What is the definition of phenology?

Organisms adapt to the periodic changes of temperature conditions for a long time and form the corresponding growth and development rhythm, which is called phenology.

Edit this paragraph overview

Mainly refers to the growth, development and activities of animals and plants and the response of abiotic changes to seasons and climate. For example, winter bud germination, leaf picking, flowering, fruiting and defoliation of plants; Animal dormancy, recovery, singing, mating, reproduction, molting and migration are closely related to seasons and climate. Abiotic phenomena, such as first frost, first snow, freezing and thawing, are also called phenological phenomena.

Phenology is also closely related to phenology.

Phenology is mainly a science that studies the periodic relationship between plants (including crops), animals and environmental conditions (climate, hydrology and soil conditions) in nature. Its purpose is to understand the changing law of natural seasonal phenomena and serve agricultural production and scientific research.

Phenology is also the process of talking about the moon, dew, wind, clouds, flowers and birds in a year. Phenology is the accumulation of weather for many years, and the two are subordinate.

Edit this paragraph "natural language"

-Zhu Kezhen

After the Spring Festival every year, the earth gradually wakes up from its deep sleep: the snow and ice melt, plants sprout, and all kinds of flowers and trees bloom for the second time. In two months, the swallows will come back, and nature will show a thriving scene. Soon, the cuckoo also came, so it gradually turned into hot summer, and the plants were busy gestating fruits. Autumn has come, the fruit is ripe, the leaves of plants turn yellow slowly, and they can't stand the autumn wind and fall down. At this time, the geese flew south, and other migratory birds also left one after another, and the earth presented a bleak scene of falling leaves and grass. Since then, all kinds of insects active in fields and grass have disappeared. The earth fell asleep again, preparing for the snowy winter. Year after year, cycle after cycle. ...

I don't know how many poets are intoxicated by these natural phenomena, so every grass, tree, bird and insect has become their natural material for eulogizing and the basis for expressing their feelings. But farmers' feelings about these natural phenomena are different from those of poets. For thousands of years, they have paid attention to the relationship between natural phenomena and climate, such as the rise and fall of vegetation and the coming and going of migratory birds, and arranged their own farming activities accordingly. In the eyes of farmers and flowers, autumn leaves are the language of nature. Apricot blossoms are in bloom, as if nature is telling them to cultivate the land quickly; Peach blossoms are blooming, which seems to imply that we should plant millet quickly. In late spring and early summer, the cuckoo began to sing, but our farmer knew what she was singing: she was shouting loudly, "Grandparents, cut wheat and transplant rice."

This natural phenomenon was called phenology by working people in ancient China. "Things" mainly refer to living things (animals and plants), and "climate" is what the ancients in China called qi and climate. More than 2,000 years ago, the ancients in China divided the changes in temperature and warmth throughout the year into the so-called twenty-four solar terms, and divided the natural phenomena under the influence of cold and heat into seventy-two periods. The earliest origin of phenology knowledge was in China. Many agricultural proverbs about phenology handed down from generation to generation are the summary of working people's practical experience.

Using phenology knowledge to guide the research of agricultural production has developed into a science called phenology in all countries of the world. Similar to climatology, phenology is a local science, which is to observe the passage of all seasons in various places and regions. The difference is that climatology is to observe and record the changes of cold, warm, sunny and rainy weather in a certain place, such as windy on a certain day, rainy at a certain time, how cold it is in the morning, how hot it is in the afternoon and so on. , so as to infer its reasons and trends. Phenology is to record the growth and decline of plants, the communication and rearing of animals, such as willow green, peach blossom, swallow coming and other natural phenomena, so as to understand climate change and its influence on animals and plants. Climate observation records the local weather at that time; Phenological observation records not only reflect the weather of the day, but also reflect the accumulation of weather in the past period. So phenology is sometimes called bioclimatology.

