Break through the ice and snow line

The start time should be 1 20th, and I found 65438+127th.

There should be no complete victory at present.

Snow disaster, also known as white disaster, is a natural phenomenon caused by long-term heavy snowfall. It is a frequent meteorological disaster of animal husbandry in pastoral areas of China, mainly referring to animal husbandry areas that rely on natural grassland for grazing. Due to the excessive snowfall in winter, the thick snow cover and the long duration of the snow cover, the normal grazing activities of animal husbandry have been affected. The harm to animal husbandry is mainly that snow covers the grassland, exceeding a certain depth. Some snow is not deep, but the density is high, or the snow is covered with ice to form an ice shell, which makes it difficult for livestock to open the snow layer to eat grass, causing hunger. Sometimes the ice shell is easy to cut the ankles of sheep and horses, causing frostbite, which often leads to emaciation of livestock, abortion of young livestock, low survival rate of old and weak young livestock and increased death. At the same time, it also seriously affects or even destroys lifeline projects such as transportation, communication and power transmission lines, posing a threat to the life safety and life of herders. Snow disasters mainly occur in stable snow-covered areas and unstable snow-covered mountainous areas, and occasionally appear in instantaneous snow-covered areas. Snow disasters in pastoral areas in China mainly occur in Inner Mongolia grassland, northwest China and parts of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

According to the formation conditions, distribution and manifestations of snow disasters in China, snow disasters can be divided into three types: avalanche, wind-blown snow disasters and snow disasters in pastoral areas.

accumulated snow

A snowstorm is a disaster caused by snow. According to the stability of snow, the snow in China can be divided into five types.

① Permanent snow: The snow above the snow balance line is greater than the melting amount in the current year, and the snow does not melt all the year round.

② Stable snow cover (continuous snow cover): seasonal snow cover with continuous spatial distribution and snow cover time (more than 60 days);

③ Unstable snow (discontinuous snow): Although there is snow every year, the temperature is low, but the snow is discontinuous in space, mostly distributed in points, and the number of snow days in time is 10~60 days, and it is intermittent;

④ Instantaneous snow: It mainly occurs in South China and Southwest China where the average temperature is relatively high. However, in the year when the monsoon is particularly strong, due to the attack of cold wave or strong cold air, large-scale snowfall occurs, but it melts quickly, resulting in short-term (generally no more than 10 day) snow on the surface;

⑤ It doesn't snow: Except for some high-altitude mountainous areas, it doesn't snow all the year round. Snow disasters are mainly distributed in stable snow-covered areas and unstable snow-covered mountainous areas, and occasionally appear in instantaneous snow-covered areas.

Definition and index of snowstorm

Snow can play a positive role in the wintering and heat preservation of pasture, and snow melting in dry season can increase soil moisture and promote the green growth of pasture. Snow is also the main water source of water-deficient or waterless grassland in winter and spring, which solves the problem of drinking water for people and animals. Too much snow, too deep snow and too long duration make it difficult for livestock to eat grass, or even unable to eat grass, leading to snowstorms.

Snowstorms can be divided into two types according to their climatic laws: sudden and persistent. Sudden snowstorms will occur during or after snowstorm weather, and the thick snow lasting for several days will pose a threat to livestock. This kind of snowstorm usually occurs in late autumn and early spring with changeable climate, such as the rare snowstorm from late March to early April in Qinghai Province 1982 and the middle of l0 in 1985, which is the most obvious example of this kind of snowstorm in recent years. The thickness and density of the snow that harms livestock gradually increase with the snowfall, and it takes a long time for the snow to stabilize. This type can last from late autumn to the following spring, such as the severe snowstorm in Qinghai Province 1974 10 to March 1975, which lasted for five months, and the extreme minimum temperature dropped to MINUS 30-40 degrees.

People usually regard the depth of grassland snow as the primary sign of snow disaster. Due to the different growth heights of grassland and pasture, the depth of snow forming snowstorm is also different. According to the analysis of observation and investigation data in Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang for many years, and comparing the relationship between snowfall and blizzard formation over the years, the blizzard indicators are as follows:

Light blizzard: the snowfall in winter and spring is equivalent to more than 120% of the thunderstorm in the same period;

Moderate snowstorm: the snowfall in winter and spring is equivalent to more than 140% of the snowfall in the same period of the year;

Heavy snowstorm: the snowfall in winter and spring is equivalent to more than 160% of the snowfall in the same period of the year.

Snow disaster index can also be expressed by other physical quantities, such as snow depth, density and temperature. However, the biggest advantage of the above indicators is that they are easy to use and the data are easy to obtain.

