Types of tourism resources in Zhanghewan area

Zhanghewan area is rich in tourism resources, including both human landscape and natural landscape like painting. According to the preliminary study, it mainly includes: water features (reservoir dams, rivers and lakes, central islands, river terraces, etc.). ); Landform landscape (craggy rock landform, intrusive landform); Biological landscape (Nansizhang Forest Park); Historical buildings (Cangyanshan Bridge Hall, Longfeng Temple, etc.). ); Misty and rainy landscape (Lefoshan); Leisure and summer vacation (Zhanghewan Reservoir, fishing field, Cangyanshan Tanshugou); The geological landscape (Baicheng-Liumiaodi profile, intrusion, metamorphism and displacement, angular unconformity, fault structure, volcanic accumulation, volcanic flow structure, tidal flat deposition and root splitting) is briefly described as follows.

First, the waterscape category

The waterscape in Zhanghewan area is one of the important tourism resources and has broad development prospects. After a preliminary study, the main water features in this area include: reservoir dams, rivers and lakes, central islands and small waterfalls.

1. Reservoir dam

Zhanghewan Reservoir is located at the junction of Caiyu Township and Haoting Township. The reservoir is located on the main stream of Gan Tao, near Zhanghewan Village. Zhanghewan Reservoir was built in the late 1970s, with a total storage capacity of 86.47 million cubic meters and a maximum regulated storage capacity of 60510.6 million cubic meters. The power station has been included in the Tenth Five-Year Plan, with designed installed capacity of 1.600 kW and flood control storage capacity of 2755× 1.04 m3.

As a kind of humanistic tourism resource, reservoir dam has double meanings. On the one hand, the magnificent dam and exquisite architectural style have important ornamental value, which embodies the diligence and wisdom of working people. On the other hand, the reservoir is located on metamorphic volcanic rocks of Gantaohe Formation in Proterozoic, and its key buildings include dams (retaining walls, main overflow dams and auxiliary overflow dams), drainage holes, dredging holes, drainage holes and cutoff walls. It is a teaching base for increasing knowledge and understanding dam construction.

2. Rivers and lakes

Zhanghewan Reservoir is a meandering river formed under the control of natural geological conditions, which is formed by artificial interception. Upstream, the river bends into a snake shape, boarding the Laoye Temple to have a bird's eye view to the southeast, just like a huge green snake winding forward. The lake is located in the meandering reach from Haoting of Gantao River to Dingpanzhai Canyon, about 15km long, and it is a typical deep-water meandering artificial lake. The water surface of the lake 150 ~250m wide, the water depth near the dam is 60 m, the water quality is clear, the water color is clear and the lake is beautiful. This is an ideal tourist destination for fishing, boating and other water activities.

3. the island in the middle of the lake

The central island on the west side of Zhanghewan Reservoir is steep in the south and gentle in the north, showing the characteristics of lateral erosion of rivers. During the flood season, the island is isolated from the land, forming a bright oasis in the clear lake; In the dry season, the island in the middle of the lake is connected with the land, forming a "peninsula". On the north side of the island, small sandbars formed by floods are directly inserted into the water body, forming a perfect geological tourism landscape. The island in the lake is located in the core of the reservoir and has broad development prospects.

4. Waterfalls

Waterfalls in this area are mainly small waterfalls formed after rain, such as:

Dishuiya Waterfall: Located in the southeast of Nantianmen, Fuqing Temple. The cliff here is more than 30 meters high, and the groundwater collected by Housi Naogou usually seeps here, dripping from the gap at the top of the cliff, crystal clear as pearls; In the event of heavy rain, the flood flows down the river like the milky way upside down, which is very spectacular. In winter, the water drops on the cliff freeze and the ice cone hangs upside down, which is a spectacle.

Echo Waterfall: Located at the end of the Echo Valley in Fuqing Temple. The cliff is arc-shaped and more than 50 meters high. There is a groove with a width of 5 meters in the middle of the arc cliff. After the rain, the flooding in Si Qian formed a waterfall with a drop of more than 40 meters here. Due to the erosion of waterfall water, the cliff depression is more than 10m, and the water drops on the cliff top fall like rain on a sunny day. People shout in the valley, and the valley is full of echoes, so it is called "Echo Valley".

Second, the landscape category.

