Personality characteristics of northern Europeans

Nordic countries, located in the west of Scandinavia. Since the 9th century, Norway has been conquered by many small ruling kingdoms and invading groups to the islands outside Normandy, Iceland, Greenland, Scotland and Ireland, and the coast of the New World. Norway was finally unified in 12 century, and reached the height of prosperity in the middle century in 13 century. After 1397, it was controlled by Denmark and Sweden in turn. 1905 gained independence. Oslo is the capital and the largest city. Population: 4 122707.

National Flower: Heather National Bird: River Bird

Norway-The name of the country was originally "the road to the north". According to legend, there was a "North Road" on the north coast of ancient Scandinavia, hence the name. Norway is one of the most important maritime countries in the world, with winding coastline and more than 654.38+500,000 offshore islands. It is not only an excellent port, but also a scenic tourist area.

In Bergen, located on the west coast of Bergen, you can enjoy the fjord scenery formed by the change of glacier topography for millions of years. The scenery on both sides of the river surrounded by mountains is beautiful and dazzling. Oslo is a famous port in Norway, surrounded by mountains and rivers, picturesque, and the largest economic and cultural center in the country. Loogna Park and Viking Ship Museum are both famous tourist areas here, and there is also a ski museum, which introduces the history of skiing in detail.

Norway is located in the north, and its southernmost point (about 58 degrees north latitude) is farther north than the northernmost point of China (less than 54 degrees north latitude). The Arctic Circle passes through northern Norway. In some northern cities, there is no night at all in June and July, and you can see the midnight sun and the beautiful northern lights. The northernmost North Point is also the highest point on the European continent.

Many people think that narrow wooden churches are the characteristics of Scandinavian countries. Today, the best-preserved churches in the world are mainly in Norway. There are 30 wooden churches in Norway, the most striking of which is the Orns wooden church. It is located in Songgen-FiZhu Lan county on the west coast and was built in12nd century. The church is a square three-story building, all made of wood, with steep eaves on each floor and a spire at the top, which looks like an oriental temple. The gables of the church are engraved with various patterns. The furnishings in the church still maintain the medieval style. At present, the church is well preserved and tourists are constantly coming. 1979, Orns wooden church was listed as one of the world cultural heritages by UNESCO.

Ski Resort Hollmen Keren Mountain Hollmen Kau Mountain is a Norwegian ski resort. Located about 13 km northeast of Oslo, with an altitude of 37 1 m, it has beautiful scenery. From 1892, a world-famous skiing competition is held here every March. If you look at the outline of Oslo from a distance, you will see the Cullen Snow Platform in Hollmen towering over the Cullen Mountain in Hollmen, Oslo. It is also a very vivid symbol of this sport with Norwegian characteristics. There is also a ski museum at the foot of Mount Keren in Hollmen.

oslo

Oslo, the capital of Norway, is the capital on the way north. This city, like the straightforward character of the Nordic people, is thorough and unrestrained. In ancient times, huge glaciers made the overwhelmed mountains sink a little, and finally connected with the ocean, forming today's fjords. The Abreug district, south of Oslo, is an excellent place to watch the fjords, where you can swim by liner. The northernmost part of the dock is dedicated to the open-air fish market. I don't know whether it is because of the attraction of the fish market or the natural characteristics of the harbor. Oslo Fjord is called the world of waterfowl, and birds can be heard far away.

After the fjord tour, it takes about 20 minutes by boat to reach the opposite Bigger Island, where there are famous pirate ship museums and folk customs museums. Folk Museum is the earliest open-air museum in the world, showing the folk customs of Norway. You can "travel around" Norway in one day. The Folk Museum shows 153 ancient houses moved from the original materials all over the country, as well as urban buildings ranging from 1.7 million to 1.8 million, such as the old gas station.

