Will the temperature outside the earth's outer atmosphere drop sharply?

The atmosphere is also called the atmosphere, and the earth is surrounded by this thick atmosphere. The main component of the atmosphere is nitrogen, accounting for 78.1%; Oxygen accounts for 20.9%; Argon accounts for 0.93%; There are also a small amount of carbon dioxide, rare gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, radon) and water vapor. The air density of the atmosphere decreases with the increase of altitude. The higher the air, the thinner the air. The thickness of the atmosphere is about 1000 km, but there is no obvious boundary. The whole atmosphere shows different characteristics with different heights, which is divided into troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, warm layer and escape layer, and then interstellar space.

The troposphere is the lowest layer in the atmosphere, close to the earth's surface, and its thickness is about 10 to 20 kilometers. The atmosphere in the troposphere is greatly influenced by the earth. Clouds, fog and rain all occur in this layer, and almost all water vapor exists in this layer. The temperature of this layer decreases with the increase of height, and the temperature decreases by 5 ~ 6℃ with each increase of 1000 m. The survival of animals and plants and most of human activities are also on this floor. This layer of air is called troposphere because of its obvious convection. Above the troposphere is the stratosphere, about 20 to 50 kilometers from the earth's surface. Stratospheric air is relatively stable and the atmosphere flows smoothly, so it is called stratosphere. There is almost no water vapor and dust in the stratosphere. The stratosphere is below 30 kilometers and the temperature is around -55℃. Above the stratosphere is the mesosphere, about 50 to 85 kilometers from the earth's surface. The air here is already very thin. The outstanding feature is that with the increase of height, the temperature drops rapidly and the vertical convection of air is strong. Above the middle layer is the warm layer, which is about 100 to 800 kilometers away from the earth's surface. The most prominent feature of the warm layer is that when the sun shines, the ultraviolet rays in the sun are absorbed by the oxygen atoms in the layer, so the temperature rises, so it is called the warm layer. The escape layer is above the warm layer and consists of charged particles.

In addition, there are two special layers, namely the ozone layer and the ionosphere. The ozone layer is 20 to 30 kilometers above the ground, actually between the troposphere and the stratosphere. This layer is mainly formed by photochemical action of ultraviolet rays of sunlight on oxygen molecules, which turn them into ozone. The ionosphere is very thick, about 80 kilometers from the earth's surface. Ionosphere is a kind of gas in the sky, which is irradiated by ultraviolet rays of sunlight and ionized into charged positive ions, negative ions and some free electrons. The ionosphere has a great influence on electromagnetic waves. We can realize long-distance communication of electromagnetic waves by using the characteristic that electromagnetic short waves can be reflected back to the ground by the ionosphere.

Under the action of the earth's gravity, a large number of gases gather around the earth, forming thousands of kilometers of atmosphere. The gas density becomes thinner and thinner with the increase of height from the ground. Sounding rockets still found a thin atmosphere at an altitude of 3000 kilometers. Some people think that the upper boundary of the atmosphere may extend to about 6400 kilometers above the ground. According to scientists' estimation, the atmospheric quality is about 60 trillion tons, accounting for almost one millionth of the total mass of the earth, including: nitrogen 78%, oxygen 2 1%, argon 0.93%, carbon dioxide 0.03%, neon 0.00 18%, in addition to water vapor and dust.

According to the different characteristics of each layer of atmosphere (such as temperature, composition and ionization degree, etc. ), divided into troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere (ionosphere) and outer atmosphere from the ground.

[Edit this paragraph] Troposphere

A layer of atmosphere close to the earth's surface, the movement of air is a convective movement dominated by updraft and downdraft, which is called "troposphere". Its thickness varies. It is 8 kilometers above the earth's poles and 17 kilometers above the equator. It is the densest layer in the atmosphere, accounting for more than three quarters of the atmosphere. Almost all the water vapor in the atmosphere is concentrated here, which is a "big stage" to show the changes: wind, rain, snowfall and other weather phenomena all occur in the troposphere.

