Explain the deep relationship between the Yellow River and the history and culture of the Chinese nation! ! !

First of all, the earliest Neolithic civilization in China appeared in the Yellow River basin, such as Lantian civilization and Banpo civilization of Weihe River, a tributary of the Yellow River; Longshan civilization appeared in Shandong Peninsula and so on. The reason why there are so many civilizations in the Yellow River Basin is that the geographical environment of the Yellow River Basin is superior to that of the Yangtze River Basin. At that time, there were rhinoceros, elephants and other animals near the Yellow River, and subtropical plants such as bamboo showed that the climate in the Yellow River basin was warm at that time, just like the Jiangnan area now. At that time, the climate in Jiangnan was not only hotter than it is now, but also the geographical environment was not as good as that in the Yellow River Basin. He has no great plains, but mostly hills, which is not conducive to the survival of ancient humans.

Secondly, the first tribal leader to unify the tribes was the Yellow Emperor in the Yellow River valley, and then Yu in the Yellow River valley established the first slave country.

Thirdly, after China, all emperors paid attention to the fertile land in the Yellow River basin. At that time, the Yellow River basin did not need to build defensive levees as often as it does now. Therefore, in most historical processes of China, the Yellow River Basin has always been the political center, economic center and cultural center. Many economic inventions and ideologies come from the Yellow River Basin. The Yellow River gave birth to a romantic poet like Li Bai and a great poet Du Like Fu. It has influenced several generations in China, making the Chinese nation as unrestrained as the middle reaches of the Yellow River, and there have been heroic peasant uprisings again and again; As selfless as the Yellow River water, there are countless good soldiers like Lei Feng; As gentle as the water in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, Confucianism, which is admired all over the world, appeared.

With the development of economy, the Yellow River changed its course for the first time at the end of the Warring States Period. During the Eastern Jin and Southern Song Dynasties, the southern economy gradually caught up with and surpassed the northern economy, but at this time the Yellow River had established its status as the mother river. The ruler put his ruling center in the north. This makes the Yellow River a river closely dependent on the Chinese nation in the history of China.

The Yellow River, surging, flows through the Loess Plateau. The Yellow River Basin is the breeding area of the yellow race, and also the place where Xuanyuan Huangdi lived and defended. The Yellow River has nurtured the Chinese nation. The Chinese nation is blessed with this, and the melons are endless, reflecting the mountains and rivers and lasting with the sun and the moon.

The Yellow River Basin is not only a rich area, but also a splendid culture.

Since ancient times, the Yellow River Basin has been the capital city. The legend of the Three Emperors and Five Emperors has never been far away from this domain, and Xia, Shang and Zhou even had activities in it. From Qin and Han Dynasties to Tang and Song Dynasties, Xianyang, Chang 'an, Luoyang and Kaifeng overlapped as capitals. Where the capital is located, the humanities are gathered and enduring.

The flowing Yellow River inspires the world to develop outward. Qilu alchemist hoped that the Three Gods Mountain and the Emperor Qin, Han and Wu would visit the East China Sea. Although I respect God, I actually seek overseas development. Zhang Qian hollowed out and Gan Ying traveled, only to know the vastness of the western regions. The sincerity of the three holy mountains on the sea is elusive. The county is located in the south of Japan, and the envoys of the Han court have gone so far that they have not yet reached the country. Through today's squeeze, it has reached the southern coast of India. This spirit of yearning for development continued from Sui and Tang Dynasties to modern times, but it did not disappear at first.