The Pirate Museum next to the Folk Museum is one of the most popular pirate cultural treasures in Scandinavian countries. These exhibits were found in the Viking tombs in Oslo Fjord, among which the most striking are two best-preserved wooden pirate ships built in the 9th century. The museum also shows many Viking unearthed objects, including carriages and cookers. According to this, tourists can think about the "pirate years".

There is a bus back to the city on the island, and the center of Austria is small, so you can go hiking. Starting from the tourist information center, go to the opposite city hall first. This brick red building was built in 1950 to celebrate the 900th anniversary of Oslo's capital. Its layout is concave, surrounded by a large number of sculptures, showing all aspects of Norwegian life. To the east of the city hall square harbor is Akhus Castle, which stands by the sea and was built 700 years ago. You can overlook the fjord from here. Go north from the castle 10 minutes, and you can reach the most prosperous Carl John Street in Oslo. The main street starts from the largest Christian church in Oslo in the east and runs through the city center. On the National Day of Norway on May 17 every year, the balconies of street luxury hotels become the best attractions.

Walk along the street, in front of the National Theatre, you can see the statue of Ibsen, a world-famous playwright. The biennial Ibsen Theatre Festival makes it an important cultural exhibition in Oslo. Further west, there is a group of antique Romanesque buildings in Lubei Square, which is the famous Oslo University, where the Nobel Peace Prize awarding ceremony is held every year. At the end of the street, there is an extraordinary palace, followed by the towering king's garden. There are Ibsen Museum and Nobel College in the street on the south side of the park. The man with the key in the famous sculpture "Citizen of Calais" not far ahead is a precious gift from Fan Luo.

When it comes to Oslo and places of interest, the most famous one is Virgilan Sculpture Park. It is based on the green spaces and lakes in Lugna Park. It was carefully designed and built by Gustav Vijilan, a famous Norwegian sculptor, for 40 years. The whole park takes life as the theme, and more than 500 statues are carved from three materials: cast iron, copper and granite. The most famous statues in the park are the angry boy, the fountain of life and the pillar of life.

Friends who love sports will naturally not miss the Houmen Cullen Snow Platform with a history of over 100 years. This tall building is located on the hillside north of Oslo, with beautiful appearance. The snow-white platform is 100 meters high. Reindeer in northern Norway are painted blue, and the wonderful natural landscape "Midnight Sun" unique to northern Norway in summer is painted red. Reindeer on the snowfield use their horns to lift and fall from the sun, which is what Norwegians use to explain the meaning of snow and ice movement. You can see from any point of the city, and you can see the whole city of Oslo from the high platform. Every March, the Snow Festival attracts thousands of skiers. The amazing jumping record here is 1 13 meters away.

Lofton is.

Lofoton means "the foot of the bobcat" in Norwegian, and it also means a series of steep islands rising from its territorial waters-"the wall of Lofoton". This "Lovell East Wall" forms a 160 km barrier between the western fjord and the North Sea. The warm current in the Gulf of Mexico makes the winter here relatively warm and humid. Every year from June to the end of April, 65438, a large number of fish will gather in the shallow waters of Lofton to lay eggs, and a large number of fishermen will flood in at this time of the year.

In recent years, there are fewer and fewer fishermen on Lofoton Island, but the number of tourists and artists is increasing. The fisherman's hut, which made Lofton history, is now a holiday home for tourists who come on holiday. Painters attracted by the sunshine in Lofton are becoming more and more familiar. In Svinya, near Worwa, an "Art House" was recently built for six Swedish painters and two Norwegian painters. Trondheim in central Norway is a small city. From here, take a train north through the Arctic Circle to Bode, and then take a ferry from Bode to the Lofoton Islands opposite. Fishermen landed from Moskenes wharf, less than 100 meters away from the wharf. These are some red wooden houses supported by wooden columns by the sea, and some of them have a history of 100 years. There are no hotels with waiters and receptions around Lofton. Are self-help fishermen's homes. For tourists to stay in summer and fishermen to rent in winter.

Finland

Independence Day: 65438+February 6th (19 17) Regime: * * and system.

