Ask for knowledge points, answering skills and tips about the earth and the earth in senior high school geography.

First, the basic forms of the earth's movement: revolution and rotation.

Around the sun-earth axis

The direction is from west to east (counterclockwise over the North Pole) and from west to east (counterclockwise over the North Pole and counterclockwise over the South Pole)

Periodic sidereal year (365 days, 6: 9: 10 second) sidereal day (23: 56: 4 second)

The average angular velocity is 1? /perihelion (65438+1early October) fast perihelion (early July) fast everywhere is equal, every hour 15? (Except Poles)

The average linear velocity is 30 km/h, decreasing from the equator to the poles. Equator 1670KM\ h, pole is 0.

The relationship between the earth's rotation and revolution;

(1) Equatorial angle: the intersection angle between the equatorial plane and the ecliptic plane. Is it 23 at present? 26'

(2) The movement of the direct point of the sun between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Cancer.

Second, the geographical significance of the Earth's rotation

(1) day and night alternate (2) local time (3) objects move horizontally along the surface, with the northern hemisphere leaning to the right and the southern hemisphere leaning to the left.

Third, the geographical significance of the revolution of the earth.

(1) Variation of Day and Night Length and Noon Sun Height

① Changes in the length of day and night

Northern Hemisphere: In summer, the days are long and the nights are short, and the days are longer as you go north.

The days in the hemisphere north of the Arctic Circle are long, and the equator is open all year round.

In winter, the days are short and the nights are long. The farther north, the shorter the days are. Divide the day and night equally, and divide the spring and autumn globally.

There is a phenomenon of extreme night in the northern Arctic Circle, which is divided equally between day and night.

Southern hemisphere: opposite to the northern hemisphere.

② The change of sun height at noon.

Vernal equinox: it decreases from the equator to the north and south, and decreases from the direct point of the sun to the north and south.

Summer Solstice and Latitude: From 23? 26'N decreases in the north-south direction.

Winter solstice: from the age of 23? The 26th descended to the north and south.

23? The north of 26'N reaches the maximum value in summer solstice, and the closer it is to the direct point, the higher the value is.

With the change of the 23rd season? The winter solstice reaches its maximum in the south of 26 s.

There are two direct meetings between the Tropic of Cancer and the South every year.

Fourth, the interpretation of light map

(1) judging the north and south poles is usually used in the top view. The basis of judgment is: the earth's rotation is counterclockwise from the North Pole and clockwise from the South Pole; Or look at the longitude, the direction in which the east longitude increases is the direction of the earth's rotation.

(2) Judging the solar terms, date and latitude of the direct point of the sun, the circle passes through the pole (or coincides with a meridian) in the morning and evening, and the direct point of the sun is the equator and the vernal equinox; The termination line is tangent to the polar circle. If there is an extreme day in the Arctic Circle, it is the summer solstice in the northern hemisphere, and the direct point of the sun is 23? 26', if there is an extreme night phenomenon in the Arctic Circle like the winter solstice in the northern hemisphere, then the direct point of the sun is 23? 26'

(3) When determining the local time, in the illumination map, the meridian where the direct point of the sun is located is noon 12, the middle meridian of the daytime part surrounded by the termination line is 12, the local time at the intersection of the morning line and the equator is 6 o'clock, and the meridian at the intersection of the dark line and the equator is 18. The time difference is 1 hour, every 1? If there is a difference of 4 minutes, calculate the longitude difference between the two places (subtraction on the same side, addition on different sides), then convert it into time, and calculate the local time according to the principle of adding east and subtracting west.

(4) judging the length of day and night to find the length of day (night) in a place is to find the length of the sun (night) arc in the latitude circle, and it can also be calculated by the longitude of the sun (night) arc.

(5) Judge the altitude angle of the sun at noon, and first find the latitude difference between the sought area and the direct point of the sun. If the area and the direct point of the sun are in the same hemisphere, take the latitude difference between the two places. If the calculated area is not in the same hemisphere as the direct point of the sun, take the sum of the latitudes of the two places and then use 90? -The latitude difference between the two places is the noon sun height of the searched place.

Five: termination line and latitude and longitude.

(1) Judge the problem according to the intersection of the termination line and latitude.

① The terminator line passes through the north and south poles, and it can be judged that this day is around March 2 1 or September 23.

② The end line is tangent to the north and south poles, and it is daytime in the Arctic Circle. It can be judged that this day is around June 22, summer solstice in the northern hemisphere, summer in the northern hemisphere and winter in the southern hemisphere.

(3) The terminator line is tangent to the north and south poles, and it is night in the Arctic Circle. It can be judged that this day is around 65438+February 22, the northern hemisphere is winter solstice, the northern hemisphere is winter, and the southern hemisphere is summer.

(2) Judging the length of day and night according to the intersection relationship between the termination line and the meridian.