Phenological observation uses "living instruments", which are living organisms; Its structure is much more complicated and sensitive than ordinary meteorological instruments. Therefore, phenological observation data is a reflection of comprehensive climatic conditions (temperature, humidity, etc.). ), also reflects the influence of climatic conditions on biology. Used in agricultural activities, it is relatively simple and easy to be accepted by farmers. This is the importance of phenology to agriculture. Here is an example.

Last year (1962), it was cold in North China around May 1st, but the temperature recorded in the morning of May 1st was two or three degrees higher than that in the morning of 196 1 and 1960. The phenological records in Beijing reflect this fact. Prunus armeniaca, Prunus armeniaca, Apple, Mume, Begonia Xifu, Lilac and Robinia pseudoacacia, which bloomed around May 1 last year, were generally about ten days later than196/kloc-0 and about five or six days later than 1960. According to these phenological observation data, it can be judged that the agricultural season in Beijing comes late. Last year, crops such as peanuts planted in Beijing Rural People's Commune in early spring were planted according to the date of previous years, and the results were frozen by low temperature. This loss can be avoided if we can notice the delay of phenology and choose the appropriate sowing date.

Edit the four factors of phenology in this paragraph.

What factors determine the coming of phenology? First of all, latitude (north-south difference), that is to say, at different latitudes, phenology will be different sooner or later. For example, the farther north peach blossoms bloom, the later migratory birds come. It is worth pointing out that phenology is not only different from north to south, but also changes with seasons and months.

For example, China is located in the east of Asia, the largest continent in the world, and its continental climate is extremely remarkable; In winter, Leng Xia is hot, and the climate change is extremely severe. The temperature difference between north and south is large in winter, and it is almost the same in summer. From the South China Sea coast of Guangdong to Fuzhou and Ganzhou at 26 degrees north latitude, there is a difference of 5 latitudes between the north and the south, and the phenology of early spring, such as peach blossom, is as different as 50 days, that is, the difference of each latitude is 10 day. In the north of this area, the situation is more complicated. For example, in the plains of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River, there is a strong difference of six latitudes between Beijing and Nanjing; Peach and plum blossom in March and April of the solar calendar with a difference of 19 days. But in April and May, when Liu, Guo Huai and bloom were there, there was only a 9-day difference in phenology between Nanjing and Beijing. The phenological differences between the Yangtze River and the Yellow River plain cannot be simply calculated by latitude, and the phenological differences in hilly and mountainous areas will be more complicated.

The difference between the east and the west, that is, the difference in longitude, is the second factor affecting phenology. The difference between the east and the west of Europe is mainly determined by the continental intensity of climate. Where the mainland is strong, Leng Xia is hot in winter (such is the case in temperate regions of China). On the contrary, the continental climate is weak (that is, the maritime climate zone), so it is not too cold in winter and not too hot in summer. Europe, such as Germany, from west to east, away from the sea, the maritime nature of the climate is gradually weakened and the continental nature is gradually enhanced. So in the same latitude zone of Germany, it is colder in the east than in the west in early spring and hotter in the east than in the west in summer.

China has a continental climate, and the Tianshan Mountains, Kunlun Mountains and Qinling Mountains run through the central part from west to east, so its topography and climate are quite different from those of North America and Western Europe. Tianshan Mountain and Kunlun Mountain are towering in the west, while Qinling Mountain in the east gradually descends from west to east. East of east longitude 1 16 degrees, except for a few mountains such as Dabie Mountain and Huangshan Mountain, all are hilly areas. Therefore, the cold wave from Siberia to the south in winter and spring can bring the rest of it to the south of the Yangtze River. This has a great influence on phenology. In addition to cold waves, it is also common for storms to affect phenology.

The topography of the same area in southwest and northwest China can be very different, and the influence of phenology on longitude becomes secondary when the topography shifts.

