What difficulties did Magellan encounter in traveling around the world?

brief introduction

all one's life

Magellan chronology

affect

anime?character

Ferdinand Magellan

(1480 ~1521April 27th)

[Edit this paragraph] Introduction

Magellan (full name: Ferdinand? Magellan, Portuguese: fern? O demagalo? es； Spanish: ferdinand magellan), a famous Portuguese navigator and explorer, was successively Portugal (1505 ~ 15 12) and Spain (1519 ~152/kloc-). The location starts from Spain, bypasses South America, discovers strait of magellan and then crosses the Pacific Ocean. Although he was killed in the Philippines, his fleet continued to sail west and returned to Spain, completing the first round-the-world voyage in history. It is considered by the world to be the first person to sail around the world. The oceans he passed through were: Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean.

[Edit this paragraph] Life

one's early years

1480, Magellan was born in a shabby knight family in northern Portugal, belonging to the children of the fourth-class nobility. /kloc-entered the palace at the age of 0/0, and/kloc-entered the National Maritime Institute at the age of 0/6. When I was young, I was fascinated by sailing. At the age of 25, he took part in the colonial war against Africa. Later, they competed with Arabs for trading places. He left India for home at the age of 30. However, he ran into a rock on his way home and was trapped on an isolated island. Magellan and his sailors waited a long time to rescue the ship. Knowing this situation, his superiors promoted him to captain and served in the army.

15 1 1 year, and participated in the capture of Malacca together with the new governor of India, Monsod Albuquerque. When he participated in the colonial war in Southeast Asia, he learned that there was still a sea to the east of the Spice Islands. In addition, his friend the astrologer Farillo also calculated the location of the spice islands. He guessed that America was to the east of the sea, and firmly believed that the earth was round. So, he has a plan to sail around the world. 15 1 165438 In February, he made a reconnaissance voyage. After arriving in Banda Island, I returned to Lisbon with a batch of spices 15 12. The following year, he attacked the Moroccan fortress Assam with the army and was disabled for life because of injuries. 15 14 After returning to China, the king called twice to ask for a promotion and increase the annuity, but both were rejected.

Prepare to sail

At the age of 33, Magellan returned to his hometown of Portugal. He applied to Portuguese King Manuel to organize a fleet to explore and sail around the world. But the king didn't agree, because he thought that the eastern trade had been effectively controlled and there was no need to open up new navigation channels. 15 17, he left Portugal and went to Seville, Spain, where he once again requested to sail around the world. The commander of the fortress in Seville appreciated his talent and courage very much and agreed to his request and married his daughter.

15 18 In March, Spanish King Charles V received Magellan, and Magellan made another request for navigation and presented the king with a homemade exquisite colored globe. The king quickly agreed to him. Soon, under the instructions of the king, Magellan organized a fleet to prepare for sailing.

However, Portuguese King Manuel I soon understood this. He was angry with Magellan for his country's competitors, and even more afraid that Magellan's voyage would help Spain surpass Portugal. So, he not only sent people to create rumors in Seville, but also sent some spies to sneak into Magellan's fleet, ready to kill and assassinate Magellan.

Across the Atlantic

On September 20th, 2009, Magellan set out with a fleet of five ships and 270 sailors. The fleet sailed in the Atlantic for 70 days and arrived at the coast of Brazil on129 October. Because this is Portuguese territory, Magellan told the crew to be careful not to be discovered by the Portuguese, because according to the Todd silas Treaty signed by both sides in 1494, no one is allowed to enter and occupy the territory divided by the other side. In the second year of 65438+ 10/0, the fleet came to the endless big bay. The crew thought that when they reached the end of America, they could smoothly enter the new ocean, but after on-the-spot investigation, it was only an estuary, which is now the La Plata River in Uruguay.

At the end of March, South America entered the winter, so Magellan led the fleet into San Juan Port to prepare for the winter. The crew were very depressed because of the cold weather and food shortage. There was a rebellion among the crew, and the three captains jointly opposed Magellan, disobeyed Magellan's orders and ordered Magellan to negotiate. Magellan agreed to negotiate on the pretext of sending a messenger, and took the opportunity to assassinate the rebellious captain official.

