1088 memorabilia

Song Sushi said it was inconvenient for everyone to serve.

The advantages and disadvantages of inviting the prime minister to be poor and inviting the prime minister are compared. Because of Lv Gongzhu's advanced age, it is very important to worship Sikong Heping Zhang. With Lu Dafang and Fan Chunren as prime ministers. Su Song presided over the construction of the water transport instrument (astronomical clock). Ode to "new instrument and image method", explain instrument structure and drawing. In Song Dynasty, a trading company was established in Banqiao, Mizhou (now Jiaoxian County, Shandong Province). At the beginning of Yuan Youchu, Ruyao (in Ruzhou, now Linru, Henan) burned porcelain for the imperial court, which was extremely fine. At the same time, there were Ding Kiln (now Quyang, Hebei Province) and Jun Kiln (now Yuxian, Henan Province).

Yuan You Imperial Examination Reform

Sima Guang wrote to Song Zhezong, pointing out that the imperial examination should be based on moral character, followed by literary level, and in cultural examination, knowledge of Confucianism and classics should be more important than literary ability. In April of the 4th year of Zhiyuan (1089), Song Zhezong reformed the imperial examination system, established two subjects, namely, Confucian classics and poetry, and abolished the contents of the examination legal system in the Song Shenzong period. Anyone who takes an examination of poetry and fu must choose a classic from Yi, Shi, Shu, Zhou Li, Biography of Spring Zuo Qiu and Reading Notes to read. For the first time, I tested the classics with two meanings (that is, the anthology), the Analects of Confucius and Mencius with one meaning, and for the second time, I tested poetry and rhyme. All scholars who specialize in classics examination must learn more than two classics. At the same time, the government stipulates that The Book of Songs, The Book of Rites, Zhou Li and Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals are classics, and the Book of Changes, Ram, Gu Liang and Yili are classics, so it is necessary to study Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals. If you take the test, the first test is the combination of the three classics and righteousness in the Analects of Confucius, the second test is the combination of the three classics and righteousness in Mencius, and the third test is the theory and strategy, just like poetry. Whether it is poetry and fu, or a scholar who has passed a subject, or a person who specializes in Confucianism and Confucian classics, admission is determined according to the scores of the four subjects. The admission rates of Jinshi Poetry, Fu and Jing are 50% and 50% respectively. The choice is determined by righteousness, the examples of studying poetry and fu with both righteousness and theory are determined by the achievements of poetry and fu, and the ranking of scholars is determined by referring to the theory of strategy and peace. However, after the imperial examination reform in Yuan You, most of them took the examinations of poetry and fu, but few of them took the examinations of Confucian classics. Therefore, all localities wrote to each other, saying that the 50/50 quota for two subjects was unreasonable. So Song Zhezong also ordered that the number of Jinshi admitted to a subject should not exceed one-third of the total number of Jinshi.

1088 rebellion

This incident happened after the death of William the Conqueror, involving the division of the territory of the Kingdom of England and the Duchy of Normandy between his two sons, William Rufus and Robert Cortesos. From about Easter 1088, the hostilities lasted for about 3 to 6 months.

1087, William died. He hoped to continue his huge autocratic rule by deciding how his sons would inherit his original Normandy and newly conquered England. William's eldest son Robert became Duke of Normandy, and his second son William Rufus became King of England. Then William died. However, for nobles and barons who owned land in Normandy and England at the same time, there was a difficult situation of loyalty to whom. Aldridge Vitalis's account of these Norman giants:

What are we going to do? Now that our king is dead, two young people inherit and suddenly divide up the territory of England and Normandy. How can we properly serve two rulers who are so different and so far apart? If we are loyal to Robert, Duke of Normandy, we will offend his brother William and be deprived of our huge income and real estate in England by him. On the other hand, if we obey King William, Duke Robert will deprive us of all the territories we inherited in Normandy. They decided to unite to get rid of the young king William Rufus and unify Normandy and England under the rule of a king, Duke Robert. The rebels were led by William the Conqueror's half-brother Odon De Bayeux and Robert the Earl of Motan. Among them, Ed is more powerful, and he is the mastermind behind the plot.

The rebels are made up of the most powerful nobles in England: in the Doomsday Book, the ten largest aristocratic lords and six are considered as members of the rebels. They are distributed in various regions, from Kent controlled by Ed, to northumberland controlled by Robert de mowbray, to Norfolk controlled by Roger Bigood, and then to Roger of Shrewsbury giant Montgomery. The rebel strategy is that Robert will throw an invading army from Normandy, and Ed and the rebel nobles will start fighting in England.

With the arrival of spring in 1088, the nobles began to plunder the king's land and fight against their supporters. Then they prepared their castles, strengthened their defenses, stored their reserves, and waited for the king's response. If they don't respond for some reason, they are sure that they can easily throw the kingdom into territorial chaos by looting nearby areas, which is the situation that the king must finally deal with.

Rufus' response is threefold. First, he divided his enemies and promised that the nobles who stood by him would get the money and land they wanted. Secondly, he called on all the British people and promised them "the best law ever in this land." This has had a positive impact, enabling local defenders to get the support they need to fight the rebels. Finally, he personally attacked the rebels. William besieged pevensey Castle for six weeks and captured rebel leader Ed.

Rufus had unexpected luck. Robert's troops sent from Normandy met with bad weather at sea and returned. At the same time, Rufus occupied Rochester Castle, and the rebels were forced to surrender because of Robert's failure, and the rebellion ended.

Those nobles who are still loyal to William advocate leniency for rebellious nobles. Aldridge Vitalis recorded the king's speech:

..... If you release your anger from these people (rebels) and leave them amicably, or at least allow them to leave peacefully, you will enjoy the benefits of their friendship and loyalty in many cases in the future. People who may have hurt you will treat you as an assistant in the future. Ed, the former richest man in England, was deprived of his property and exiled to Normandy, while his brother Robert of Morteen was allowed to stay in England and keep his property. After promising land and money, Roger of Montgomery left the rebels and joined the king. Rufus pays attention to reality, keeps the nobles he needs and gets rid of the nobles who threaten him.