Yan Di and Huangdi are from the Yellow River Valley, and we all call them descendants of the Chinese people:

The Yellow Emperor and Yan Di are not emperors, but two tribal leaders in the ancient Yellow River valley recorded in ancient books. Huangdi and Yandi were born in the Weihe River basin, a tributary of the Yellow River, which was already in the patriarchal commune era. Legend has it that they are all descendants of Shaodian, the "Bear Princess". "In the past, Shaodian married Youshi and gave birth to Huang (Yellow) and Yandi. The Yellow Emperor was made of water, and the Yan Emperor was made of Jiang Shui. Success is different from virtue, so the Yellow Emperor is the discipline and the Yan Emperor is the ginger. " The "fate" mentioned here does not mean that both Huangdi and Yandi are descendants of Shaodian, but that they are all descendants of Shaodian. "The Yellow Emperor took the name of pumping water" means that he grew up on the bank of pumping water, so he took pumping water as his surname. Jishui immediately used ancient lacquer water, which originated in Dulin, northwest of linyou county, Shaanxi Province, and merged into Weihe River in Wugong County today. Jiang Shui is the lower reaches of Qingjiang River, a tributary of Weihe River, which joins Weihe River in Baoji, Shaanxi. In other words, the initial activity areas of the two tribes of Yanhuang were in the upper reaches of Weihe River, a tributary of the Yellow River.

Legend has it that the original surname of the Yellow Emperor was Gongsun, but he changed his surname to Ji because he was longer than Ji Shui. Once lived in the hill of Xuanyuan,No. Xuanyuan; Because it is a descendant of a bear, it is also called Xiong's. He was born as a god, weak and eloquent, young and loyal (clever), long and sensitive, and wise. Later, he was elected as a tribal leader and led his troops to migrate to northern Shaanxi to settle down. With the development of agricultural production, in order to find more flat, open and fertile land, we went south along the Beiluo River to Dali and Chaoyi in Shaanxi today. The yellow land there gave them convenient conditions for developing agriculture, but the drought that appeared from time to time troubled them and forced them to continue looking for their ideal place. As a result, the Yellow Emperor led his troops from Dali and Chaoyi to cross the Yellow River eastward, along Zhongtiao Mountain and Taihang Mountain, into the Fenhe River basin, and then pushed northeast to reach Zhuolu, Hebei Province today. There is a wide valley suitable for farming formed by the alluvial of Sanggan River and Yanghe River, and there is a hunting forest nearby. They thought the environment was superior and settled down.

Just as the Yellow Emperor led his tribe eastward, Emperor Yan also led his people on a long journey. Yan Di, also known as Yan Di, said that he was born in Lishan Mountain, that is, Lishan Town, Suizhou City, Hubei Province, and that he was born in Changyang, that is, Yangshan, the head of Shennong Township, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province. "He is a man, surnamed Jiang, also known as." In order to find an ideal place to settle down, he also led the tribe to migrate eastward. But the route they took was different from that taken by the Yellow Emperor. They first went down the Weihe River to the southwest of Henan, then down the Yellow River to the east of Henan and settled there.

At that time, with the emergence of private property and the disintegration of clan system, tribal leaders gradually mastered certain privileges. Wars often occur between tribes in order to compete for living space and each other's strength. In order to satisfy their own selfish desires, some tribal leaders "saw with knives and used armour", and also launched wars to plunder wealth and enslave other clans and tribes. This kind of war has intensified social division and brought great threat to normal agricultural production, but the customary law of clan system, which regulates social contradictions, has lost its function at this time, which seems to be inadequate. In the face of more and more wars, blood tribes unite with each other, form alliances, and then form larger consortia. At this time, the two tribes of Yan and Huang also conquered all directions by force and expanded their power, thus triggering large-scale conflicts. The two sides fought three wars in Hanquan (now Huailai, Hebei Province). The six clans under the Yellow Emperor, namely, the bear, the scorpion, the raccoon and the tiger, were killed in the dark together with the Yan Di tribe, and the Yan Di tribe was defeated and had to surrender. Because the two tribes are related by blood, the Yellow Emperor did not slaughter the Yan Di tribe, but formed a tribal alliance with them, and the Yellow Emperor became the leader of the Yanhuang tribal alliance. After a long period of development, the Yanhuang Tribal Alliance formed the embryonic form of the Chinese nation in the future.