Soon, Magellan found a large number of seabirds, fish and fresh water in San Juan Port, and the diet problem was finally solved. Magellan also found that there were also local aborigines nearby, who were tall and dressed in animal skins; Their shoes are also very special. They put wet skin on their feet up to their knees. Wear a pair of big leather boots outside in rainy and snowy days. Magellan called them "bigfoot", arrested two bigfoot by deception, and gave them fetters and handcuffs as gifts to the Spanish king.

In the spring of August, Magellan led the fleet to move on.

Over America

At the end of August, 1520, the fleet sailed out of San Juan port and continued to sail south along the Atlantic coast, ready to find a channel to the South China Sea. After three days' voyage, a bay was discovered at 52 degrees south latitude. Magellan sent two ships to explore, hoping to find a waterway to the South China Sea. That night, the storm was raging, the wind roared and the waves were huge, and the ships sent there were in danger of hitting the cliff and sinking at any time. This emergency lasted for two days. As luck would have it, at this moment of sudden change, they found a canyon leading to the South China Sea, which was later called strait of magellan.

Magellan led the fleet along the strait of magellan. The gorge road twists and turns, with different widths, and the peaks on both sides stand tall and fantastic. The aborigines on both sides of the Taiwan Strait happily lit bonfires, with blue smoke during the day and bright lights at night, like a guard of honor specially arranged for Magellan's arrival. Magellan was very happy. When he saw this land on fire at night, he named this land on the south bank of the Strait "Tierra del Fuego", which is today's Tierra del Fuego in Chile.

After more than 20 days of arduous and circuitous sailing, I finally reached the west entrance of the Strait and walked out of strait of magellan. Suddenly, I saw a calm and boundless "South China Sea". Later, in two months, when they patrolled around looking for islands or land, the San Antonio with the most food escaped and returned to Spain.

Enter the Pacific Ocean

After 100 days of sailing, Magellan's mood has never been so relaxed, as if God had helped him a lot. He gave the South China Sea an auspicious name, called the Pacific Ocean. In this vast Pacific Ocean, we can't see land and islands, so food has become the most critical issue. 100 for more than days and nights, they didn't eat any fresh food, and they had already finished drinking wine, only dry bread was used to satisfy their hunger. Later, even dry bread was eaten, so I could only eat some biscuit crumbs with bugs, which smelled like mouse excrement. The fresh water in the cabin is getting shallower and shallower, and finally you can only drink smelly yellow water. In order to survive, the cowhide covered on the ship yard is also used as food. Cowhide is as hard as stone because of the sun and rain. Soak in seawater for four or five days, and then bake on charcoal fire for a long time before eating. Sometimes, they eat sawdust from wood.

152 1 In March, the fleet finally reached three inhabited islands, which are part of the Mariana Islands. The aborigines on the island are dark-skinned and tall. They are naked, but they are wearing hats made of palm leaves. Enthusiastic islanders brought them food, fruits and vegetables. In addition to surprise, the crew expressed their heartfelt thanks to the residents for their enthusiasm. However, because the natives had never seen such a spectacular fleet, they showed novelty to everything on board, so they removed some items from the ship. When the crew found it, they shouted loudly and regarded it as a robber, and renamed the island "Robber Island". Magellan was very angry when the islanders stole the lifeboat tied to the stern. He led a group of armed men to the coast, shot and killed seven indigenous people, and set fire to dozens of huts and dozens of ships. So he left a very disgraceful page in Magellan's diary.

The fleet sailed west again and came to the present Philippine Islands. At this time, Magellan and his companions finally completed the feat of crossing the Pacific for the first time, confirming that there is a vast water area between America and Asia. This water area is much wider than the Atlantic Ocean. Columbus crossed the Atlantic for the first time in only a month and a few days, while Magellan spent 100 days crossing the Pacific Ocean in sunny weather and pleasant journey.