Harm to animal husbandry

The main reason is that snow covers the grassland and exceeds a certain depth. Some snow is not deep, but the density is high, or the snow surface is covered with ice to form an ice shell, which makes it difficult for livestock to open the snow layer and eat grass, causing hunger. Sometimes the ice shell is easy to cut the ankles of sheep and horses, causing frostbite, often causing livestock to abort, and the survival rate of young animals is low, and the old, weak and young animals are hungry and cold, leading to increased deaths. At the same time, it also seriously affects or even destroys lifeline projects such as transportation, communication and power transmission lines, posing a threat to the life safety and life of herders. Snow disasters mainly occur in stable snow-covered areas and unstable snow-covered mountainous areas, and occasionally appear in instantaneous snow-covered areas. Snow disasters in pastoral areas in China mainly occur in Inner Mongolia grassland, northwest China and parts of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. 1992- 1993 At the turn of winter and spring, heavy snow fell successively in parts of Inner Mongolia, Qinghai, Tibet and Gansu provinces, affecting more than 300 million mu of grassland, with the affected population11million people and dead livestock1million heads.

Regularity of snow disaster in pastoral areas

According to the analysis of investigation materials, the snowstorm in grassland and pastoral areas in China has the law of once every ten years. As for the general snowstorm, its frequency is more frequent. According to statistics, pastoral areas in Tibet are about once every two to three years, and so are pastoral areas in Qinghai. In pastoral areas of Xinjiang, due to the great differences in climate and geography, the frequency of snowstorms varies greatly. The frequency of snow disasters in winter pasture and spring and autumn pasture in Altai Mountain, western Junggar, northern Xinjiang along Tianshan Mountain and western mountainous area of southern Xinjiang reaches 50-70%, that is, snow disasters occur in 5-7 years in 10. Other regions are below 30%. Snowstorm-prone areas are often serious, such as Altay, Fuyun and other places. The frequency of snowstorms is as high as 70%, and severe snowstorms are as high as 50%. On the contrary, areas with low frequency of snowstorms are often areas with light snowstorms. For example, the frequency of snowstorms in hot springs is only 5%, and it is a mild snowstorm. However, no matter which herder has a big snowstorm, it rarely happens year after year.

During a snowstorm, winter snow usually begins at 10, and Chun Xue usually ends in April. What is more harmful is generally the so-called "sitting in winter snow" formed by heavy snow in late autumn and early winter. Then there was a continuous snowfall, which made the grassland snow thicker and thicker, so that the snow that harmed livestock lasted all winter.

The area where the snowstorm occurs is closely related to the distribution of precipitation. Such as pastoral areas in Inner Mongolia; Snowstorms mainly occur in Bameng, Wumeng, Ximeng, Zhao Meng and northern Zhemeng in central Inner Mongolia, with a frequency of more than 30%, with the heaviest and most frequent snowstorms in Yinshan area. Due to the unusually dry winter in the west, there are almost no snowstorms. In pastoral areas of Xinjiang, snow disasters are mainly concentrated in mountain pastures around Junggar Basin in northern Xinjiang. Snow disasters rarely occur in southern Xinjiang except in the western mountainous areas. In Qinghai pastoral areas, snowstorms are mainly concentrated in Hainan, Guoluo, Yushu, Huangnan and Haixi, which have more precipitation in winter in the south. In the pastoral areas of Tibet, snow disasters are mainly concentrated in Naqu area near Tanggula in northern Tibet and Xigaze area in southern Tibet. The former is often associated with snowstorms in southern Qinghai.

Snow disaster warning signal

Snow disaster warning signals are divided into three levels, which are represented by yellow, orange and red respectively. Yellow is the third-level defense state, with orange on it, and the last yellow indicates the first-level emergency and dangerous situation.

(1) The yellow warning signal of blizzard

Meaning:/kloc-There may be snowfall within 0/2 hours, which may affect traffic or animal husbandry.

Defense guide:

1, relevant departments should prepare for snow prevention;

2. The transportation department should prepare for road snow melting;

3, agricultural and pastoral areas to prepare food and grass.

(b) Snowstorm orange warning signal

Meaning: There may be snowfall that has a great impact on traffic or animal husbandry within 6 hours, or there has been snowfall that has a great impact on traffic or animal husbandry and may continue.

Defense guide:

1, relevant departments should do a good job in road cleaning and snow melting;

2. Drivers should drive carefully to ensure safety;

3. Drive wild livestock into the fence to feed;

Other yellow warning signals of the same snowstorm.

(3) Red snowstorm warning signal

Meaning: There may be snowfall that has a great impact on traffic or animal husbandry within 2 hours, or there has been snowfall that has a great impact on traffic or animal husbandry and may continue.

Defense guide:

1, close road traffic if necessary;

2. Relevant emergency departments should be ready to start the emergency plan at any time;

3. Do a good job in disaster relief in pastoral areas;

Other orange warning signals of the same snowstorm.

Blizzard warning

Blizzard warning signals are divided into four levels, which are represented by blue, yellow, orange and red respectively.

(1) Blizzard Blue Warning Signal

Standard:/kloc-The snowfall will reach more than 4 mm within 0/2 hours, or it has reached more than 4 mm and the snowfall continues, which may have an impact on traffic or agriculture and animal husbandry.