Generally speaking, at the same latitude, longitude and altitude may play a great role in agricultural production in China. For example, about 30 degrees north latitude, the rice-wheat double cropping area in Minjiang River basin can only be planted to a height of 2000 meters; It can be planted to a height of 2200 meters in the Dadu River basin in the west; Further west to the Jinsha River basin, it can be planted to a height of 2500 meters.

The third factor affecting phenology is the difference between high and low. Phenological phenomena such as flowering and flowering of plants go higher and later in spring and summer, while in autumn, such as deciduous trees go higher and earlier. But when studying this factor, we should also consider that there will be exceptions. For example, at the turn of autumn and winter, in the case of clear Wan Li, a special phenomenon often occurs: at a certain height, the temperature is not lower than the lower part, but higher. This is called inversion layer. This phenomenon is very obvious in autumn and winter in mountainous areas, especially in the morning of these two seasons. In North China and Northwest China, the inversion layer is not only very common in autumn, but also much higher and thicker than in Europe, often as high as 1000 meters. It is for this reason that tropical crops are very successful in the hilly areas of South China, but they are not suitable at the foot of the mountain.

The fourth factor is the difference between ancient and modern. In other words, ancient and modern phenology is different sooner or later. Can we prove this with historical phenological records? The longest measured phenological record in the west is the Nolfo phenological record of the grandson V of the British Mashaum family in the period of 190. This long-term record has been analyzed in detail in the Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society and compared with the phenology recorded by the Society in various places. The author Magale draws the following conclusions from the initial phenological records of seven trees in spring: the phenology fluctuates periodically, with an average period of 12.2 years; Phenology is related to the sunspot cycle sooner or later ... In recent years, spring phenology in Beijing seems to fluctuate periodically. The latest phenology is 1956 ~ 1957, which is the oldest sunspot in the sun. According to the long-term phenology recorded by the British Mashoum family, we can compare the phenology of18th century with that of 20th century. If we compare the 10-year average of 174 1 ~ 1750 with the 10-year average of 192 1 ~ 1930, the flowering date of seven trees in early spring is 9 days earlier than the former. In other words, in the 1930s, the spring in southern England was nine days earlier than that in1mid-8th century.

Edit this paragraph about the development of the country.

The origin of western phenology knowledge is also very early. More than 2000 years ago, the Athenians had already tried out a lunar calendar that included a year's phenology. In the era of Caesar in Rome, a phenological calendar was issued for use. Organized phenological observation and research in Europe actually began in the middle of18th century. At that time, Swedish plant taxonomist Hayashi had systematically observed Swedish plants. /kloc-After the mid-9th century, due to the development of industry and the increase of population in capitalist countries, it is urgent to increase agricultural production, so we paid attention to the study of phenology. Scientists in Japan, Britain and Germany organized observation and research on phenology. After the October Revolution, phenology has made great progress in the Soviet Union and achieved certain results, which has played a great role in increasing agricultural production.

The United States began to pay attention to phenological observation from the second half of the19th century. At the beginning of the 20th century, forest entomologist Hopkins spent many years studying phenology, especially the relationship between phenology and the sowing, harvesting and development seasons of winter wheat in American states. Hopkins believes that the staged development of plants is influenced by the local climate, and the climate is restricted by the latitude, land-sea relationship and topography of the region; In other words, it is limited by latitude and longitude and altitude. He summed up the following conclusions from a large number of plant phenological data: in the temperate zone of North America, if the latitude moves northward, or the longitude moves eastward by five degrees, or rises by 400 feet, the staged development of plants will be delayed by four days in spring and early summer respectively. This is the so-called Hopkins phenology law. This so-called phenological law does not take into account the differences between ancient and modern phenology.

Hopkins connects places with the same phenology in the United States on the same day (such as peach blossoms and swallows coming). ) into a line (that is, a waiting line) and draw a waiting line diagram. According to the waiting line chart, the sowing and harvesting periods of crops in various places are predicted.