Calculate the length of day or night in a place. When calculating the day length, calculate the latitude circle of the place from the intersection of the morning line and latitude circle to the intersection of the dark line and latitude circle in the daytime hemisphere, and divide the longitude by 15, that is, the day length of the place. If only half a solar hemisphere is drawn on the map, it should be noted that twice the longitude difference of the Japanese span in the map divided by 15 is the day length of the place.

Seven. Calculation of time zone and local time

Step 1: First find the longitude difference between the two places.

Step 2: Find the time difference again. The longitude differs by 4 minutes per degree.

The third step: then judge the east-west direction of the two places, adding the east and subtracting the west. If the time exceeds 24 hours, it will be reduced by 24, and the date will be increased by 1 day. If the time is negative, 24 hours will be added and the date will be reduced by 1 day.

Unit 2 Atmosphere

1. Composition and vertical stratification of the atmosphere

1) Composition of the lower atmosphere: dry and clean air (nitrogen-the basic component of living things, oxygen-the basic substance for living things, carbon dioxide-the basic raw material for photosynthesis, ozone-the "protective umbrella" for absorbing ultraviolet rays from the sun), water vapor and solid impurities (the necessary conditions for cloud formation and rainfall).

2): vertical stratification of the atmosphere (figure 2 on page 29 of the textbook.1)

Influence of high temperature and atmospheric movement on human activities

Radio waves are reflected by the ionosphere in the upper atmosphere of 2000-3000 km.

The stratosphere 50-55 km rises with the increase of height, advection, ozone absorption and ultraviolet radiation heating; Conducive to high-altitude flight

Low latitude of troposphere: 17- 18km, middle latitude: 10- 12km, and high latitude: 8-9km. The convective weather phenomenon is complex and changeable, which is closely related to human beings.

Second, the atmospheric thermal effect

(1) Attenuation of Solar Radiation

Absorption: selectivity, water vapor and carbon dioxide absorb infrared rays, ozone absorbs ultraviolet rays, and has less absorption rate of visible light.

Reflection: no selectivity. The thicker the clouds, the stronger the reflection. It's cloudy in summer and the temperature is not very high.

Scattering: selective, it is easy to be scattered for blue-violet light with short wavelength, so the clear sky is blue.

(2) Ground insulation effect

(1) The atmosphere absorbs long-wave radiation from the ground and intercepts heat to raise the temperature. Most of the ground radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere because of its poor absorption ability of solar short-wave radiation and strong absorption effect of ground long-wave radiation.

(2) Atmospheric inverse radiation is a kind of atmospheric radiation, which is directed towards the ground, compensates the ground heat and plays a role in heat preservation.

Second: the thermal state of the atmosphere

Thermodynamic action of atmosphere

1) thermal circulation: the air circulation formed by uneven ground temperature is the simplest form of atmospheric movement.

As can be seen from the figure, the isobar near the ground bends in the direction of low pressure (downward), and the isobar at high altitude bulges in the direction of high pressure (upward).

2) the horizontal movement of the atmosphere-wind

Influencing factors: The denser the isobar, the greater the wind force (Figure 2. 10, 2. 1 1 2).

Under the action of a single horizontal pressure gradient force, the wind direction is perpendicular to the isobar and points to the low pressure.

Under the action of horizontal pressure gradient force and geostrophic deflection force, the wind direction is parallel to the isobar.

Under the action of three forces: the wind direction forms an angle with the isobar, always pointing from high pressure to low pressure.

Three. Global atmospheric circulation

1) Three-cycle (Figure 2 on page 37 of the textbook.14)

① Seven pressure belts and six wind belts are formed on the earth's surface, and the wind belts of the pressure belts move north and south with the north-south movement of the sun's direct point. For the northern hemisphere, it moves northward in summer, and its position is northerly; It moves south in winter, and its position is south. (Figure 2. 15)

② Influence of land and sea distribution on atmospheric circulation

(3) Monsoon circulation (Figure 2. 18)

East Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia

Climate type temperate monsoon climate subtropical monsoon climate tropical monsoon climate

The difference of thermal properties between land and sea, the seasonal movement of pressure zone and wind zone

Wind direction winter northwest wind (Asian continent) northeast wind (Asian continent)

Summer Southeast Wind (Pacific Ocean) Southwest Wind (Indian Ocean)

Four: Common weather systems

1) Frontal system-cold and warm fronts (Figure 2. 19, 2.20).

Cold front warm front

Conceptually, the cold air mass moves to the warm air mass actively, and the warm air mass moves to the cold air mass actively.

The weather features are controlled by a single air mass before crossing the border, with clear weather and clear temperature.

It continued to rain on cloudy days, and it cooled down in the rain, snow and wind.

After crossing the border, the air pressure increased, the temperature decreased, the weather was fine, the temperature increased, the air pressure decreased and the weather improved.

The distribution of precipitation generally appears behind the front and before the front.

The atmosphere takes summer rainstorm, winter and spring gale and northern cold wave sandstorm as examples.