Area: 337,030 square kilometers

Population: 51910,000 (July 2003)

Ethnic composition: 93% Finnish, 6% Swedish. Language: Finnish accounts for 93.4% and Swedish accounts for 5.9%.

Religion: Protestantism accounts for 89.0%, Orthodox accounts for 1.0%.

Capital: Helsinki Second City: Espoo

Currency: Euro

Time zone: GMT+02, using daylight saving time.

National Day: 65438+February 6th.

National flowers: lily of the valley, hydrangea

National bird: swan

National anthem: motherland.

National flag: rectangular, with the aspect ratio of 18: 1 1. The flag is white. A wide blue bar slightly to the left divides the national flag into four white rectangles. Finland is known as the "country of thousands of lakes", bordering the Baltic Sea in the southwest, and the blue flag symbolizes lakes, rivers and oceans; The other symbolizes the blue sky. More than a quarter of Finland's territory is in the Arctic Circle, with a cold climate. The white flag symbolizes the snow-covered land. The cross on the national flag represents Finland's close relationship with other Nordic countries in history. The national flag was made around 1860 at the suggestion of Finnish poet Charies Tobelius.

Administrative divisions: The whole country is divided into five provinces and one autonomous region: South Finland, East Finland, West Finland, Oulu, Rabbi and Oran Island.

Physical geography: the area is 3.381.45 million square kilometers. Located in the north of Europe, it is adjacent to Norway in the north, Sweden in the northwest, Russia in the east, the Gulf of Finland in the south and the tidal Pognat Bay in the west. The terrain is high in the north and low in the south. The elevation of the Kiya hills in Mansel in the north is 200-700 meters, the moraine hills in the middle are 200-300 meters, and the coastal areas are plains below 50 meters. Finland is rich in forest resources. The national forest area is 26 million hectares, and the per capita forest land is 5 hectares, ranking second in the world. 69% of the country's land is covered by forests, ranking first in Europe and second in the world. Tree species are dominated by spruce forest, pine forest and birch forest, and the dense jungle is full of flowers and berries. Lake Sema in the south covers an area of 4,400 square kilometers and is the largest lake in Finland. Finland's lakes are connected with narrow waterways, short rivers and rapids, thus forming a communicating waterway. The inland water area accounts for 10% of the national total area. There are about179,000 islands and188,000 lakes, which are called "the country of thousands of lakes". The coastline of Finland is tortuous, with a length of 1 100 km. Fish resources are abundant. Finland has an area of13 located in the Arctic Circle, with a cold and snowy climate in the north. In the northernmost part, you can't see the sun for 40-50 days in winter, and you can see it all day and night from the end of May to the end of July in summer. It has a mild maritime climate. The average temperature in winter is-14℃ to 3℃, the average temperature in summer is 13℃ to 17℃, and the average annual rainfall is 600 mm.

history

At the end of the Ice Age about 9,000 years ago, the ancestors of Finns migrated here from the south and southeast. /kloc-Before 0/2 century, Finland was a primitive commune society. /kloc-belonged to Sweden in the second half of the 20th century, and 158 1 became the principality of Sweden. 1809 After the Russian-Swiss War, it was occupied by Russia and became a grand duchy under Russian rule. The czar also served as the Grand Duke of Finland. After the revolution of 19 17 and 10, Finland declared its independence on February 6,19, and the Republic was established. After the Finnish-Soviet War from 1939 to 1940 (Finland called it the "Winter War"), Finland was forced to sign the Finnish-Soviet Peace Treaty with the former Soviet Union and cede territory to the Soviet Union. From 194 1 to 1944, Nazi Germany attacked the Soviet Union, and Finland participated in the war against the Soviet Union (Finland called it the "continuation war"). 1944 In February, Finland, as a defeated country, signed the Paris Peace Treaty with the Soviet Union and other countries. 1948 in April, signed the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance with the Soviet Union. After the cold war, Finland joined the EU on 1995. 1999 founded to join the euro zone.