However, as can be seen from the above introduction, Hopkins' phenological laws are only summarized according to the phenological conditions in the United States, so they are not applicable to other parts of the world. Because phenology varies not only from place to place, but also from time to time, which is not as simple as this phenological law says.

Our country has always been based on agriculture, and there were seventy-two periods in the Han Dynasty. But the growth of crops varies from place to place and from year to year, so the ancient moon order can't solve the problem. In the 6th century AD, the phenology of agricultural farming period mentioned by Jia Sixie in the Book of Qi Yao Min was different from that of modern times, but it was not further improved.

Therefore, although phenology originated in China very early, it is still a blank spot. Therefore, it is extremely urgent to carry out phenological observation in general and make a phenological calendar (or natural calendar) according to local conditions and time. In compiling phenological duration, we should choose phenological species that can clearly reflect local seasonal phenomena and are closely related to agricultural production for observation. Then make a table of the average date and date change range of various phenology for many years. This kind of table is the phenological calendar, which can be used to predict the farming season.

Edit the function of this paragraph

Is the study of phenology only for choosing sowing date and predicting agricultural time? No, it has many meanings.

Crop zoning is the premise of popularizing cultivated crops and rationally allocating crops. For example, the extended boundary of the rice-wheat double cropping area needs careful zoning in order to get twice the result with half the effort and increase the yield. Phenological observation data is of great reference value to solve this problem.

Phenological data can also be used for introduction and domestication. If we know the phenological conditions of a plant's origin, we can introduce this plant to other areas with the same conditions. Americans transplanted many varieties of cash crops from China, among which citrus transplanted to California, tung oil transplanted to Florida and soybean transplanted to midwestern states are famous. After planting these cash crops for two or ten years, the United States can not only be self-sufficient, but also win a certain position in the international market. Before transplanting, the United States sent people to collect phenological information of transplanted varieties and meteorological information from agricultural experimental stations and agricultural schools in China at that time.

Phenological data can also help people fight pests. The emergence of pests has a certain period. If the sowing date of crops is advanced or delayed by a few days by using phenology map, the harm of pests can often be alleviated or avoided and the crop yield can be improved. For example, at the beginning of the 20th century, the wheat pest, the sea fly, was rampant in the United States, and the US Department of Agriculture delayed the sowing date of wheat for several days by using phenological maps, thus avoiding this pest and increasing the yield of wheat.

The mountainous area of China is larger than that of the plain, and there is a large area of mountainous area available for utilization. Developing mountainous areas is a promising road for China to develop agriculture. However, the adaptability of mountain climate and soil to agricultural management has not been investigated in many places. It is not easy to set up a weather station in mountainous areas, but phenological observation is relatively easy. If phenological observation is carried out in mountainous areas in the future, the problem of how to make rational use of vertical distribution zones in mountainous areas can be solved scientifically. It is conceivable that this measure will have great production value and national economic significance!

Since phenological data can be used to predict agricultural time, it can certainly be used to determine the most suitable dates for afforestation, transplanting seedlings and collecting tree seeds. The study of phenology is also helpful to green cities and villages and build shelter forests.

In addition, phenological observation data are of practical use for beekeeping, grazing, fishing, hunting and all other economic construction related to the biological world. Phenological data can also be used to judge the local climate characteristics.

Phenology is a borderline science between biology and meteorology. It is close to ecology in biology and agrometeorology in meteorology. Ecology (whether it is plant ecology or animal ecology) and agrometeorology are very weak links in biology and meteorology in China. Therefore, under the guidance of the party's agricultural policy, we should further strengthen and promote phenological observation and strive for a greater harvest in agriculture.

Edit phenology in this ancient poem.

Simply put, phenology is the germination, flowering, fruiting and withering of plants and the migration and hibernation of some animals, which reflects the changes of climate and seasons. From this perspective, China's ancient poems contain extremely rich phenological knowledge.

