The second day of junior high school took the geography exam last semester. I want to be excellent and help me solve several key problems. Thank you.

People's education edition, the first volume of geography review courseware for junior two.

Chapter I Territory and population of China.

1. 1 China territory

Great motherland: People's Republic of China (PRC) is located in the eastern and western hemispheres, the eastern part of Asia and the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. -Land and sea.

Vast territory:

Land rights: ① a vast land area of about 9.6 million square kilometers; (2) Land boundaries of more than 20,000 kilometers; ③ 14 land neighbors.

Maritime powers: ① Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea and South China Sea. ② Coastline 18000 km or more; ③ Six countries across the sea: Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, Philippines, Japan and South Korea.

The northernmost part is north of Mohe River in Heilongjiang, and the center of Heilongjiang main channel is 54 degrees north latitude; East longitude 135 degrees at the junction of Heilongjiang and Wusuli rivers in the easternmost part, 4 degrees north latitude at Zengmu shoal in the southernmost part, and 73 degrees east longitude at Pamir Plateau in the westernmost part.

China has a vast territory, with a total land area of about 1 10,000 square kilometers, which is almost equivalent to the whole area of Europe, ranking first in the world.

China is an important maritime power in the world, with a coastline of over18,000 kilometers, which is one of the longest countries in the world. There are more than 6,500 islands with a sea area of over 500 square meters in China. The width of China's territorial sea is 22.22km (12 nautical mile). The sea area under the jurisdiction of China is about 3 million square kilometers.

There are many neighboring countries: China has a long land border, reaching 20,000 square kilometers, and there are 14 neighboring countries (Mandarin): eastern Korea, northern Mongolia, northeastern and northwestern Russia; Hajita Aba in the west; Danny in southwestern India; There are Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam in the south.

There are six countries across the sea: Indonesia, Malaysia, Wen Fei, Japan and South Korea.

1.2 chinese administrative division

Administrative divisions in history:

Current administrative divisions: basically divided into provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government), counties (autonomous counties and county-level cities) and townships (towns).

There are 34 provincial administrative units in China, including 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities directly under the Central Government and 2 special administrative regions, namely Hongkong and Macau. Taiwan Province Province is an inalienable and sacred territory of our country.

Names, abbreviations and teaching materials of administrative centers of 34 provincial administrative units: Grade 8, page 8.

1.3 population of China

1 in the world:

The Fifth Census: The total population of China is 65.438+29.5 million, accounting for 65.438+0/5 of the world. The current population is 654.38+0.3 billion.

The growth rate is relatively fast: population base 1. Due to the superiority of the socialist system, people's living standards have improved, medical and health conditions have improved, life expectancy has been prolonged, and population mortality has dropped significantly.

Uneven distribution: Tengchong-Mohe, China population density. There are many demographic characteristics and few demographic characteristics. The eastern region has a large population; Coastal, river and lake areas have a large population; The plains and basins have a large population; Areas with developed economy and transportation have a large population; Areas with dense towns and developed industries have a large population; The Han area has a large population. The western region has a small population; The arid desert area has a small population; The population in mountainous areas and plateaus is small; Remote farming and pastoral areas have a small population; Most ethnic minority areas have a small population.

China's population policy: it is a long-term basic national policy to implement family planning, control population and improve population quality.

1.4 population of China:

56 Ethnic Groups: China is a unified multi-ethnic family with 56 ethnic groups including Han, Zhuang, Mongolian, Hui, Tibetan, Uygur and Miao. The Han nationality has a large population, which is close to 92% of the total population in China. Other ethnic groups account for only 8% of the population and are called ethnic minorities.

Large mixed communities and small settlements: Han nationality is the most widely distributed, mainly concentrated in the east and middle. Ethnic minorities are mainly distributed in the southwest, northwest and northeast. There are ethnic minorities living in Han areas, and there are also Han people living in ethnic minority areas.

Ethnic customs: Mongolia-Nadam Congress; Dai people in Yunnan-Songkran Festival; Chinese nation-Dragon Boat Festival.

Chapter II Natural Environment of China

2. 1 China's topography: it is high in the west and low in the east, showing a ladder shape. The mountains are interlaced.

The first step is the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which is located in the southwest with an altitude of more than 4,000 meters.