Later, Chiyou, the leader of Jiuli who settled in Qufu, Shandong Province, expanded his sphere of influence and triggered a war with the Yan Di tribe. Jiuli, or Jiuyi, belongs to Dongyi nationality. Legend has it that Chiyou has 9 tribes, 8 1 clan. He talks like a monster, eating sand and stones, which may be because the descendants of the Yellow Emperor deliberately vilify other tribal leaders. "Making metallurgy with Chiyou", "Taking gold as a soldier", making sticks, knives, halberds and crossbows, which are brave and good at fighting, shocked the world. He led a tribal alliance composed of nine tribes to attack the Yan Di tribe in the west of eastern Henan. Unable to resist, Yan Di tribes lost their homes. Chiyou followed, and Emperor Yan asked the Yellow Emperor for help. The Yellow Emperor then led troops to meet the enemy and fought fiercely with Chiyou in Zhuolu. The war is extremely fierce. It is said that the Yellow Emperor and Chiyou are invincible in nine battles. For three days and nights, the Yellow Emperor tribe couldn't see the direction clearly. After the wind, the "ministers" of the Yellow Emperor were inspired by the Beidou constellation to invent the south guide car, and they were able to get out of the fog. With the help of Xuan Nv, the Yellow Emperor made 80 drums, which were covered with the skin of the East China Sea god beast osmium, and made drumsticks with Lei Shou's bones. They were beaten in the battle and could be heard 500 miles away. The battle lasted for a long time, and finally a decisive battle was held in Jizhou. The Yellow Emperor sent Ying Long to attack Chiyou, and Ying Long put water into the water array. Chiyou invited a rain master from Fengbo, and there was a storm, which washed away the water array and put the Yellow Emperor in trouble. The Yellow Emperor invited Xiuli Jiami, the heavenly daughter, to stop the wind and rain, and the weather suddenly cleared up. Chiyou was at a loss and his men were terrified. The Yellow Emperor commanded an army to cover and kill the past and won the final victory. Chiyou surrendered to the Yellow Emperor with the Fengbo Rain Master he invited. The Yellow Emperor entered the area where Dongyi lived. He "drives six dragons like an elephant, with blue eyes (one trillion firebird) in the lead, Chiyou in the front, Fengbo in the back, the rain teacher in the rain, the tiger and the wolf in the front, ghosts and gods in the back, and the Phoenix Emperor (Phoenix) covering it". He went to the top of Mount Tai to see ghosts and gods and played a tragic and sad ". Chiyou was later killed, and some Jiuli people joined the Yanhuang tribal alliance and merged into the Huaxia people; Part of it went south and merged into the southern Miao nationality.

The Yellow River originates from the Yogu Zonglie Basin at the northern foot of Bayan Kara on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with an altitude of 4,500 meters. It flows through Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Henan, Shandong and other nine provinces and flows into the Bohai Sea in Kenli County, Shandong Province. The total length of the main river channel is 5464km, with a drop of 2280km. The Yellow River Basin is located at 96 ~ 1 19 east longitude, 32 ~ 42 north latitude, east-west length 1900km, north-south width100 km, with a basin area of 795,000 km (including inflow area of 42,000 km2).

Terrain The Yellow River Basin starts from Bayan Kara in the west, borders Bohai Sea in the east, reaches Yinshan Mountain in the north and Qinling Mountains in the south. It spans the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Inner Mongolia Plateau, Loess Plateau and North China Plain. The topography of the basin is high in the west and low in the east, which is roughly divided into three steps. The first level is the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the west of the basin, which is located in the northeast of the world-famous roof-Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with an altitude of 3000~5000m m, and a series of northwest-southeast mountains. The top of the mountain is covered with snow all year round and the glacier landform is developed. Bayan Kara along the southern edge of Qinghai Plateau is the watershed between the Yellow River and the Yangtze River. Qilian Mountain crosses the northern edge of the plateau, forming the dividing line between Qinghai Plateau and Inner Mongolia Plateau. The headwaters of the Yellow River and its tributaries, Heihe and Baihe basins, are flat, mostly grasslands, lakes and swamps.

The second step is roughly bounded by Taihang Mountain, with an altitude of 1000~2000m. North of Baiyu Mountain in this area is a part of Inner Mongolia Plateau, including Yellow River Hetao Plain and Ordos Plateau, and south of Baiyu Mountain is Loess Plateau, Qinling Mountain and Taihang Mountain.