For example, "the peach blossoms outside the bamboo are three or two, and the ducks in the spring river are prophets." (Su Shi titled "Two Night Scenes along the Spring River in Hui Chong") In early spring, ducks first felt the heating of spring water and played in the water.

"Frozen waterfowl live together in cold weather, and one hundred is a group play. When pedestrians can't stand it, they suddenly smell the ice ring in Qi Fei. " (Qin Guan's Return from Guangling) At the end of winter, water birds are dependent on each other, and there is the sound of ice, and birds fly in surprise. Ducks and birds are messengers of spring.

"It rains at home in Huangmei season, and frogs are everywhere in the grass pond." The three images in Zhao Shixiu's poem York show the seasonal characteristics of Huangmei in late spring and early summer.

Huang Chao wrote the title of chrysanthemum: "The west wind is rustling all over the courtyard, and the cold butterfly is hard to come." Chrysanthemums wither, butterflies wither, although there is no word "autumn", but the coolness of autumn is coming.

As for Li Bai's "Xia Sai Qu", it leads readers to another world: "In May, the snow in Tianshan Mountain is cold without flowers, and the willow is heard in the flute, but no spring scenery is seen." May is in midsummer, and it is already the day when all the flowers in the mainland are dying. However, Tianshan Mountain (Qilian Mountain), located in the northwest frontier, is still covered with snow, and there are no willows and flowers, indicating that there is neither summer nor spring and autumn in the Yellow River basin above 4000 meters above sea level. It is not difficult to see the great difference in climate between the mainland and the Great Wall.

The agricultural and military activities of the ancients are also often seen in ancient poems involving pen phenology. For example, Fan Chengda's "Four Seasons of Pastoral Fun": "Butterflies have entered cauliflower, and no guests have come to Tianjia for a long time." These two poems, written in the countryside in the late spring of Jiangnan, set off the busy farming of peasant women through the description of butterflies entering cauliflower. Let's look at Wen Tong's "Morning Clear to Baoenshan Temple": "The smoke is far away, and the sky is high. Barley doesn't enter the nursery at night, and young silkworms lie alone. " The first part depicts a vivid picture of wild birds flying in the distant mountains and forests; The second part is about the busy scene of peasant women harvesting wheat, whole vegetables, picking mulberry and feeding silkworms at the turn of spring and summer, which is kind and touching. And Lulun's "high in the faint moonlight, geese flying, Tatar chiefs fleeing in the dark. While we chase after them, the horse carries a light load, and the bow and sword bear a burden of snow "(the third part of the next song) is about marching and fighting: the enemy fled at night, and the geese were surprised to fly, which aroused the vigilance of our general and led troops to chase after the enemy, fully demonstrating the heroic spirit of the people of China.

To sum up, we can see that the description of phenology in China's classical poems not only has artistic value in literature, but also is valuable information for studying phenology, agriculture and military affairs.

Edit this agricultural proverb about phenology.

"beginning of winter broad beans, light snow wheat, can't be caught in a lifetime"; "Planting oil in October is not enough for my wife to rub her hair" is a summary of the failure lesson, reminding people to seize the season and not to miss the farming season.

The agricultural proverb "Sesame has two leaves on its head, so it is not afraid of the depth" vividly illustrates the different requirements of monocotyledonous plants (such as millet) and dicotyledonous plants (such as sesame) for sowing depth.

The metaphor of "small seedlings get up and want to eat snacks" is just right. It is a big problem to grow wheat without gray fertilizer in winter. Agricultural proverbs emphasize the importance of gray fertilizer, saying "no wheat, no ash, no wine, no customers". Rice lacks nitrogen fertilizer, leaves are yellow, and fertilizer is urgently needed. Agricultural proverbs use "the beige owner owes money to bean cakes" as a metaphor. After topping the corn, the plants grow vigorously and the stems are stout. Agricultural proverbs use "corn is as strong as an ox" as a metaphor. Others, such as "sweet potato is not shy until autumn", "planting grass mud, children's sugar stalks swaying", "show beige, eat a piece of sugar; Xiumi is black and can't be eaten "and so on are all vivid and meaningful good agricultural proverbs.