The elevation of the second step drops rapidly to1000-2000m in the north and east of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and some places are less than 500m.

Step 3: The terrain east of step 2 is mostly below 500 meters above sea level. Here, many rivers flowing into the sea from the east will deposit sediment, forming an alluvial plain surrounded by mountains and seas and running through the north and south.

Step dividing line:

The dividing line between the first step and the second step: Kunlun Mountain-Qilian Mountain-Hengduan Mountain;

The dividing line between the second step and the third step-Daxinganling-Taihang Mountain-Wushan-Xuefeng Mountain

Complex and diverse terrain: China has complex and diverse terrain and vast mountains. The criss-crossing mountains and complex and diverse terrain provide us with rich and colorful natural landscapes, and the production activities and lifestyles in different parts of the motherland are different.

Four platforms:

Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: The highest plateau in the world, known as the "roof of the world". The mountains are covered with snow all year round, and glaciers crisscross.

Inner Mongolia Plateau: The plateau is flat and open, and there are many deserts, Gobi and fertile grasslands in the east and middle of the northwest.

Loess Plateau: Loess is the most widely distributed area in the world.

Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau: Most of the plateau is rugged and limestone is widely distributed.

Four great basin:

Tarim Basin: The largest inland basin in China. Among them is the Taklimakan Desert, the largest desert in China.

Junggar Basin: China's second great basin.

Qaidam Basin: Known as the "cornucopia".

Sichuan Basin: It is called "Purple Basin". The famous Chengdu Plain is located in the west of the basin, with developed agriculture and rich products, and is known as the "land of abundance".

Three plains:

Northeast Plain: Black soil covers a vast area.

North China Plain: The terrain is low and flat, and the ground slope is very small.

The plain in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River: China's famous "land of plenty".

2.2 Climate in China

The climate is complex and diverse:

Temperature distribution: in winter, the temperature difference between north and south is large, and it is warm in the south. The farther north, the lower the temperature. In summer, the temperature in the north and south is generally high.

Temporal and spatial distribution of precipitation: from the perspective of regional distribution, it gradually decreases from the southeast coast to the northwest inland. In terms of time allocation, there are more in summer and autumn and less in winter and spring.

The climate types in China can be divided into temperate monsoon climate, subtropical monsoon climate, tropical monsoon climate, temperate continental climate and plateau alpine climate.

Remarkable monsoon climate: Although there are various types of climate in China, the monsoon climate is remarkable, with the widest monsoon climate area. The influence of monsoon is the main reason for the uneven distribution of precipitation in time and space.

Mainland characteristics.

Many special weather: mainly cold wave, plum rain, typhoon, sandstorm and so on.

Many droughts and floods. Flood is a natural disaster with frequent occurrence and serious losses in China. Drought is a kind of climate disaster which has the greatest influence, the most common and the widest distribution on agricultural production in China.

2.3 Rivers in China

The outflow area is the main area: the basin refers to the area where rivers or water systems are concentrated. Water system refers to the water flow system composed of all rivers, lakes, swamps and underground rivers in the basin. Rivers where surface and underground runoff finally flow into the ocean are called outflow rivers. The distribution area of outflow river becomes outflow area. Rivers that eventually do not flow into the ocean, that is, rivers that flow into inland lakes or disappear into the desert, are called inland rivers. The area where inland rivers are distributed is called the internal flow area. The hydrological characteristics of the outflow rivers in China are deeply influenced by the monsoon climate. With the Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River as the boundary, rivers in the southern region flow through the humid areas, with abundant water. Northern rivers flow through semi-humid or semi-arid areas.

Compared with the outflow river, the hydrological characteristics of inland rivers in China are obviously different.

The largest inland river in China is the Tarim River.

The largest lake in China is Qinghai Lake.

The largest freshwater lake in China is Poyang Lake.

Rolling Yangtze River: The Yangtze River originates in Tanggula, its main stream flows through Qinghai-Tibet and other provinces 1 1 and finally flows into the East China Sea, with a total length of 6,300 kilometers, making it the longest river in China and the third longest river in the world. Upstream: Source-Yichang; Middle reaches: Yichang-Hukou, Jiangxi; Downstream: Hukou, Jiangxi-Flowing into Haikou. The middle reaches are called "nine-curved ileum". Because of its long sailing mileage and large freight volume, it is known as "one in a hundred".