Magellan crossed the Pacific Ocean for the first time, which produced a revolution in the history of geography and navigation. It is proved that most of the earth's surface is not land, but oceans, and the oceans around the world are not isolated from each other, but a unified and complete water body. This has played a pioneering role in the navigation of later generations.

Magellan's death

One day, Magellan's fleet came to an uninhabited island near Samar Island to replenish some fresh water and let the sailors have a rest. Residents of nearby islands came to watch the Spaniards and exchanged coconut and palm wine for Spanish red hats and some small toys. A few days later, the fleet sailed southwest and anchored at the island north of Mindanao. A local aboriginal ship arrived in Trinidad. Enrique, Magellan's slave, shouted at the rowers on board in Malaysian, and they immediately understood Enrique's meaning. Enrique was born in Sumatra and was brought to Europe from Malacca by Magellan 12 years ago. Two hours later, two big ships arrived, full of people, and local leaders also came. Enrique talked freely with them. At this time, Magellan suddenly realized that he had come to the Malay-speaking people not far from the Spice Islands, and they were about to complete the first voyage around the world in human history.

The leader of the island came to Magellan's command ship and took the fleet to Cebu Port in the central Philippines. Magellan expressed his willingness to make peace with the leaders of Cebu Island, and he was prepared to provide them with military assistance if they admitted that they were vassals of the Spanish king. In order to convince the Spanish leader, Magellan conducted a military exercise nearby. The leader of Cebu Island accepted this proposal. A week later, he was baptized with his family and hundreds of subjects. In a short time, some residents of this island and nearby islands were also baptized.

Magellan became the protector of these new Christians. In order to carry out colonial rule, he intervened among the leaders of nearby islands. In the evening, he led more than 60 people to the island in three small boats. Because there were many rocks in the water, the ship could not dock, so Magellan waded in with more than 50 crew members. Unexpectedly, the rebellious islanders were already ready. Magellan ordered the artillery and archers to fire at them, but they couldn't get in. Then the islanders pounced on them, and the crew could not resist. They fought and retreated, and the islanders followed. Magellan, eager to clear the gap, ordered the village to be burned to disturb people's hearts. When the islanders saw their houses burned down, they chased them even more angrily, shooting dense arrows and throwing countless javelins and stones. When they learned that Magellan was the commander of the fleet, the attack was even more fierce. Many people are desperate to throw javelins at him or cut them with sledgehammers. Magellan was first stabbed in the leg by the javelin thrown by the islanders in this battle retreat and fell to the ground. He got up and continued to run, but he still fell behind the team and was hacked to death by the islanders who caught up. Even the islanders didn't know what to do with Magellan's body because of the emergency evacuation of their companions.

come into one's money

After Magellan's death, his companions continued to sail. 1521165438+1On October 8th, they broke down at a spice market on Titore Island in Maluku Islands. There, they exchanged cheap goods for a large number of spices, such as cloves, cardamom and cinnamon, which filled the warehouse on board.

1522 On May 20th, the Victoria bypassed the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa. During this voyage, the crew was reduced to only 35 people. Later, when they arrived in Cape Verde Islands on the west coast of Africa, they brought a pack of cloves ashore in exchange for food. It was discovered by the Portuguese who were going to India, and 13 people were arrested, leaving only 22 people.

1522 On September 6th, the Victoria returned to Spain and finally completed its first round-the-world voyage in history. When "Victoria" returned to San Tarouca, there were only 18 people on board, and five ships brought "Victoria" back. They are so tired and weak that they can't even tell people they used to know. They brought back a considerable amount of spices, a handful of fresh cloves can be exchanged for a handful of gold coins, and spices can be exchanged for money, which can not only make up for all the expenses of the expedition, but also earn a lot of profits.

[Edit this paragraph] Magellan chronology

1480- Magellan was born in Portugal.

1490- 1496- serving in the royal palace

1496- 1505 entered the national maritime office.

1505-1512-Military service in East India.

15 13- Military service in Africa

15 15- the plan of westing airlines was rejected by Portuguese king Manuel and rejected by the Portuguese army.

15171kloc-0/October 20th-give up Portuguese nationality and arrive in Seville, Spain.