1. Geomorphological characteristics of Zhangshiyan

The landform in Zhanghewan area belongs to "Zhangshiyan landform" (Guo Kang, 1992). Compared with other areas, it is characterized by cliffs made of pink sandstone with sharp edges and corners. The difference is: some are majestic and tall, the cliffs are steep, the three steps are obvious, the vegetation is lush, the mountains are stacked, and the momentum is magnificent; Some are profound and ingenious; Some are middle and low mountains above 1000m, such as Zhangshiyan and Zhanghewan. Some are skillfully combined with human landscape; Some are unique rugged natural mountains. As a whole, it has a long ridge shape, hills and valleys are connected in sets, and the edges and corners are obvious, showing a giant ladder shape. These features are different from the famous Danxia landform. The "craggy rock landform" includes four features:

(1) Ya Dan longwall

The craggy rock landform gives people the first impression of majestic cliffs and steep rock walls. The steep wall composed of red sandstone is like a huge red wall, 500 ~ 700 m high, standing face to face, very majestic. This landscape is divided into east-west and north-south areas, starting from Xiakou Town in the west, Baoduzhai in the east and Linxian County in Henan Province in the south. On the route of east, west, north and south, the Great Wall of Yanshiyan Ya Dan is more like a red Great Wall.

(2) Stepped cliffs

The steep cliffs are distributed in a ladder shape, and there are three steps near the craggy rock. The wide one is called terrace, and the narrow one is called stack, which adds a sense of hierarchy and richness to Ya Dan. The stacking surface of the platform is composed of soft sand and shale, and there are trees such as pine trees and oak trees on it. However, the stepped cliff only developed in Cangyan Mountain, and the first-class cliff developed on the east-west line, and was later replaced by the third-class green cliff and platform stack.

(3) ω-shaped valley

Among the larger geomorphic units of the Great Wall in Ya Dan, there are various sub-geomorphic units, among which the "ω"-shaped valley is the most developed. The echo wall of Zhangshiyan is a typical arc valley developed on the first-class Dan cliff, with an arc diameter of 90m, a wall height of 100m, a regular shape and good echo effect. It is called the largest natural echo wall in China.

(4) modeling of sharp edge blocks

The second impression of craggy rock landform is angular blocks. Whether it's a few kilometers long Ya Dan wall or thousands of grotesque caves, the landform of craggy rocks is based on angular blocks. This is also one of the important signs that the craggy rock landform is different from other landforms (such as Danxia landform).

2. The basic types of "Zhangshiyan landform" in Zhanghewan

The craggy rock landforms in this area can be divided into nine basic types, among which positive landform has six types: single-sided rock wall, Fangshan-Nao, rock wall, peak cluster and stone pillar, solitary peak (column) and stone pier (platform); Negative landforms include valleys, rifts and caves.

(1) single-sided rock wall

One-sided rock wall near 1000m is distributed in Laoyemiao on the west side of the reservoir and the south-north ridge on the southeast side of the village. The wall is concave at the head of the ditch and convex at the headland. Seen from the front, the rock wall is stepped. The steps at the unconformity between the bottom of the Great Wall Hongyingshi sandstone and the Paleoproterozoic strata are "One Stack", "Two Stacks" and "Three Stacks" (composed of different lithology of Changzhougou Formation of the Great Wall system), with heights of 497m, 653m and 752m respectively. The top of the mountain is called the "top platform", which is the denudation surface of mudstone in the Cambrian Shantou Formation, with an altitude of 842 meters ... The single-sided rock wall is a rock wall landform in the early stage of the development of Zhang Shi rock landform.

Cliff narrow stack: that is, there are many narrow platforms between cliffs, which is a major feature of cliffs in this area. It is formed by erosion of gully water and collapse along joints. Fuqing Temple's two scenic spots "Farewell Column" and "Ya Dan Diecui" are its representative scenic spots.

Farewell column: located on the mountainside from Qiaolou Temple to Xifeng of Princess Temple, with the lower part facing Baizhang Cliff and the upper part facing Baizhang Cliff. The plank road built by cutting the wall is narrow and wide, straight or curved. The ancients skillfully used steep and narrow stacks to build temples and buildings, highlighting the mystery of religion.

Ya Dan Diecui: Located at the north cliff of Chaoyang Peak in Fuqing Temple (Plate 5). Dan means red, which is between red rock wall and red rock, and is composed of iron-time sandstone. On the steps of the stack room, there are many green shrubs, the sun is shining, and the Dan wall shines among the green trees, which really has the artistic conception of Dan cliff overlapping green.