Hetao Plain starts from Xiaheyan in Ningxia in the west and reaches Tuoketuo in Inner Mongolia in the east. It is 900km long, 30-50 km wide and1200-900 m above sea level. It is a major agricultural production base in Ningxia and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region with flat terrain, fertile land and developed irrigation. The yinshan mountains in the north of Hetao Plain and Helan and Langshan in the west are like a barrier, which prevents the Tengger, Wulanbuhe and Badain Jaran deserts of Alashan Plateau from invading the hinterland of the Yellow River Basin.

Ordos Plateau is located in the south of the Yellow River Hetao, surrounded by the Yellow River in the north, east and west, and bounded by the Great Wall in the south, with an area of about 1.3 million km2 and an altitude of1.000 ~1.400 m. It is an approximately square plateau of drought and erosion. The plateau has a well-developed aeolian landform, with Kubuqi Desert in the north and Mu Us Desert in the south, with few rivers and many saline-alkali lakes. Plateau marginal zone is one of the main sources of coarse sediment in the Yellow River.

The Loess Plateau starts from Sun Moon Mountain in the west, reaches Taihang Mountain in the east, Qinling Mountain in the south and Ordos Plateau in the north, with an altitude of 1000~2000m, which is the largest loess distribution area in the world. Landforms include loess tablelands, beams, headlands and ditches. The surface fluctuation changes violently, the relative height difference is large, the loess layer is deep, the organization is loose, the terrain is broken, the vegetation is scarce, and the soil erosion is serious, which is the main source area of flood and sediment in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. Wei Fen Basin in the Loess Plateau is a graben-type structural basin formed by loess accumulation and river alluvial. Wei Fen Basin is a rich area in Shaanxi Province, with flat terrain, fertile land and a long history of irrigation.

The Qinling Mountains, which straddles the southern part of the Loess Plateau, is the north-south boundary between the subtropical zone and the warm temperate zone in China, and also the watershed between the Yellow River and the Yangtze River. It is a great obstacle to the warm and humid airflow from the south in summer and the cold air from the north in winter. Taihang Mountain is located between the Loess Plateau and the North China Plain, which is the watershed between the Yellow River Basin and Haihe River Basin, and also an important physical and geographical dividing line in North China. The high mountains around the basin in this area, such as Funiu Mountain, Waifangshan Mountain and Taihang Mountain, are the barriers for warm and humid air from the southeast ocean to penetrate into the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River, which have an impact on the climate of the Yellow River basin and western China. This area is beneficial to the surface of water vapor uplift, with strong rainstorm intensity and good runoff yield and confluence conditions, and is one of the main sources of floods in the middle reaches of the Yellow River.

The third level is from Taihang Mountain in the east to Binhai, which consists of alluvial plains and hills in the middle of Shandong in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. The alluvial plain in the lower reaches of the Yellow River is an important part of the North China Plain, covering an area of 250,000 square kilometers, most of which are below 100 meters above sea level ... The Yellow River is the watershed in this area, with Haihe River basin in the north and Huaihe River basin in the south. The ground slope in the area is gentle, the drainage is not smooth, and the flood, drought and alkali disasters are serious. The hills in central Shandong include Mount Tai, Mount Lushan and Mount Yimeng. Generally, the altitude is between 200-500m, and a few mountainous areas are above1000m.

Climate The Yellow River Basin has a vast territory and complex terrain, with oceans in the east and inland plateaus in the west. The height difference between east and west is remarkable, and the climate change in the basin is extremely obvious. From the monsoon point of view, the area above Lanzhou in the upper reaches of the Yellow River belongs to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau monsoon region, and the rest are temperate and subtropical monsoon regions. Judging from the influence of climate on agricultural production, the southeast of the basin is basically humid, the middle is semi-arid and the northwest is dry. Winter in this basin is controlled by Mongolian high pressure, prevailing north wind, dry and cold climate and scarce precipitation. In summer, the subtropical high in the western Pacific strengthens, warm and humid ocean air masses enter the basin, the Mongolian high gradually moves northward, cold and warm air masses meet, and precipitation is concentrated.