1565438+March 22, 2008-signed an agreement with Spanish king Charles V.

1565438+September 20th, 2009-The fleet left Seville and sailed for San Rugar, starting the first feat of sailing around the world in human history.

15191213-arrived in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

1520 65438+1October 10- arrived at the La Plata River, and at first thought that we had found the strait.

1520 March 3 1- Arrived in St. Julian's Bay.

On April 7th, 1520- Three Julian Bay mutiny, Magellan rebellion.

On May 22nd, the 1520- Santiago sank and its crew was rescued.

1520, 10, 21-arrived at the entrance of the channel (strait of magellan was discovered).

1520165438+1October-San Antonio fled back to Spain.

1520165438+1October 28th-Entering the Pacific Ocean

152 1 year 65438+1October 24th-via Sao Paulo Island.

1521February 4th-via Tiburon Island.

15216 March-Arrived at Robber Island, fought with islanders after barter, killed several islanders and took away many things.

1521March 16- Inadvertently "discovered" the Philippine Islands and landed in sulu archipelago.

1521March 28th-arrived in massawa. Enrique, a Malay slave, finally confirmed that the earth is a round sphere after hearing his hometown.

1521April 7-Arrive in Cebu Island.

1521April 27th-Magellan got involved in a tribal struggle and died in Maktan.

1522 On September 6th, the fleet returned to Spain and completed the first round-the-world voyage in human history.

[Edit this paragraph] Impact

Magellan's outstanding contribution lies not in the voyage around the world itself, but in his bold belief and excellent command of this cause and his indomitable spirit. He was the first person to cross the Pacific Ocean from east to west. It took him more than three months' voyage to change the popular concept at that time: it only takes a few days to reach East India by boat from the New World to the west. The practice of Magellan's fleet sailing around the world proved that the earth is a round body. No matter from west to east or from east to west, there is no doubt that it can go back to its original place once it goes around our planet. This is an indelible great feat in human history.

Souris and the Discovery of the La Plata River

After Balpuya discovered the South China Sea (Pacific Ocean), someone tried to bypass this newly discovered continent from the south and go there by sea. Juan diaz Souris imagined that there was a real "South India" in the far west outside the mainland. Souris was already the main helmsman of Castilla. During the period of1515 ~1516, he tried to sail into the south China sea from one side of the Atlantic Ocean by two or three ships and pushed along the winding road to the southwest coast of Brazil. Souris reached a new freshwater sea at 36 south latitude, and then found the mouth of a big river. At first, he regarded the mouth of this big river as a passage to the East China Sea. Souris landed on the coast there, but he was killed by Indians. Later, in memory of Souris, Magellan named the river Rio de Suris (renamed La Plata River from the middle of16th century).

Magellan's plan and his expedition members

Fernand Magellan. People call him that. His real Portuguese name is magali Youngs. -The original note is a poor Portuguese aristocrat. During the period of1505 ~1511,he participated in the Portuguese conquest of East India and Malacca, and then participated in the Portuguese expedition to North Africa. He was injured in the expedition. After returning home, he asked the king to promote him to an insignificant position, but he was rejected. He put forward a plan to fly west to Maluku Islands, but his plan was also rejected.

The insulted Magellan left the motherland and came to Spain. He collaborated with the Portuguese astronomer Luis Falleru, who claimed that he seemed to have found a way to measure longitude accurately. The two of them came to the India Committee in Seville and declared that the Maluku Islands are Portugal's most important source of wealth, and they should belong to Spain, because these islands are located on the Spanish side of the western hemisphere (according to the world demarcation line 1494). But to reach the "Spice Islands", we must take the westbound route, so as not to arouse the suspicion of the Portuguese, that is, the South China Sea discovered by Balpuya and belonging to Spanish territory. Magellan eloquently confirmed that there must be a strait between the Atlantic Ocean and the South China Sea, which is in the south of the Holy Cross (South America). At first, Magellan and Falleru demanded the same rights and privileges as those promised to Columbus at that time. After protracted bargaining, they reached an agreement with the king's representative to keep most of their future income for themselves, and then the Portuguese made some concessions before signing an agreement with the king's representative. King Charles I promised to equip five ships with treasury funds and provide food and supplies for the expedition for two years.