Face Cliff: Located at the northern end of the east peak of Fuqing Temple. Looking from the south of Cangshan Hotel on the north bank of Sigou, the outline of the cliff line resembles the profile of an ape-man, and the forehead, eyes, nose, mouth and chin are very realistic. Especially in the evening, the ridge lines are clearer and the profile of human face is more moving.

(2) Fangshan landform-brain

People are used to calling the tops of those flat-topped steep cliffs "cold", such as the cold platform and temple in Cangyan Mountain Scenic Area, the cold jade wall and the peaceful Anzhai in Nansizhang Scenic Area. A typical example is Luan Tai Leng, which is located opposite Cangyan Mountain. East, south and north are steep cliffs of more than 200 meters. The east and west of the cold mountain peak are slightly inclined, with hundreds of acres of cultivated land and more than a dozen families. Its formation is due to the development of valleys on the north and south sides, and the cliffs are eroded and collapsed into square mountains. This "ridge" should be one of the positive landform types in the second stage of the early development of craggy rock landforms.

(3) Rock wall

The rock wall in Zhangshiyan landform is a wall-like rock mass left after the collapse of Fangshan or single-sided rock wall along the structural belt. Rock walls vary in size. There is also a large east-west rock wall between the Fish Wall and Taohua Wall in Nansizhang Scenic Area, which becomes the watershed between Nansigou and Wangzhaigou. Its shape is very similar to the ancient Great Wall, so it is called the "Yuan Ancient Great Wall".

(4) Peak clusters and stone pillars

With the further development of the rock wall, some walls collapsed, and rows of stone pillars stood on the wall foundation, forming peaks and clusters similar to karst landforms. For example, the Camel Peak in the south temple palm of Jingxing and the "Old Mother Sending Daughter" in the south of Han Xu Village on the east side of Cangyan Mountain are all peaks or stone pillars formed by the weathering and collapse of red sandstone in the Great Wall.

(5) lone peak (column)

There are isolated peaks (columns) in Zhanghewan area, such as the Lingxiao Pagoda on the east side of Cangyan Mountain, Lefoshan in peace village, and the conical mountain of Longfeng Temple. This solitary peak (column) developed from the peak cluster is a sign of the later development of the craggy rock landform.

Niujinzhai is the most representative stone pillar developed in the collapse of the ridge, cliff mouth and branch ditch in the exposed area of seasonal sandstone. The altitude of Niujinzhai in the north of Gaojiayu Village is111.1m, and the relative height is over 500m. The bottom of the mountain is Archean and Early Proterozoic metamorphic rock series, and the upper part is Great Wall system timely sandstone. Because the occurrence of sandstone strata is nearly horizontal, and the lithology of each layer is different, under the action of stage uplift and differential weathering of the earth's crust, the mountainside has formed eight folds (that is, narrow platforms), so the whole mountain stands like a "pagoda" in the clouds. This kind of stone tower is different, with large and small scales, single tower, twin towers and upside down shapes.

(6) Stone pier (platform)

The butte (column) collapsed and the rest of the pedestal became a stone pier (platform). Stone pier is one of the symbols of the last stage of the development of craggy rock landforms. For example, Dangerous Terrace, one of the sixteen scenic spots in Cangyan Mountain, and Yuxi Terrace in Nansizhang, etc.

(7) tanning

Gu Tao is one of the special negative landform types in craggy rock landform. Mr Guo Kang called this group of valleys "ω". Seen from the plane, this nested valley is an arc valley open to the downstream of the valley, and if viewed from the three-dimensional space, it is a half-barrel. Because most of the valleys have echo effect, some of them are named echo walls. There are three sets of valleys like Cangyan Mountain, one is "Yin Cliff Stone Milk", the other is "Nine Rings" in Shannan, and the third is "Echo Valley" in Donggu. The thickness of red timely sandstone in Cangyanshan Great Wall System is small, so the scale of the valley is not large. For example, Yinya Shiru, one of the sixteen scenic spots in Cangyan Mountain, is located in the southeast corner of the East-West Valley of Fuqing Temple, with a cliff height of more than 20 meters and an arc length of about 30 meters. Under the cliff, before the cliff top protrudes, stalactites are hung on the huge arc-shaped rock wall. The south wall squats like a thousand buddhas, the east cliff falls like a stone stream, and the north wall covers a hole like a water curtain.