[Edit this paragraph] Stratosphere

Above the troposphere, up to the layer 50 kilometers above sea level, the airflow is mainly horizontal, and the convection phenomenon is weakened. This kind of atmosphere is called stratosphere, also known as stratosphere. There is basically no moisture here, it is clear and cloudless, and the weather has not changed much, which is suitable for aircraft navigation. At an altitude of 20 ~ 30 kilometers, oxygen molecules form the ozone layer under the action of ultraviolet rays, which acts as a barrier to protect life on earth from the attack of high-energy particles from the sun.

[Edit this paragraph] Intermediate layer

Above the stratosphere, 85 kilometers away from the earth's surface, it is called the "middle layer". Above the mesosphere, 500 kilometers away from the earth's surface, it is called the "thermosphere". In these two floors, there are often many interesting astronomical phenomena, such as aurora and meteors. Humans also use the thermosphere to realize short-wave radio communication, so that people far away from the ocean can communicate with each other. Because the atmosphere in the thermosphere is heated by solar radiation, a large number of gas molecules or atoms are ionized, and there is little chance of recombination, forming an ionosphere, which can conduct electricity and reflect short-wave radio.

[Edit this paragraph] Warm layer

Also known as the ionosphere, above the middle layer is the warm layer, which is about 100 to 800 kilometers away from the earth's surface. The most prominent feature of the warm layer is that when the sun shines, the ultraviolet rays in the sun are absorbed by a large number of oxygen atoms in the layer, so the temperature rises, so it is called the warm layer. The escape layer is above the warm layer and consists of charged particles.

The warm layer is characterized by an increase in temperature with height. At an altitude of 300 kilometers, the temperature can reach above 1000℃, and metals such as lead, zinc, tin, antimony, magnesium, calcium, aluminum and silver will also melt here. The high temperature in this layer is mainly because the solar ultraviolet radiation with wavelength less than 0. 1.75 micron is totally absorbed by the warm layer gas. Nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2) and oxygen atoms (O) in the warm layer are always highly ionized under the action of strong solar ultraviolet rays and cosmic rays, so the warm layer is also called "ionosphere". Among them, the E layer between 100 ~ 120 km and the F layer between 200 ~ 400 km, as well as the D layer between the middle layer and the warm layer, which only appears in the daytime and is about 80 km high, have strong ionization degrees. The existence of ionosphere is of great significance for reflecting radio waves. The reason why people can receive short-wave communication signals of radio waves in the distance is related to the existence of this ionosphere in the atmosphere.

[Edit this paragraph] Outer layer

Above the top of the thermosphere is the outer atmosphere, which extends from the earth's surface to 1000 km. The temperature here is very high, reaching several thousand degrees; The atmosphere is extremely thin, and the density is one billionth of the sea level.

How thick the atmosphere is, this is really a very attractive question. After unremitting exploration and pursuit, human understanding of the atmosphere is becoming clearer and clearer. The whole atmosphere can be divided into several layers.

This layer of air is the bottom of the atmosphere from the ground to 10~ 12 km, which is called the troposphere. Major weather phenomena such as clouds, rain, snow and hail all occur in this layer.

The layer about 50 kilometers above the troposphere is called the stratosphere. The air in the stratosphere is much thinner than that in the troposphere, and there is little water vapor and dust in the troposphere, so there are few weather phenomena.

From above the stratosphere to 80 kilometers, some people call it the mesosphere, and the temperature of this layer decreases with height.

The space between 80 km and 500 km is called the thermosphere, and the temperature in this layer is very high, which varies greatly from day to night.

This layer from about 50 km above the ground to about 1000 km high is called the ionosphere. Beautiful auroras appear in the ionosphere.

More than 500 kilometers above the ground, it is called the outer atmosphere, also called the magnetosphere. It is the outermost layer of the atmosphere and the transition zone from the atmosphere to interstellar space. There is no clear boundary outside. In general, the upper limit is low near the geomagnetic pole, and it is about 9~ 10 radius of the earth high above the near-magnetic equator, in other words, it is about 65,000 kilometers high. The air here is extremely thin.

Usually, the height of the atmosphere is within 1000 km, that is, within the ionosphere, that is, the thickness of the atmosphere is 1000 km.