"Cutting the roots of wheat and breaking the heart of grinding" means that wheat needs to be cultivated frequently, and after cultivation, it can increase production, but he does not need to use explicit words such as increasing production. Instead, it is said that wheat processing and grinding a lot of wheat flour may hurt the grinding heart, so as to encourage people to do a good job in field farming.

"Sunset thousands of miles, don't go out at dawn", that is to say, if there is a sunset, the next few days will be sunny weather in Wan Li; If the morning glow appears, the weather will get worse.

Agricultural proverbs judge the weather according to various behaviors of animals;

Smell cicadas in the rain and announce the arrival of sunny days.

Smell cicadas in early autumn and welcome Tian Yu in late autumn.

Sparrows hoard food and it will snow.

It's going to rain in the ant nest.

Fish dive and rain comes.

Swallows fly low, it's going to rain.

When the toad comes out of the hole, it never stops raining.

Turtle back tide, rain omen.

Earthworms climb the road, and it rains like hemp.

The loach is quiet and sunny.

Crocodile grass, the cold wave is coming.

Chickens stay late, ducks crow happily, and storms come quickly.

Judging the weather and agricultural proverbs of sowing, harvesting and harvesting according to the 24 solar terms;

The rain has been hitting Tomb-Sweeping Day from the summer solstice.

It's early, but it's late It's the right time to grow cotton in Grain Rain.

The tomb was scraped at Qingming, and it rained for forty-five days.

It's sunny and sunny, and it's raining in Grain Rain. It didn't rain in Grain Rain, and then it began to rain.

Clear sky in Wan Li, six animals flourish; Clear rain will damage all the fruits.

It rains a lot in Grain Rain, but it doesn't rain late in Grain Rain.

Long summer, mulberry old wheat.

East wind to long summer, wheat waterlogging.

It's never too late to plant anything from long summer to full summer.

There was a strong wind in the long summer, and all the wheat was gone.

Before and after Xiaoman, plant melons and beans.

Small and warm, hoe wheat and grow miscellaneous grains.

After planting for more than ten days, it is not an empty planting.

If you don't sow, you will fail in the future.

Wheat with awn seeds appeared, followed by autumn ploughing.

The awn seeds blow the north wind, and the roots of the seedlings are dry.

It doesn't rain on the solstice of summer, and it's extremely hot in the dog days, so it's rare for it to be cloudy for ten days.

It didn't rain on the solstice of summer, and there was no rice in the shop.

The summer solstice is not hot in the future, and the winter solstice is not cold in the future.

It's windy and hot on the solstice in summer, and it doesn't rain on Chongyang in winter.

When the summer solstice comes into rainy days, farming is like watering the garden.

The east wind blows on the summer solstice, and the water washes away in half a month.

No potatoes and no beans in summer.

Slightly Xia Feng motionless, first frost arrived late.

When you reach early autumn in summer, you will pile up fertilizer in the field.

There is no rain in beginning of autumn and little rain in autumn; There is no rain for a thousand years and no frost for a hundred days.

Beginning of autumn mows the grass in summer, and the autumn equinox mows the fields.

There is rain in early autumn, but there is no rain in early autumn.

The autumn rain is falling, and the next year will be a bumper harvest.

Plant mountains in summer, plain rivers in white dew, outdoor in autumn equinox and meanders in cold dew.

The first autumn drought, halved, summer rain, as expensive as gold.

It's sunny for thousands of years, and the millet is as silver.

The white dew is early, the cold dew is late, and the autumnal equinox is the time to plant wheat.

The autumnal equinox is not cut, and the frost grinds the wind.

Autumn equinox millet can't be cut, and cold dew millet can't be raised.

The grain and grass pile up cotton, and the cold dew does not forget to turn the ground.