This strange landscape can be formed in timely sandstone, and only by exploring along the valley can the mystery be solved. There used to be limestone strata on the top of the temple not far from the valley. Limestone is a soluble rock, which is easily dissolved and sinks along cracks. When underground water containing Ca( HCO3)2 seeps into the arc-shaped ravine, due to the pressure drop, CO2 precipitates, and some water evaporates, so that CaCO3 precipitates, forming a strange scene of cliff stone emulsion over time.

(8) Rift Valley

Cracks or fissures formed by cracking of red sandstone along joints. The "Hanging Cloud Stepping" in the Sixteen Scenery of Cangyan Mountain is a small fault rift in the red sandstone, which strikes NWW295 and reaches the valley bottom 2. The width is 5 ~ 4m, and the valley depth is 38m. The two walls stand upright, such as cutting, standing at the bottom of the valley and looking up, I can only see a blue sky, so it is called the "first-line skylight" spectacle. The ancients built stone heads at the bottom of the cave to climb stone steps, which is called "hanging clouds and pedaling ladders". Bridge buildings fly over the stream, becoming a spectacle of "flying bridges". Qiao Yu, a tourist in the Ming Dynasty, once exclaimed: "Who made the hand of God split the double stones?" . In fact, the rift valley was formed by long-term erosion along the nearly east-west normal fault.

(9) caves

The caves developed in the red sandstone of the Great Wall system are caves developed along faults or cracks, such as the Tiger Cave in Cangyan Mountain, which also belongs to this kind of caves, but the scale is small. The Tiger Cave is located on the west cliff of the east peak of Fuqing Temple. The entrance faces northeast, with a width of 1 ~ 1.4m and a height of 2. 5 ~ 3.5m, 26m long. The extension direction of the tunnel is consistent with the strike of two groups of joints in sandstone in the area, indicating that the tunnel develops along sandstone fractures. Legend has it that after Princess Nanyang rode a tiger up the mountain to get a haircut, the tiger got into this hole, hence the name Tiger Cave.

The Thousand Buddha Cave is located at the edge of the Thousand Buddha Cliff on the west side of the North Gan Tao River in Qishi Village. The entrance of the cave is 420m above sea level, which is higher than the riverbed 120m. Judging from the height of the uplift, its formation age should be from the late Neogene to the early Quaternary. The mouth of the cave faces 120, and the main cave is 34m long, in the same direction as the mouth of the cave. The largest hole is 5 meters high, narrow in front and wide in back. The bottom is 2 ~ 7m wide, and there are ancient stone Buddha statues on the south wall. There are two branches at the top of the main tunnel, and the north branch extends in the direction of 340, about 20 meters long, and the end is narrowed, so people can't enter. The entrance of the cave is nearly 3m higher than the bottom of the main cave, and there are four big bamboo shoots and collapsed rocks at the bottom of the cave. The south branch tunnel and the north branch tunnel have the same strike, which indicates that they developed along the same structural fault strike. There is a stone pillar in the cave. The cave is a large local cave, and its development has basically stopped at present, but small stalagmites, stone pillars and ancient stone Buddha statues can still be seen. Whether from the perspective of cultural relics appreciation or geological survey, the Thousand Buddha Cave has certain value.

To sum up, the positive landform and negative landforms formed by the red timely sandstone of the Great Wall system are the results of the development of extremely thick hard sandstone, underlying mudstone and structural joints and the transformation of multi-stage structural movements. The internal and external dynamic geological processes led to the retreat of the rock wall, forming positive landform in different development stages and its unique negative landform.

Third, the biological landscape category

The forest landscape in this area can be divided into forests, ancient trees, shrubs and flowers.

1. Nansizhang Forest Park

It is mainly distributed in the shady slope and semi-shady slope around the palm of Nansi Temple, and the growth area of fish nose brain and pink brain is the largest.

There are mainly camphor wood, Chinese fir, larch, cypress, poplar and cotinus coggygria in the forest, as well as colorful shrubs and flowers. Surrounded by towering trees, lush foliage, covering the sky, evergreen all the year round, known as the "cliff beauty, miles deep trees" reputation.