2) Low pressure and high pressure systems-cyclones and anticyclones (taking the northern hemisphere as an example, Figure 2.2 1)

Cyclone anticyclone

Air pressure low air pressure (low center, high periphery) high air pressure (high center, low periphery)

The horizontal movement converges to the center in all directions (north to south), and the center diverges in all directions (north to south).

Vertical motion rises and falls.

It's rainy, sunny and dry.

For example, the summer drought in the Yangtze River basin caused by typhoons and the "autumn crisp" weather in the north.

Five; Formation and change of climate

1) climate forming factors (solar radiation, ground conditions, atmospheric circulation, human activities)

① Temperature characteristics of different climate types

The distribution of temperature is generally low latitude and high latitude; The temperature on the mountain is lower than that under the mountain; The temperature in the area where the warm current passes is higher than that in the area where the cold current passes.

In the same latitude zone, due to the different underlying surfaces, the temperature conditions in different places are also different, among which the ocean and land have the greatest influence.

L Comparison between continental climate and maritime climate (Northern Hemisphere)

Climatic Type Temperature Daily Range Temperature annual range Maximum Temperature Month Minimum Temperature Month

Continental Airlines July 65438+1October

Ocean small 8 is small in February.

② Precipitation conditions of different climate types.

The equatorial airflow is mainly convergent and ascending, with abundant rainfall throughout the year.

L Tropic of Cancer to latitude 30? Sometimes, controlled by subtropical high and trade winds, it is dry all the year round.

There are two situations on the west coast of mainland China. Take Asia and Europe as examples. The Mediterranean region (subtropical zone) is at the edge of the subtropical high center in summer, and the airflow sinks, which is dry and rainy. In winter, because the subtropical high moves southward and is controlled by the westerly belt, there are many cyclones, which are wet and rainy. In Europe (temperate zone), the west wind prevails all the year round, and the monthly precipitation is more and more uniform.

The east coast of China, taking Eurasia as an example, is controlled by monsoon circulation. In winter, it is affected by the cold and dry air currents in the mainland, with less precipitation, and in summer, it is affected by the warm and humid air currents in the ocean, with more precipitation.

L Within the mainland, taking Eurasia as an example, it is controlled by continental air mass all the year round, with less precipitation.

The polar regions are mainly concentrated by downdraft, with little precipitation throughout the year.

2) Climate type (Figure 2.26 on page 47 of the textbook)

3) Judgment of main 10 climate type (Figure 2.27 on page 48 of the textbook)

Steps are based on the conclusion of factor changes.

Judging the highest (or lowest) temperature in the northern hemisphere in June is 7.8, and the highest temperature in the northern hemisphere in three months.

12.10.2 The highest temperature in three months is in the southern hemisphere.

Judging the tropical climate with the most Leng Yue average temperature > 15℃ in the temperature zone.

The highest temperature in Leng Yue is 0℃ ~ 15℃, which belongs to subtropical climate or temperate maritime climate.

The temperature in Leng Yue is-15℃ ~ 0℃.

The hottest month < & gt5℃ cold climate.

Determine the annual precipitation distribution under a specific climate type. Tropical rain forest climate >; 2000 mm

Temperate maritime climate 700 ~ 1000 mm

Summer rain savanna climate (750 ~1500 ~ 2000mm) tropical monsoon climate (1500 ~ 2000mm)

Subtropical monsoon climate

Temperate temperate continental climate

Winter rain type subtropical Mediterranean climate

A tropical desert climate with little rain

Polar climate in cold zone

Six; Atmospheric environmental protection

(1) Global warming

Cause: The increase of carbon dioxide raises the temperature.

The reasons for the increase of carbon dioxide are: ① burning a lot of fossil fuels, ② deforestation.

Hazard: ① sea level rise, flooding land.

(2) Change the precipitation and dry and wet conditions around the world, leading to changes in the economic structure of countries around the world.

Protective measures: ① Improve energy utilization technology and efficiency, and adopt new energy.

② Efforts should be made to strengthen international cooperation.

(2) the destruction and protection of the ozone layer

Reason: In addition to natural reasons, it is mainly HCFCs emitted by human using refrigeration equipment.

Harm: ① Harm to human health; ② Damage to the ecological environment and agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery.

Protective measures: reduce and gradually ban the emission of ozone-depleting substances such as HCFCs, and strengthen international cooperation.

(3) Acid rain

Concept: People generally call rain with PH less than 5.6 as acid rain.

Cause of formation: A large number of acid gases such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are discharged from burning minerals.

Hazards: acidification of rivers and lakes, soil acidification, harm to forest and crop growth, corrosion of buildings and cultural relics, etc.

Prevention and control measures: The most fundamental measure to prevent acid rain is to reduce the emissions of man-made sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides. China has taken measures such as developing clean coal technology and clean combustion technology to control acid rain.