Yellow River: The Yellow River is the second longest river in China and one of the world famous rivers. Originated in Bayan Kara, it flows into 9 provinces and regions such as Qinghai and Sichuan, and flows into Bohai Sea, with a total length of 5,464 kilometers. Upstream: source-estuary; Middle Reach: Estuary-Old Jin Meng; Downstream: Old Jin Meng-Flowing into Haikou. Due to the large amount of sediment brought from the loess plateau in the middle reaches, the riverbed in the lower reaches was raised and became a world-famous "river on the ground".

Chapter III Natural Resources in China

3. 1 Overview of natural resources

What are natural resources? Natural resources are substances and energy that exist in nature and can provide welfare for human beings. It mainly includes climate resources, water resources, land resources, biological resources, mineral resources and marine resources.

Characteristics of natural resources: The concept of natural resources is not immutable. In nature, the amount of natural resources is huge, but it is limited. The quality of natural resources varies from region to region. China's natural resources are second only to the United States and Russia. Restricted by some reasons, the distribution of natural resources has certain regularity, but its regional distribution is generally uniform. The situation of natural resources is constantly changing.

3.2 Land resources in China

:: World Land Day on 25 June.

* Land is the stage of human life and production activities.

"More people and less land" is the basic national condition of our country.

Complete types: China's land resources are complete, forming a variety of land types such as cultivated land, woodland and grassland, which is conducive to adapting to local conditions. China's vast grassland area ranks among the top in the world, which provides better resource conditions for the development of animal husbandry. China is a Shaolin country. The cultivated land area in China is less than 1 100 million hectares.

Land types in China: cultivated land, desert, woodland, grassland, Gobi, alpine desert and rocky mountain.

The regional differences are obvious: the spatial distribution of land resources in China is unbalanced, and the regional differences of land productivity are obvious. Cultivated land in China is mainly distributed in plains and basins in the eastern monsoon region. The natural forests in China are mainly distributed in the mountainous areas of northeast, southwest and southeast, mostly artificial forests and secondary forests. The grasslands in China are mainly distributed in eastern Inner Mongolia and the eastern and southern parts of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The quality of land resources in different regions of China varies greatly. The north is dominated by dry land. The south is mainly rice fields. There is plenty of sunshine and heat in the northwest inland, but it is dry and rainy, and the water is insufficient, mainly grasslands and deserts.

Cherish every inch of land: cherish and make rational use of every inch of land.

3.3 Water resources in China

:: World Water Day, 22 March

Disparity in regional distribution: the total amount of water resources in China is quite large, but the per capita possession is very low, which is about 1/4 of the world's per capita water. "There is less in the east and more in the west, more in the south and less in the north".

Uneven time distribution: the time distribution of water resources in China is characterized by more summer and autumn, less winter and spring, and great interannual changes.

Rational use of every drop of water: due to the uneven distribution of water resources in China, it is necessary to build an inter-basin water transfer project. * * * Diversion from Yellow River to Qinghai * * * South-to-North Water Transfer Project * * * Due to the uneven distribution of water resources in China, it is necessary to build reservoirs. * * * Yangtze River (2) * * Yellow River (3) * * * The fundamental way is.

3.4 China's marine resources

Diversity of biological resources: China is rich in marine biological resources, with more than 20,000 species, including more than 3,000 species of fish and more than 70 species of main economic fish.

And, and are the four famous seafood in China. The biggest fishing ground is Zhoushan fishing ground.

Rich mineral resources: China's coastal continental shelf is rich in oil and natural gas. China coastal placer reserves are very rich.

Huge chemical resources: China's marine production is developing rapidly.

The largest saltworks, the largest saltworks in South China ().

Protecting the "blue land": China has made great achievements in the development and utilization of marine resources, but it also faces some serious problems.

Chapter IV Regional Differences in China

4. 1 Qinling-Huaihe line

Huaihe River in Qinling Mountains: The Qinling Mountains span the central part of China, stretching for 500 kilometers from east to west, with a width of 100- 150 kilometers from north to south and an altitude of 1500-2500 meters. The Huaihe River originates from Tongbai Mountain, flows eastward through Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu and other provinces into Hongze Lake, and then flows into the Yangtze River through Gaoyou Hunan.