Forests have the functions of regulating climate, purifying air and adsorbing dust. As a kind of scenic resources, it has the special medical effect of "forest bath" and has become one of people's main interests in pursuing the return to nature. Forest bath refers to activities that are widely exposed to the forest environment, including mountain climbing, sightseeing in the forest, walking in the shade and picnicking. The main purpose is to adjust the spirit through the natural environment, relieve fatigue, resist diseases and keep fit. The sound insulation effect of the forest will make people feel unique tranquility; Green environment and beautiful scenery can give people a sense of tranquility and comfort; There are many negative oxygen ions in forest air, which can promote human metabolism and improve human immunity. This is a good place for vacation and camping. Nansizhang Forest Nature Reserve is not only a tourist function, but also an important teaching and research base.

2. Ancient wood

Of the sixteen scenic spots in Cangyan Mountain, three are composed of ancient trees, namely "Bijian Lingtan", "Hillside Leitian" and "Yan Guan Suocui". White sandalwood and cypress trees grown in Fuqing Temple have a history of thousands of years.

White sandalwood grows at the bottom of the cave with lush trees, which is called "Bijian". White sandalwood is called "Lingtan" because of its root, shape and stem. All kinds of Dalbergia trees are layered on top of each other, densely covering the valley. In the spring season, standing at Qiaolou Temple, you can have a bird's eye view of the deep valley. The green Dalbergia leaves are floating in the wind, just like duckweeds on the water. White sandalwood has no heart and no skin, and the whole body is white and pure, and its roots must be around the rock, just like a dragon's claw grasping the ground and a snake shaking the stone. The trunk is slender, the branches are smooth and soft, and the green leaves are lush. The ancient poem praised: "If you choose to win, you will come back from the door, pull up the ground and hold the cloud roots, when to peel the skin, and repair the Meishan stone to get rid of the soul."

Stepping into the valley, the first thing you see is the stout white sandalwood-welcome sandalwood (also known as open-minded old sandalwood); In front is a giant Dalbergia composed of Arhat Dalbergia and eighteen Dalbergia. In the depths of the valley, you can see the sandalwood of bouldering, mandarin duck (sister sandalwood), gecko sandalwood, golden toad sandalwood, vegetarian sandalwood, African sandalwood, stone chopping sandalwood, crouching tiger sandalwood, mang sandalwood and antlers sandalwood in turn. Lingtan with various postures and names is like a natural bonsai.

Cooper grows on the cliff on the mountainside, and some come out of the cracks in the cliff and fly in the air; Some hang upside down on the cliff and want to fall. Cedar and wingceltis overlap, and Cangyan stands out among the Taihang Mountains. Cangyan Mountain is a scenic forest with profound meaning and high artistic appreciation value, and it is the easiest to obtain rich artistic conception and diverse aesthetic feelings.

Fourth, historical buildings.

The historic buildings in this area are unique, such as Qiaolou Temple in Cangyan Mountain. The stone bridge at the bottom of the hall was built in the Sui Dynasty. It sits west to east and straddles the bridge walls on both sides. The bridge is an open-shouldered arch with high wing angles and tassels, which represents the architectural style of masonry structure in Sui Dynasty. The majestic and unique bridge hall is located on the stone bridge, which shows China's unique architectural system and artistic attainments with exquisite artistic modeling and solid wood structure. In particular, Qiaolou Temple was built in the forefront of mountains and valleys, forming the world wonder of "Bridge Hall Flying Rainbow", one of the three wonders of Cangyan Mountain.

According to preliminary investigation, except for Qiaolou Hall, Fuqing Hall and Tianwang Hall, most of the other scenic spots are masonry buildings or mixed buildings. These colorful architectural treasures are not only the basis of popular science tourism, but also an important base for teaching and scientific research.

Five, misty rain landscape

Misty rain landscape belongs to the category of meteorological tourism resources, and misty rain can bring emotional reverie and hazy poetry to tourists. If you are lucky enough to catch the rainy weather, the magnificent peace village is shrouded in fog and rain. The vast sea of clouds is changing rapidly and illusory; The kind Buddha looked down at the East with a smile. It's so beautiful, it appears and disappears in the misty rain like a choppy cloud.