Politics: According to the Constitution, the legislative power of the country is formulated by the Parliament and President People's Republic of China (PRC). As the head of state, the president has the real power to appoint the government, take charge of foreign affairs and command the three armed forces, and is elected every six years. 1999 the Finnish parliament adopted a new constitution, and the name of the constitution was changed from the government organization law to the constitution. The new constitution strengthens the role of parliament and government in the political life of the country, and reduces some powers of the president. Parliament is a unicameral system, which is the highest organ of state power and legislature. It consists of 200 members directly elected by voters for a term of four years. Its main function is to legislate, supervise the government and finance. The highest judicial organs are the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court. The Supreme Court is composed of the President and 19 judges, and is responsible for hearing civil and criminal cases. The Supreme Administrative Court consists of the president and 20 judges, and is responsible for hearing administrative cases of government organs and provincial, municipal (county) institutions. Procuratorial organs are procuratorates at all levels. In addition, there is a national legal inspector who has the right to attend cabinet meetings and supervise whether the decisions of the president, the cabinet and government departments are in accordance with the constitutional provisions. Presidents, judges and prosecutors of the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court are appointed by the President.

geography

Basic location: Earth/Eastern Hemisphere-Northern Hemisphere/Europe/Northern Europe

Geographical division:

1) Mainland 2) Ahlander Islands (in the Baltic Sea)

Land border: 729 kilometers from Norway, 586 kilometers from Sweden, and 0/3/3 kilometers from Russia/KLOC-0.

Coastline:1126km (excluding islands)

Territorial waters: the territorial waters are 12 nautical miles in Botswana Bay, 4 nautical miles in Finland Bay and 12 nautical miles in exclusive fishing zone.

Climate: Subcontinental climate. Winter is long and cold, and summer is short and warm. The average temperature in February is-14 ~-6℃, the average temperature in July is 13 ~ 18℃, and the annual precipitation is 400 ~ 600 mm. ..

Cultivated land area: 640 square kilometers

Adult population rate: 66.9% Adult sex ratio: 1.02 male/1 female.

Population growth rate: 0. 14% Average life expectancy: 8 1.68 years old female, 74.28 years old male.

Average mother-to-child ratio: 1 female/1.7 infant.

National literacy rate: 100%

Major foreign languages:

1) Swedish 2) English 3) German

politics

Founding:

19 17 12.6 independence from Russia.

Constitution: 19 19.

Head of State: President Tarja Halonen (female) took office on March 6, 2000.

Head of Government: Prime Minister Marty Vanhanning took office on June 24th, 2003.

Parliament: unicameral, with 200 seats and a term of four years.

Administrative Division: Province (L? Ni), Road (Maakunta) and County (Kunna), * * * governs 6 provinces and 20 roads.

economy

Per capita GDP: US$ 26,200 (2002)

Three rates:

(2002) Economic growth rate: 1. 1% Inflation rate: 1.9% Unemployment rate: 8.5%.

(200 1) Economic growth rate: 0.6% Inflation rate: 2.6% Unemployment rate: 9.4%.

Economic growth rate: 5.6%, inflation rate: 3.4%, unemployment rate: 9.8%.

(1999) Economic growth rate: 4.0% Inflation rate: 1.4% Unemployment rate: 10.2%.

Three export partners: Germany @ 12.4%, USA @9.7%, UK @9.6%.

Three import partners: Germany @ 14.5%, Sweden @ 10.2% and Russia @9.4%.

Currency: Euro

Exchange rate: 1 euro? Dollars? = 1.0626 (@2002), 1. 1 175 (@200 1), 1.0854 (@2000), 0.9386 (@ 1999)

traffic

Railway: 5850 kilometers, including 2400 kilometers of electrified railway.

Highway: 778,365,438+0 km, including 49,789 km of road surface, including 444 km of expressway.

Waterway: 6675 kilometers.

