The largest stone in the tomb weighs 175 kg, and there are dozens of small stones. These stones are unprocessed, and the edges are as sharp as knives when they fall. In order to better guard against theft, the tomb owner also designed a very special entrance to the tomb. The distance between the entrance to the tomb and the top of the tomb is 10 meter, so it is difficult for ordinary people to enter the tomb along the entrance to the tomb, and the anti-theft measures for accumulating sand and stones also make it difficult for grave robbers to succeed. However, in the 12 stolen cave found, there are still two caves that go straight to the bottom of the tomb, and one of them even hits the bottom of the tomb! You know, the ancient tomb itself is nearly 18 meters deep. Although the remaining sealed soil before excavation is only 2 meters, according to the scale of the tomb, the original sealed soil is at least about 15 meters, which means that the vertical distance of the stolen hole is at least 33 meters! This is an amazing number. Obviously, grave robbers are carrying out this huge project with tenacious perseverance. As early as the Han Dynasty, grave robbers carried out grave-robbing activities with such a large workload in this cave where only one person was allowed, and the air was already very thin when it was more than ten meters below the surface. I don't know how grave robbers breathed in the thin air. Obviously, he risked his life to rob the tomb. Modern grave robbers began to blow up when they dug more than ten meters underground, but in the distant Han Dynasty, how did grave robbers overcome difficulties and enter the tomb? This puzzle is always puzzling. Over the past two thousand years, the anti-theft technology of tombs has become more and more mature. Grave robbers will deliberately set up some virtual tombs and suspected tombs to confuse grave robbers, and some will also bury some aggressive organs in the tombs. In order to confuse the grave robbers, the builder of Shangcai's tomb added two fake coffins directly above and on the side of the main coffin, and some small funerary objects were scattered inside, giving the grave robbers the illusion that they had reached the bottom of the tomb. Although the tomb builder has done all the calculations, even if a tomb has a tomb wall, a security layer and a thick rammed earth protection, it still has its own fatal weakness. This only weakness is the pyramid-shaped mound. If the entrance to the pyramid-shaped mound is full of sand, the builder himself can't get in. In order to facilitate the coffin, he can only spread a layer of sand on a layer of rammed earth, and so on. The grave robbers focused their attention on the grave. Faced with the heavily guarded sand and gravel, the grave robbers tried their best and could not completely break through. Finally, they used the weak link of the pyramid-shaped mound to enter the tomb. Grave robbers built a roadway in the tomb, and brick walls were built on both sides of the roadway, leading to the tomb. Just before the grave robbers arrived at the big bronze bath in the tomb, the boulder on their heads rolled down and the stolen hole was smashed. In the fine sand of the tomb wall, the trace left by this stolen hole is very eye-catching. Among the 12 stolen caves, this is the earliest stolen cave and the one that caused the greatest loss to the tombs. This grave robbery happened in the Han Dynasty. Grave robbers entered from the junction of the front room and the back room, broke open the coffin from the position of the beam in the coffin room and stole a lot of funerary objects. Up to now, people still can't judge how this group of grave robbers escaped the quicksand boulder in the Han Dynasty and directly broke into the tomb to break open the heavily guarded coffin. The tomb is the main tomb-robbing place in Han Dynasty. A large number of jade shells and shells were found in this area of the tomb. These are all things in the coffin. Up to now, you can still see the remaining mussels, some pendants, jade ornaments, Yu Pei, beads and other small jade articles on the ground of the tomb, which are the funerary objects of the tomb owner. According to the experience of archaeological excavation, as long as the residue in the tomb is cinnabar, jade shell, seashells and bone shells, it proves that the essence of the funerary objects in the tomb has been lost. Thanks to the effective anti-theft measures of sand and gravel, although the tomb has been excavated 12 times in the past two thousand years, thousands of precious cultural relics have been unearthed in less than half of the tombs. In order to ensure the peace and prosperity of the tomb owner in the afterlife, the builder obviously adopted a set of the most advanced technical means at that time after careful design and planning. It is extremely rare to build a tomb by combining various technologies like this, even in the whole Eastern Zhou Dynasty. At the same time, other high-grade noble tombs in this tomb also took different degrees of anti-theft measures, but they were not as advanced as this tomb in anti-theft means and complete facilities. Where did the anti-theft technology of ancient tomb designers come from? Judging from the designer's strong anti-theft awareness and profound knowledge of grave robbery, it is likely that he was once a grave robber and engaged in grave robbery activities. The experience of that year was applied to the design of the tomb, which is reflected in these strange anti-theft technologies that have guarded the tomb for thousands of years. Most of the large bronzes left in the tomb were broken due to grave robbery and the collapse of the tomb top, but one of the baths was close to the stolen hole and escaped the disaster safely. Why the bathtub was not stolen has become an unsolved mystery. Therefore, it has become a witness of history, telling the soul-stirring struggle between ancient tombs and grave robbers it experienced. Who is the owner of this tomb? What kind of history happened here more than two thousand years ago? Archaeologists are about to uncover these historical mysteries for us.