Sixth, leisure and summer vacation

Zhanghewan Reservoir is a rare summer resort in Shijiazhuang, with an altitude of 500 ~ 1200m and a continental monsoon climate in warm temperate zone. The annual average temperature in the reservoir area is 12. 80℃, the hottest in summer and July, with an average monthly temperature of 24 ~ 26℃. It is mild at noon, cool at night, clean and fresh air, beautiful scenery and beautiful environment. The scenic spot has complete cultural, entertainment and service facilities, and the hotel is clean and spacious, with perfect management and convenient transportation.

The fishing ground is built on the north side of the central island of the lake. Sitting in the sunny fishing field, you can not only see the magnificent "craggy rock landform" landscape, but also enjoy the beautiful scenery of blue waves, lakes and mountains, and enjoy another pleasure of fishing and leisure.

Seven. Geological landscape

Strictly speaking, the above six tourist landscapes all have geological attributes. Whether it is water landscape, landform landscape, biological landscape, or historic sites, climate and environment, it is an important field of geoscience research and the basic element of geoparks. Geological tourism landscape is a unique tourism resource of geological park, which is not only a natural "geological laboratory", but also a big classroom for popularizing geological knowledge. The preliminary study shows that this area generally includes standard stratigraphic profile, tectonic movement and contact relationship, intrusive body, volcanic accumulation, volcanic flow structure, metamorphic metasomatism, fault structure, tidal flat deposition, root division, river terrace and other landscapes. The following is a brief description of some geological landscapes in this area according to the profile.

1. Standard stratigraphic profile

Proterozoic, Mesoproterozoic and Paleozoic sedimentary strata are mainly exposed in Zhanghewan Tourist Area, among which the Proterozoic strata from Yugou Reservoir to Liumiaodi and the Mesoproterozoic strata from Fuqing Temple are the most developed, which are typical sections with high degree of research, complete sequence and rich geological phenomena in Taihang Mountain area. Fuqing Temple section, in particular, is rich in geological landscape and tourist landscape, which is a rare geological tourist route.

Fuqing Temple Lithospheric Tourism Route

On this route, we can not only observe the material composition and characteristic geological phenomena between 2.5 billion and 600 million years, but also see the remains of geological events that occurred during this period.

Scenic spot 1: an ancient record

In the study of geological science, geological times can be divided into Archean, Archean, Middle Archean, NeoArchean, Paleoproterozoic, Mesoproterozoic, Neoproterozoic, Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic. The scenic spot is the earliest geological body exposed in this area, belonging to Shijialan Formation of Wutai Group in Neoarchean. The main lithology is a set of metamorphic rock series subjected to different degrees of intermediate regional metamorphism and migmatization, which is composed of biotite plagioclase gneiss, amphibole plagioclase gneiss, banded migmatite and mixed granite. Gneiss generally strike in the north-south direction, strike west or northwest, and the dip angle is between 45 and 60.

Shijialan Formation is a set of metamorphic supracrustal rocks, and the main protolith types include sandstone, siltstone, argillaceous rock, carbonate rock, calcium magnesium silicon iron ore and basic-intermediate acid volcanic rock series. The isotopic age measured by Rb-Sr isochron method is 2. In 339 billion years, the age measured by K-Ar method was greater than 2. 37 billion years, roughly equivalent to the five series of North China (2. 35 billion years, Liu Dunyi, 1989).

Attraction 2: invasion

There are three kinds of rocks that make up the earth's crust: magmatic rocks, metamorphic rocks and sedimentary rocks. Archean is mainly composed of metamorphic rocks, Yuanguyu is mainly composed of sedimentary rocks and metamorphic sedimentary rocks, and Paleozoic is mainly composed of sedimentary rocks. The molten magma of the intrusive body penetrates into the surrounding rock below the surface, which is called internal dynamic geology. The pegmatite wall in this scenic spot is an example of intrusive rock. Acid magma intruded into Archean gneiss along cracks and crystallized, forming vertical rock wall.

Pegmatite dikes are mainly composed of ivory-white and flesh-red potash feldspar, with coarse grain size at the center and small grain size at the edge, reflecting crystallization at different temperatures. The vein is in the same direction as foliation, and the surrounding rock has condensation edge. According to the relationship with the surrounding rock and the analysis of vein interpenetration, it is considered that the formation age of pegmatite vein should be Archaean.