Geographical significance of Qinhuai river line: in the process of learning geography, geographical areas and geographical boundaries are very important. Geographical regions reflect the geographical similarity within regions, and geographical boundaries reflect the differences between regions. Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River are important geographical boundaries in eastern China. On its north and south sides, there are significant differences in natural environment, geographical landscape and residents' production and living habits.

8th grade Volume I Page 77

North of Qinling-Huaihe line

South of Qinling-Huaihe line

Four geographical regions: northern region, southern region, Qinghai-Tibet region and northwest region.

The dividing line between north and south is Qinling-Huaihe line.

The dividing line between the north and the northwest is the annual precipitation line of 400 mm.

The boundary between Qinghai-Tibet and Northwest China is the boundary of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

The boundary between the Qinghai-Tibet region and the southern region is the boundary of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

4.2 Northern and Southern Regions

Northern region:

Summary: The northern area refers to the area north of Huaihe River in the northeast of China, accounting for about 20% of the country's total area and 40% of its population. Northeast Plain, North China Plain and Wei Fen Plain are important agricultural areas in China.

Culture: The northern region has a long history and culture, many scenic spots and historical sites, and rich cultural tourism resources.

Crops: spring wheat, corn, sorghum, soybean, potato, beet, etc.

Temperate fruits: apples, pears, peaches, apricots, persimmons, dates, grapes, etc.

Minerals: coal, iron, oil, etc. , two industrial bases () and ().

Southern region: refers to the region south of Huaihe River in Qinling Mountains and east of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China, including the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, southern coastal areas and southwest regions. The area accounts for about 1/4 of the whole country, and the population accounts for about 55% of the whole country. There are more than 30 ethnic minorities in the west of this area, and Yunnan Province is the province with the largest number of ethnic minorities in China.

Topography: The terrain in this area is high in the west and low in the east, with plains, basins, plateaus and hills interlaced. There are many rivers and lakes in the plain area, and the water network is vertical and horizontal, which has typical characteristics of southern water towns.

Crops: rice, pigs, oranges, tea, silkworms, sugar cane, aquatic products and tropical crops.

Minerals: Nonferrous metals.

() and () two major industrial bases.

4.3 Qinghai-Tibet and Northwest China

Qinghai-Tibet region:

Summary: The Qinghai-Tibet region mainly includes Xizang Autonomous Region, Qinghai Province and western Sichuan Province, accounting for about 25% of the country's total area, and its population only accounts for about 1% of the country's total population. The main body of the Qinghai-Tibet region is the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which is called the "roof of the world".

Crops: highland barley, peas, wheat, rape.

Religion: Tibetan Buddhism.

Terrain: Mountains crisscross, glaciers are widely distributed, and transportation is very difficult.

Highway: Sichuan-Tibet, Qinghai-Tibet, Xinjiang-Tibet, Yunnan-Tibet and China-Nepal.

Northwest China:

Located in the north of the Great Wall-Qilian Mountains-Altun Mountains-Kunlun Mountains, the area accounts for about 30% of the whole country, and the population accounts for about 4% of the whole country.

Ethnic minorities: Mongolian, Hui, Uygur, Kazak, etc.

Crops in pastoral areas: meat, milk, skin, wool, etc.

Mineral resources: rare earth ore, nickel ore, coal, oil and lignite.

4.5 Supplementary summary

upstate

Topographic features are mainly plateaus and plains.

Climate characteristics Summer: high temperature and rainy winter: cold and dry.

The main rivers are the Yellow River and Heilongjiang.

The main minerals are coal, iron and oil.

Wheat is the main crop.

Southern region

Topographic features basins, plains, plateaus and hills

Climate characteristics: sufficient water and heat.

The main rivers are the Yangtze River and the Pearl River.

Main mineral nonferrous metals

The main crops are rice and sugar beet.

Tibetan-inhabited area

Topographic elements have the highest altitude.

Climate characteristics: abundant sunshine and low temperature.

The source of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River.

The main minerals are potash and petroleum.

The main crop highland barley

northwest area

Topographic characteristics of plateau and basin

The climate is dry and sunny.

The main river Tarim River

The main minerals are coal and oil.

Beet, the main crop