Pipeline: 0 km crude oil; Oil 0 km; Natural gas is 580 kilometers.

Airports: 159, including 74 highway airports, including 2 airports with the main runway over 3047 meters.

Features: There are subways and trams in the capital Helsinki.

medium

The largest news agency: Finnish News Agency.

The largest newspaper: Helsinki News.

National radio station: YLE

National TV: YLE

National window website: www.finland.fi

other

The largest city: Helsinki

Place name < SUO > Helsingforth

Place name < SSK >

The urban population is 555,000

Espoo Espoo 265438+300,000

Tammerfors19.5 million in Tampere

Wanta 65438+780,000

Turco? bo 167000

Oulu Houlle? Borg

120000

Picking picking

Picking wild berries and mushrooms in the wild is one of the ways to appreciate Finland's purity and nature. In other countries, you may have to pay, and there are regional restrictions, but you can choose at will under the protection of Finnish national laws and regulations, Everyman's Rights. In Finland, 67% people will regard this as a summer activity.

Astronomical landscape

Extreme day and night

Because most of Lapland province in Finland is located in the Arctic Circle, you can see extreme days and nights. In extreme days, the midnight sky will not be gloomy. Even on the southern coast, there is 19-20 hours of sunshine.

dawn sunshine

On cold and dry nights, the greater the latitude, the more opportunities you have to see the Northern Lights. In northern Uzhuoji, the annual viewing date of the Northern Lights is165438+125 October to 65438+ 10/7.

Finland Finland

* * * and the United States in northern Europe. The full names of Finland and the United States. The area is 338 1 1,000 square kilometers; The population is 5.04 million (1992). Among them, 93.6% are Finns, 6.2% are Swedes, and there are a few Sami (formerly known as Lapps). Finnish and Swedish are the official languages. 88.4% of the residents believe in Protestantism and 1. 1% believe in Orthodox Church. Helsinki, the capital.

Flag and emblem of Finland

Geographically, it borders Norway in the north, Russia in the east, Finland Bay in the south, Virginia Bay in the west and Sweden in the northwest. Coastline length 1 100 km. The terrain is high in the north and low in the south. The inland water area accounts for more than 9% of the national area, and it is known as the country of thousands of lakes. Lake Marseille in the southwest is the largest, about 4,400 square kilometers. The main rivers are Patz, Kemi and Kokemaki. 14' s territory is in the Arctic Circle. It belongs to temperate coniferous forest climate. The average temperature in winter is-14 ~-3℃; Summer 13 ~ 17℃. The average annual precipitation from north to south is between 400 and 700 mm.

History is a primitive society before 12 century. /kloc-in the second half of the 0/2nd century, it began to belong to Sweden. /kloc-In the middle of the 0/4th century, it officially became a part of the Kingdom of Sweden. 1809 After the Russian-Swiss War, it became the Grand Duchy of Russia. 1917 65438+declared independence on February 6th. 19 18 The working class launched an armed uprising and established a revolutionary regime, which was later suppressed. 1939 ~ 1940 After the Finnish-Soviet War, Finland was forced to sign a peace treaty with the Soviet Union and cede territory to the Soviet Union. 194 1 ~ 1944 Nazi Germany attacked the Soviet Union, and Finland participated in the war against the Soviet Union. 1944 In February, Finland, as a defeated country, signed the Paris Peace Treaty with the Soviet Union and other countries. 1948 In April, Finland and the Soviet Union signed a treaty of friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance. After World War II, Paasikivi and Kaikkonen successively served as presidents. The Social Democratic Party won the general election with 1966, and since then, the situation of joint governance has begun. The Social Democratic Party and the Middle Party are the main parties, and the prime minister is basically held by two parties. 1After the parliamentary election in March, 979, the Conservative United Party began to become the second largest party in parliament, but it did not enter the cabinet. 198 1 year, President Kaikkonen resigned due to illness. 1982 held the presidential election in advance, and Koivisto was elected president. In the 1987 parliamentary election, the United Party won and formed a "blue-red" government with the Social Democratic Party and the Swedish People's Party, which changed the situation that the "center-left" party was in power for more than 40 years after the war and the middle forces of the Social Democratic Party formed a cabinet for 20 years. In the presidential election of 1988, Covisto was re-elected. 199 1 After the parliamentary elections in March, the center party, which had been in opposition for four years, won and formed a four-party Coalition government with the United Party, the Swedish People's Party and the Christian Union. 1994 1 In the Finnish presidential election, M. Ahtisaari was elected president and took office in March 1.