Attraction 3: Fuping Sports

Tectonic movement is an important process of geological development and evolution. Without tectonic movement, we can't appreciate mountains and rivers and directly observe ancient strata. Fuping movement is one of a series of tectonic movements in geological history and the oldest tectonic movement in Taihang Mountain area, which occurred about 2.5 billion years ago. It is characterized by the metamorphism, fold deformation and migmatization of Archean strata and the intrusion of intermediate-acid magma. After Fuping movement, Archean gneiss experienced a long-term leveling process such as weathering and denudation. Paleoproterozoic strata cover Archean gneiss of different horizons, forming angle unconformity. Therefore, this unconformity is also an important evidence of Fuping movement.

Attraction 4: staggered bedding

Paleoproterozoic strata are mainly a set of shallow metamorphic sedimentary rocks. It is composed of metamorphic glutenite and thousands of sericite quartz schists, forming a small cycle. The bottom of each cycle is composed of metamorphic glutenite with obvious oblique bedding, and the fine layer is composed of black magnetite deposited by running water. Black oblique bedding pattern and fleshy red glutenite constitute a beautiful pattern.

The gate of Fuqing Temple, the gate inside the temple, the academy and the pavilion are all located in the ancient Proterozoic strata. Ancient sandalwood, one of the three wonders in Cangyan Mountain Scenic Area, also mainly grows on the loose sediments on the surface of Paleoproterozoic strata.

Attraction 5: Lvliang Sports.

Lvliang Movement is another tectonic movement in Taihang Mountain area, which happened about 654.38+0.8 billion years ago. It is characterized by low-grade metamorphism and fold deformation of Proterozoic strata. After the Lvliang Movement, the Paleoproterozoic strata also experienced a long-term leveling process such as weathering and denudation. The nearly horizontal Mesoproterozoic strata cover different Proterozoic strata, resulting in angular unconformity. Therefore, this unconformity is an important evidence of the Lvliang Movement.

Mesoproterozoic strata are mainly composed of timely sandstone, which uplifts upward from unconformity surface, forming Ya Dan landform of about160m, which is called craggy rock landform. Influenced by the nearly east-west fault, a canyon with a width of 2 ~ 45 m was formed westward. Two walls stand upright, looking up at the bottom of the valley, you can only see a blue sky. Qiao Yu, a tourist in the Ming Dynasty, once exclaimed: "Who made the hand of God split the double stones?" .

Attraction 6: Rock Travel

Stepping on the ladder hanging clouds and looking at the cliffs on both sides, you can see the thick red coarse-grained seasonal sandstone layer, which is round and scattered on the cliff like pearls. Thick seasonal sandstone and thin sandstone form a small cycle, each cycle is 3 ~ 5m, reflecting the advance and retreat of seawater. Stratigraphic bedding is developed, including parallel bedding of parallel rock surface and oblique bedding of oblique rock surface. Walking up the stairs, you can see "foot on the beach" (wave mark) and "foot on the dry ground" (mud crack). From the narrow cliff, lotus-shaped stalactites, "Beijing roast duck" (stalactites) and large-scale oblique bedding can be seen on the stone wall.

Attraction 7: plank road

In Mesoproterozoic sandstone, the strength of rocks is different because of different cements. In Fenghuixuan, the sandstone stratum is thin, mainly composed of limonite cemented feldspar or timely particles, and its strength is greatly reduced compared with siliceous sandstone. After long-term weathering and denudation, stepped plank roads and concave rock walls are formed. Due to the influence of joints, some sunken rock walls collapsed and separated, leaving stone pillars and piers. The "dangerous platform" is a stone pier left over.

2. River terrace

Gantao River flows from Xiyang County, Shaanxi Province, from south to north, through Haoting, and downstream along Zhuang. The riverbed gradient is 8‰, and part of it is 10%. Above the dam site of Zhanghewan Reservoir, the river valley is narrow, and the floodplain is distributed in strips on both banks. The valley under the village is wide and the floodplain is developed, which is 1 ~2m higher than the river. Most of them have become farmland, but they will be submerged by the flood. At the bend of the river, the scouring and accumulation of running water is obvious.

There are first, second and third terraces on both sides of Gantao River, among which the second and third terraces are incomplete and less preserved. The first terrace is distributed near Nanhaoting, Beihaoting and dam axis, and is composed of secondary loess-like clayey silt alluvial by rivers. The terrace slopes downstream, 5 ~ 8m higher than the riverbed. Zhuang Yan and Cai Yuzhen were built on the first platform. Ping She Highway is built on the second terrace. It is made of loess.