The precipitation in the Yellow River basin is mainly in the form of rainfall, and the proportion of snowfall is not large. The average annual precipitation in the whole basin for many years is 3.7 million/kloc-0.0 million m3, accounting for only 6% of the national average precipitation for many years, and the equivalent precipitation depth is 465mm (including the internal flow area). The general trend of regional distribution of annual precipitation is decreasing from southeast to northwest. The area with the most precipitation is the northern slope of Qinling Mountains, with an average precipitation of about 800mm for many years and over 900mm in some areas. The area with the least precipitation is the Hetao area of Ningmeng, with an annual precipitation of only 200-300mm, especially from Hangjinhouqi to He Lin, Inner Mongolia. The annual precipitation is less than150mm, and the average annual precipitation in most areas of the river basin is 400-600mm, which is unevenly distributed during the year, accounting for 54. 1% in summer (June-August). The largest month is July winter (65438+February ~ February), with the least precipitation, accounting for 3. 1% of the whole year, and the smallest month is 65438+February, accounting for 0.6% of the whole year. The coefficient of variation (Cμ value) of annual precipitation in the whole basin is between 0. 15~0.40.

The temperature in the southeast of the Yellow River basin is higher than that in the northwest, and that in the mountainous area is lower than that in the plain. The annual average temperature is 1~8℃ in the upstream, 8~ 14℃ in the midstream and 12~ 14℃ in the downstream. The average temperature in July is the highest, ranging from 20℃ to 29℃ in most areas, and the extreme maximum temperature in Luoyang is 44.3℃. The lowest temperature is 5438+ 10 in June, and it is below 0℃ in most areas. The extreme minimum temperature in Maduo, Qinghai is -48. 1℃. The daily temperature in most areas ranges from 10~ 15℃.

The average natural runoff of the Yellow River for many years is 58 billion m3, accounting for only 2. 1% of the total river runoff in China, ranking fourth among the seven major rivers in China. The average annual runoff depth of the basin is 77mm, which is only 28% of the national average runoff depth of 276mm, and only slightly higher than that of Liaohe River among the seven major rivers in China. The per capita water quantity in the basin is 593m3, which is about 23% of the national per capita water quantity. The average water consumption per mu of cultivated land is 324m3, which is equivalent to 18% of the national average water consumption per mu.

The regional distribution of natural runoff of the Yellow River is very uneven. The area above Lanzhou accounts for 29.6% of the whole country, and the annual runoff reaches 32.3 billion m3, accounting for 55.6% of the whole river. This is the most abundant area of the Yellow River. Although the basin area between Lanzhou and Hekou Town has increased by 65.438+0.63 million km2, accounting for 654.38+02.5% of the whole river, due to the dry climate in this area, the evaporation and leakage losses of the river are great, and the river runoff has decreased by 65.438+0 billion m3 instead of increasing. The basin area between Hekou Town and Longmen accounts for 4.8% of the whole river/kloc-0, and the water inflow is 7.25 billion m3, accounting for 0/2.5% of the whole river/kloc-0. The basin area between Longmen and Sanmenxia accounts for 25.4% of the whole river, and the incoming water11330 million m3 accounts for 19.5% of the whole river. The area between Sanmenxia and Huayuankou only accounts for 5.5% of the total river area, but the inflow is 6.08% million m3, accounting for 10.5% of the national river water volume, which is another area with more runoff production. The section from Huayuan Road to Hekou accounts for 3% of the total river area, and the inflow is 2 1 100 million m3, accounting for 3.6% of the total river water. The natural runoff of stations in the main stream of the Yellow River in flood season (July ~ 65438+1October) accounts for about 60% of the whole year and 40% in non-flood season. During the flood season, the flood surged and plummeted, and the flow in winter was very small. The upstream Lanzhou Station 1946 measured maximum flood peak discharge is 5900m3/s in flood season, and the minimum discharge in non-flood season is only 335m3/s, with a difference of nearly 17 times. 1933 The measured maximum peak flow is 22,000m3/s, and the minimum flow is 240m3/s, with a difference of nearly 9 1 times.