The Constitution of Political Finland was promulgated and came into effect on July 2009 19 19. It stipulates that the legislative power of the state shall be exercised by the Parliament and the President of People's Republic of China (PRC); The president is the head of state and has the real power to dissolve parliament, appoint government, take charge of foreign affairs and command the three armed forces. Elections are held every six years. Parliament is the highest legislative body with a unicameral system, consisting of 200 members directly elected by voters for a term of four years. Its main function is to legislate, supervise the government and finance. 1991April 26th, centrist political parties, coalition parties, Swedish People's Party and Christian Union formed a coalition government. Premier joni aho.

The main political parties in Finland are as follows: ① Finnish middle forces, referred to as the middle party, were founded in 1906. ② Finnish Social Democratic Party (SPD) was founded in 1899. ③ The National Unity Party, referred to as the Unity Party for short, was founded in 19 18. ④ Swedish People's Party. Founded in 1906, it is composed of Swedes in Finland. There are also the Finnish Christian Union, the Finnish Left Alliance, the Green Alliance, the Finnish Rural Party and the Finnish Production Party (Unity).

In the 1980s, the Finnish economy continued to develop at an average annual rate of 3.7%. GNP 1989 per capita ranks fourth in the world. 1990 began to experience a serious recession in the second half of the year. 1991the new government that came to power in April formulated a series of austerity policies and adopted saving measures. The gross domestic product of 1993 is 478.7 billion Finnish marks (at current prices). The currency unit is Finnish mark, and the exchange rate is 5.7 1 Finnish mark 1 USD (1993).

The most abundant natural resources in Finland are forests, with a forest coverage rate of 66%, about 20.065 million hectares and a timber reserve of 65.438+88 billion cubic meters. Rich in mineral resources, there are copper and a small amount of iron, nickel, vanadium, cobalt and so on. Rich in coal resources, energy is equivalent to 4 billion tons of oil. There are two nuclear power plants (4 nuclear reactors), and nuclear energy is equivalent to 4.532 million tons of oil. Wood processing and metal industry are two pillars of economy. The chemical and electronic industries have developed rapidly. The paper industry has advanced level in the world, and it is the second largest exporter of paper and paperboard and the fourth largest exporter of pulp. Newsprint accounts for 6% of the world's total newsprint output. Agriculture and forestry in Finland are closely combined, and almost all farmers manage a certain amount of forest land. Forest management, seedling raising, planting, harvesting and transportation are all the most advanced in the world. Agricultural and livestock products are more than self-sufficient. The main agricultural and livestock products are wheat, barley, oats, rye, butter, meat, eggs, milk and so on.

Finland has developed service industries, including commerce, trade, hotels, restaurants, banks, insurance, social services and public services. The main tourist spots are Helsinki, Turku, Central Lake District, Rabbi area in the north and Alain Island.

Finland xiaojing

The traffic is developed. 199 1 year has 76,400 kilometers of highways; The total length of the railway is 5874 kilometers, of which 28% has been electrified. There are nearly 30 ports. There are four airlines. The international airports are Helsinki, Turku and Tampere.

Finland's export income accounts for more than 1/3 of the gross national product. About 80% of wood processing products and 40% of metal industrial products are exported. 80% of the required energy and many industrial raw materials need to be imported. The main trading partners are European countries and European Free Association countries. The main investment targets are the member countries of the above two European organizations. Finland's main foreign aid targets are Tanzania, Egypt, Kenya, Zambia, Sri Lanka and Nepal. The key projects are agriculture, water conservancy and transportation. The main investors in Finland are Sweden, Germany and Britain.