On the eve of sailing, Falleru refused to take part in the expedition. There is no doubt that Magellan devoted all his efforts to this cause, and he became the only leader of this expedition. He raised the command flag on the Trinidad (1 10 ton). The Indian Council does not fully trust the Portuguese Magellan. Because of their persistence, the captains of other ships have appointed Spaniards. The captain of "San Antonio" (120 tons) is Juan Ruiz Tana. This man is a famous aristocrat and a relative of Bishop Fonseca. At the same time, as the governor of the kingdom, he is responsible for all exploration activities. The captain of Concepcion (90-ton class) is Kasznar Quesada. The captain of Victoria (Victory, 85 tons) is Luis meadows. The captain of the "Santiago" (75 tons) is Juan Serrano. In some notes, it is said that he was born in Seville. 15 12 sailed from Spain to Lianwan as a helmsman. Another way of saying this is that he is Portuguese (Juan Ceylon) and has sailed to India many times. -The original notes. The fleet has a total of 239 crew members (calculated by the number of paid people). There were 26 people on board, including an Italian youth named Antonio Pica Fietta (from the pawn city of Vicenza), who recorded the first voyage around the world. Although Francisco Albao was neither a sailor nor a geographer, the log book he filled in became the most important first-hand information on this voyage. Francisco first served as the assistant helmsman of Trinidad and later became the helmsman of Victoria.

Magellan's voyage

"All kinds of feelings gave birth to all kinds of works. Or because of inspiration, or because of gratitude, or more because of distress, anger and sadness. Can ignite the passion of writing. Of course, it may also be because of curiosity that I want to explore people's psychological needs through writing. As for those suspicious motives: vanity, greed, self-appreciation, etc. They will also stimulate us to keep writing. I, on the other hand, know very well that the reason for writing this book comes from a somewhat unusual and lingering feeling-shame. "

These are the first few words in the preface of Stefan Zweig's voyage of Magellan. While enjoying the comfort and leisure, the author suddenly thought of the warriors who set sail at first. This is the first time they have discovered a vast ocean and a new land. They explored the mysterious distance in a small sailboat, and their future was uncertain. They are at the mercy of stormy waves, suffering and being threatened with death all the time, which makes them even more uncomfortable. Thinking of the initial voyage of the conqueror at sea, the author feels guilty for his anxiety.

It is this sense of shame that makes the author read the deeds in the history of human exploration on board, and Fernando Magellan's achievements are unparalleled.

I also read this biography with this sense of shame: since the middle school was divided into arts and sciences, my knowledge of world geography has been limited to the places where several local wars took place, and my understanding of other parts of the world has almost stagnated; I know little about the history of human civilization. I only know that Columbus discovered the new continent, but I don't know the man who sailed around the world for the first time, and I don't know how humans proved that the earth is round. When the first person who completed the voyage around the world completed the process of exploration, we later people actually knew nothing about it!

Magellan is a Portuguese aristocrat. Columbus had discovered the new American continent 27 years before he began his global exploration, but he thought that the American continent he discovered was the Asian continent he dreamed of until his death. Magellan also completed many voyages before exploring the world and accumulated rich navigation knowledge. Of course, all his voyages were to sail south along the west coast of Africa, to the southernmost Cape of Good Hope, and then to sail along the east coast of Africa, across the Indian Ocean, to India or further east.

It is also the first time that I learned that pepper, cinnamon and ginger, which are extremely common condiments today, actually reached such an expensive level in the16th century: pepper is calculated by particles, and its value is equivalent to the same weight of silver. Pepper can even replace gold and silver in bookkeeping, and can be used to buy land, dowry and even city. Such an expensive price, on the one hand, is due to the strong demand in Europe, on the other hand, is due to the difficulty in transshipment of goods. Malaysia's slaves picked up the goods, Arab merchants bought them, transported them to Malacca, then to Indian ports, bypassed the southern coast of Arabian Peninsula, arrived in Aden, and then to the Red Sea and Egypt, and began a land journey. After a long journey in the hot desert, they transported them to Venice, then crossed the snow-capped mountains and arrived at western retailers. This process took at least two years.