With the development of national economy and the construction of a large number of water storage, water diversion and water lifting projects in the Yellow River Basin, the annual runoff consumption of the Yellow River has reached 28-29 billion m3 in the 1980s, of which the water consumption of urban industry and rural people and livestock is about 1 65,438+0 billion m3, and the rest is agricultural irrigation water. The effective rate of the Yellow River runoff is about 50%. Compared with other major rivers at home and abroad, the utilization rate of water resources in the Yellow River has reached a high level. At the same time, due to the regulation of Longyangxia Reservoir in the upper reaches of the Yellow River, the annual and inter-annual distribution of runoff in the Yellow River has also changed greatly.

The Yellow River is the second longest river in China and one of the most famous rivers in the world. It originated at the northern foot of Bayan Kara in central Qinghai Province, meandered eastward in the Yogu Zonglie Basin, crossed the Loess Plateau and the Huanghuaihai Plain, and flowed into the Bohai Sea. The total length of the main stream is 5464 kilometers.

The Yellow River gave birth to Chinese civilization. As early as 6000 years ago, agricultural activities began to appear in the basin. About 4000 years ago, some blood tribes were formed in the basin, among which Yan Di and Huangdi were the most powerful tribes. Later, the Yellow Emperor gained the position of leader and merged with other tribes to form the "Huaxia nationality". Later generations regard the Yellow Emperor as the ancestor of the Chinese nation. There is the Huangdi Palace in xinzheng city, Henan Province, and the Huangdi Mausoleum in huangling county, Shaanxi Province. Chinese people all over the world regard the Yellow River Basin as the cradle of the Chinese nation, calling it "Mother River" and "Four Shames", and regard the yellow land as their "root".

From the Xia Dynasty in the 2nd/kloc-0th century BC, in the historical period of more than 4,000 years, the dynasties established their capital in the Yellow River basin for more than 3,000 years. Among the "seven ancient capitals" in the history of China, Anyang, Xi, Luoyang and Kaifeng are located in the Yellow River Basin and its adjacent areas. A large number of Oracle Bone Inscriptions remains in Yindu (which belonged to the Yellow River valley at that time), creating a precedent for written records in China. Xi 'an (including Xianyang), from the Western Zhou Dynasty, Qin Dynasty and Han Dynasty to Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty, has 13 dynasties as its capital, and has a history of thousands of years. It is a famous "Eight Rivers Imperial Capital". After the Eastern Zhou Dynasty moved its capital to Luoyang, the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Wei Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty, Hou Liang and the Hou Zhou all established their capitals in Luoyang, which lasted for more than 900 years and was known as the "ancient capital of nine dynasties". Kaifeng, located on the south bank of the Yellow River, was called Bianliang in ancient times. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Wei Huiwang moved its capital to Daliang, and the capital was established here in the Northern Song Dynasty, which lasted about 200 years. For a long time, the political, economic and cultural center of China has been in the Yellow River Basin. The middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River are the earliest areas for the development of science, technology, literature and art in China. Around 2000 BC, bronzes appeared in the basin, and the bronze smelting technology of Shang Dynasty reached a fairly high level, and iron smelting began to appear at the same time, marking the development of productive forces to a new stage. The shovel and iron axe unearthed in Luoyang after a series of treatments show that China developed the softening technology of cast iron more than 2000 years earlier than European countries. China's ancient "four great inventions"-papermaking, movable type printing, compass and gunpowder-all originated in the Yellow River basin. A large number of literary classics, from the Book of Songs to Tang poetry and Song poetry, and a large number of cultural classics are also produced here. After the Northern Song Dynasty, the national economic center of gravity gradually shifted to the south, but in the process of China's political, economic and cultural development, the Yellow River basin and the plain area in the lower reaches of the Yellow River are still in an important position. The long history of the Yellow River Basin has left a very precious legacy to the Chinese nation, leaving countless places of interest, which is the pride of our nation.