Culture and Education Finland has a well-developed education career. Nine years of free compulsory education. Institutions include Helsinki University, Helsinki University of Science and Technology, Temperley University, etc. The main newspapers are Helsinki, Morning Post, New Finland, Capital Daily, Ha 'aretz and Finnish Social Democratic Party. There are five news agencies in Finland, the largest of which is the semi-official Finnish news agency, which was established in 19 15. Finnish Broadcasting Corporation was founded in 1926. Finnish TV 1958 started broadcasting.

Foreign Relations Finland has always pursued a "peaceful and neutral active policy" of maintaining friendly and good-neighborly relations with the Soviet Union, not intervening in conflicts between major powers, and getting along well with other countries after the war. In order to adapt to the changes in the situation in Europe, we have gradually adjusted our foreign policy. While continuing to maintain good-neighborly and friendly relations with Russia, we emphasize that the core of Finland's neutrality is military non-alignment and national defense independence.

Finland and China established diplomatic relations on1October 28th, 1950. Since the establishment of diplomatic relations, relations between the two countries have been normal and friendly. The trade volume between the two countries was $345 million from 65438 to 0992.

After the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the drastic changes in Eastern Europe, Finland continued to develop relations with Europe, and Europe has become an important market for Finnish investment and trade. From 65438 to 0995, Finland became a member of the European Economic and Monetary Union. Traditional cooperation with Nordic countries is an important pillar of Finland's foreign policy. Finland attaches importance to developing relations with the United States. Relations with the third world have developed rapidly.

Finnish history

Finland is also known as the "country of thousands of lakes". Since Swedish King Eric brought Christianity to Finland in 1 154, the two countries have maintained a very close relationship for 700 years. Swedish has always been the first language of administrative and educational institutions, while Finnish was not valued until the upsurge of Finnish nationalism in the19th century and the publication of Ka Laivaara, Finland's first history of national poetry.

Finland was occupied by the troops of czar Alexander I in 1808. Since then, Finland has been an autonomous principality of the Russian Empire until 19 17. 19 17 12.6 Soon after the Russian Bolshevik Revolution (October Revolution), Finland declared its independence. The country experienced a short but unforgettable civil war. During World War II, Finland fought two wars with the Soviet Union: the winter war of 1939~ 1940 (Sweden provided partial assistance to Finland) and the continuous war of 194 1~ 1944 (Nazi Germany provided important help to Finland). In the battle of Lapland from 1944 to 1945, Finland drove the Germans out of northern Finland.

1947 and 1948 signed many treaties with the Soviet union, which stipulated Finland's obligations and restrictions on the Soviet union, and Finland also made more territorial concessions on the basis of the 1940 peace treaty. 199 1 After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Finland finally decided its own destiny and joined the European Union in 1995.

politics

Finland's political system is dominated by parliament, although the president also has more power. Most executive powers are controlled by the Cabinet headed by the Prime Minister elected by Parliament. The Cabinet consists of ministers from various departments of the central government, the Prime Minister himself and a Chief Justice.

According to the Constitution, a unicameral parliament (Finnish: Eduskunta；; Swedish: Riksdag is the highest authority in Finland. Parliament can amend the constitution, dissolve the cabinet or veto the president's decision; But parliament has no right to change judicial decisions. The cabinet or any member of parliament can introduce a legislative motion. Members are elected in proportion for a term of four years.

The judicial system is divided into courts in charge of civil and criminal judicial disputes and special courts in charge of public and administrative proceedings. Finland is a common law country, and the courts are divided into local courts, regional appeal courts and the Supreme Court.