Even after such a long process, the spice trade is still the most profitable industry. A cargo ship fleet, if four of the five ships sink with cargo and crew, and only one returns, still has considerable profits, but Arabs do not allow western ships to sail on the Red Sea, which is why the West should be eager to get rid of this control and take strong measures.

Magellan's voyage exploration can be said to be due to this commercial impulse, not to open up the boundaries of civilization.

After Columbus discovered America, westerners have been trying to cross the American continent and directly reach the spice island in Asia, but all attempts have failed. Whether sailing to the southern tip of South America or the northern tip of North America, people seem to encounter a mud and stone wall, but the unknown Magellan suddenly announced that he knew there was a strait crossing America. From this biography, we know that Magellan's secret at that time was near 40 degrees south latitude. It turned out to be a pure mistake, but mistakes are often the power to guide people to explore, and many discoveries began to explore under the guidance of mistakes.

Magellan ran into a wall with his king, and the Portuguese king didn't believe him. He was going to Spain, and his story was believed by the king of Spain, so he set up an expedition fleet consisting of five sailboats.

According to this biography, I vaguely marked Magellan's adventure on a large-scale world map: starting from Seville, Spain, along the west coast of Africa, reaching Tenerife Island, then starting from here, sailing westward to the Atlantic Ocean, reaching Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and then heading south along the east coast of South America, trying to find a strait across the American continent near 40 degrees south latitude. After it was proved to be wrong, the taciturn little fleet commander suppressed the riots of foreign crew members, marched firmly and persistently south, endured the severe cold in the southern hemisphere, and finally reached the southernmost tip of South America, only to discover the strait called Magellan today, then reached the calm Pacific Ocean, and finally reached the Philippines today.

In fact, Magellan's voyage around the world was not completed. In order to support an indigenous monarch loyal to Spain, he was involved in a deadly local dispute and was killed in the Battle of Maktan, but his fleet continued to sail around the world. The first person to travel around the world was not a westerner, but an eastern slave named Enrique Magellan. A few years ago, he was sold from India to the west, and Magellan took him from the west to his native Philippines. When he understood the words of the local aborigines, it proved that mankind had completed the first round-the-world trip: people could sail all the way along the east or west from a starting point and finally return to his starting point.

Magellan didn't complete his voyage around the world, and it seems useless to devote his whole career to it. After his death, many people tried to cross the strait of magellan, but without his lucky and dangerous passage, many people preferred to enter and leave the Pacific Ocean through the Panama Strait. 19 13, with the opening of the Panama Canal sluice, the "strait of magellan" is simply redundant. But Magellan's achievements surpassed those of his contemporaries, and his self-sacrifice was even more memorable.

"Magellan's achievements have always proved that people can turn their dreams into reality in a short life. This is the eternal truth. " The last sentence of the biography is the author's eulogy to Magellan, which is also the author's own life creed, but he finally committed suicide because of despair of reality.

This biography is wonderfully written. Although it is only based on limited and unreliable historical materials, it is more objective and true with the author's rich imagination and philosophical language, coupled with his perception and evaluation of life. "I always have a strange feeling, as if describing a fictional thing, a great dream, a sacred legend of mankind." Indeed, "nothing is more perfect than the untrue truth!" " It is the heroes who have accomplished unimaginable feats that have given mankind confidence in themselves.

The fly in the ointment is that this book does not have a simple schematic diagram of Magellan's exploration. I'm struggling to find the route on the large-scale world map, and some smaller place names can't be found at last. I can only show a bumpy heroic journey in my mind. There is another drawback. The editor didn't even date the first edition of the book. I didn't find any relevant information in Baidu Encyclopedia and Wikipedia Chinese version. Later, I found it in the English version of Wikipedia. The first edition should be in 1938, probably because the author was expelled by the Nazis and was inspired during his exile in Brazil.