Administrative area

Finland has the earliest province of 12 (Finnish: singular l? Ni, plural l? Nit Swedish: l? N), 1997 After the administrative division is redefined, the existing provinces are reduced to six:

Oran province (Finnish: Ahvenanmaan maakunta；; Swedish:? Land)

East Finland (Finnish: It? -Solman l? Ni; Swedish:? Strafenz l? n)

Lapland province (Finnish: Lapin l? Ni; Swedish: Lapland l? n)

Oulu province (Finnish: Oren L? Ni; Swedish: Ule? Bogle? n)

South Finland (Finnish: Etel? -Solman l? Ni; Swedish: s? Della Finanz? n)

West Finland (Finnish: l? nsi-Suomen l？ Ni; Swedish: v? Strafenz l? n)

Among them, Oran House (? Land) enjoys a high degree of autonomy.

geography

Finland is known as "the country of thousands of islands" and "the country of thousands of lakes": to be precise, China has 187888 lakes and 179584 islands. Finland is flat, and the northern part of Lapland lies on the border between Finland and Norway. The elevation of Khathia Peak is 1, 328m, which is the highest point in Finland. Except for lakes, the whole country is a large forest with less arable land. Most of the islands are located in the southwest and south bank of the Finnish Peninsula, among which the Oran Islands are the most famous.

Finland is located in the north temperate zone. It's cold in winter, sometimes it's cold, and it's warmer in summer. A quarter of Finland lies in the Arctic Circle. There are 73 days in summer and 565,438+0 days in winter in these areas.

economy

Finland is a highly industrialized and liberalized market economy, and its per capita output is roughly equivalent to that of Britain, France, Germany or Italy. The main pillar of the economy is manufacturing ―― mainly timber, metal, engineering, telecommunications and electronics industries. Finland's communication industry, represented by Nokia, is very developed. Finland is known as the country with the highest proportion of Internet access and the largest number of mobile phones per capita. Trade is very important to Finland, and about one-third of GDP comes from exports. Apart from wood and some minerals, Finland relies on imports for raw materials, energy and some industrial parts.

Due to the weather, Finnish agriculture is only self-sufficient in basic agricultural products. As the main pillar of export, timber industry provides a second employment choice for rural population. Finland joined the euro system on 1999. In the next few years, Finland will be more economically integrated with Western Europe.

Finland's glass manufacturing is world-famous, and its metal processing technology is also quite sophisticated. Because of its abundant wood, Finnish furniture design and manufacture enjoys a high reputation in the world. Furniture designed in Finland in the early 20th century still looks very modern.

Human population

Finland has two official languages: 93% of the population speaks Finnish and 6% speaks Swedish. The minority population includes Sami, Russians, Jews, etc.

Most Finns (89%) believe in Christian Lutheranism, and about 1% of the population believe in Orthodox Church. The rest include a few Christians, Protestants, other sects, Roman Catholics, Muslims and Jews.

After the winter war, about 12% of the population needs to be resettled. War reparations, unemployment and uncertainty about Finland's independent future led to a large number of immigrants leaving Finland in1970s.1990s, Finland began to receive a large number of refugees and immigrants.

culture

Finland's harsh climatic conditions, special geographical location and history make Finns form a national character and culture with Nordic characteristics. Finns are introverted and low-key, but they are full of national pride. In today's globalization, they do not go with the flow, but firmly safeguard their traditional culture.

There are many famous artists in Finland: sibelius, a great musician, initiated a new era of national music and is known as the father of Finnish national music; The legendary national epic Ka Laivaara compiled by linguist Lun Lott has become one of the greatest epics in the history of world literature. Alvar aalto, a famous architect, is unique in the trend of modernist architectural design with his design full of Finnish traditional romantic style. Finland also has many world-class artists. In particular, Finland's design style with its own national cultural characteristics makes many handicrafts and buildings decades ago still novel and imaginative masterpieces in the eyes of modern people. Most of the works of Finnish design masters are world-renowned for their concise and practical design style, high-quality materials and exquisite craftsmanship.

Finland is also the hometown of Santa Claus.