Defense guide:

1. The government and relevant departments shall, in accordance with their duties, make good preparations for snow disaster prevention and freezing injury prevention;

2 transportation, railway, electric power, communications and other departments should carry out inspection and maintenance of roads, railways and lines, and do a good job in road cleaning and snow melting;

3. Pedestrians should pay attention to cold prevention and anti-skid, drivers should drive carefully and vehicles should take anti-skid measures;

4. Farming and pastoral areas and aquaculture should reserve feed and prepare for snow disaster and freezing injury;

5. Reinforce temporary structures that are easily crushed by snow, such as scaffolding.

(B) Blizzard yellow warning signal

Standard:/kloc-The snowfall will reach more than 6 mm within 0/2 hours, or it has reached more than 6 mm and the snowfall continues, which may have an impact on traffic or agriculture and animal husbandry.

Defense guide:

1. The government and relevant departments shall, in accordance with their duties, implement measures to prevent snowstorms and freezing injuries;

2 transportation, railway, electric power, communications and other departments should strengthen the inspection and maintenance of roads, railways and lines, and do a good job in road cleaning and snow melting;

3. Pedestrians should pay attention to cold prevention and anti-skid, drivers should drive carefully and vehicles should take anti-skid measures;

4. Farming and pastoral areas and aquaculture should prepare enough feed to prevent snowstorm and freezing injury;

5. Reinforce temporary structures that are easily crushed by snow, such as scaffolding.

(3) Snowstorm orange warning signal

Standard: within 6 hours, the snowfall will reach10mm or above, or it has reached10mm and the snowfall continues, which may or has already caused great impact on traffic or agriculture and animal husbandry.

Defense guide:

1. The government and relevant departments shall, in accordance with their duties, do a good job in emergency prevention of snowstorms and freezing damage;

2 transportation, railway, electric power, communications and other departments should strengthen the inspection and maintenance of roads, railways and lines, and do a good job in road cleaning and snow melting;

3. Reduce unnecessary outdoor activities;

4. Reinforce scaffolding and other temporary structures that are easily crushed by snow, and drive outdoor livestock into the shed for food.

(4) Blizzard red warning signal

Standard: within 6 hours, the snowfall will reach 15 mm or above, or it has reached 15 mm and the snowfall continues, which may or has had a great impact on traffic or agriculture and animal husbandry.

Defense guide:

1. The government and relevant departments shall, in accordance with their duties, do a good job in emergency rescue in response to snowstorms and freezing injuries;

2. suspend classes or suspend business when necessary (except for special industries);

3. If necessary, suspend the take-off and landing of aircraft, stop the train and temporarily close the expressway;

4. Do a good job in disaster relief in pastoral areas.

Disaster prevention measures

Five measures to prevent snow disaster in agricultural production;

1. Effective anti-freezing measures should be taken as soon as possible to resist the damage of strong and low temperature to overwintering crops, especially to prevent the damage of continuous low temperature to strong and weak seedlings.

2. Strengthen the management of greenhouse vegetables and underground overwintering vegetables to prevent the harm of continuous rain, snow and low temperature weather. Clear the snow in the greenhouse in time after snow, which not only reduces the pressure of plastic film, but also helps to increase the temperature and light transmittance; At the same time, strengthen the storage management of all kinds of winter vegetables and fruits.

3. Clean up the "three ditches" in time between rain and snow, reduce humidity and drain water, so as to prevent long-term water accumulation in the field caused by continuous rain and snow weather and affect the growth and development of wheat and vegetable roots. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen field management, intertillage and loosen the soil, eradicate weeds and improve their cold resistance. Do a good job in pest control.

4. Wheat and vegetables should be covered with soil in time to improve their ability to keep out the cold. If organic fertilizer such as pig manure can be covered, the effect of protecting seedlings from wintering will be better.

5. Do a good job of wind protection and reinforcement in the greenhouse, and pay attention to the heat preservation and warming of the greenhouse to reduce the occurrence of vegetable diseases and ensure the normal supply of vegetables during the Spring Festival.

Health precautions when strong cold air attacks;

Winter is the coldest season all year round. When strong cold air invades, it is often accompanied by strong wind, rain, snow, freezing and other bad weather. This low temperature environment will greatly weaken the body's defense function and resistance, thus inducing various diseases and even endangering life. There are several seemingly small health problems, which will also cause great problems if they are not well guarded. The following set of coping strategies can provide some help to everyone.

1. Nose bleeding: For minor bleeding, the patient can be placed in a semi-recumbent position or a lateral position, with his head slightly lowered forward, breathing through his mouth to keep the airway unobstructed, and pressing his nose with his fingers to stop bleeding. After about 10 minutes, the bleeding volume will naturally decrease or stop. Massive or rapid bleeding, especially complicated with hypertension or other diseases, often requires emergency medical assistance.

2, respiratory diseases: don't wear thick clothes because you are afraid of cold, and don't stay in an air-conditioned room all day to enjoy the warmth of air conditioning. The best way is to get yourself moving, because exercise can not only promote the blood circulation of the body and enhance the cardiopulmonary function, but also be very beneficial to our respiratory system. If you love sports, you will soon find that you can go out without dressing up as a ball. Of course, in the season of high incidence of influenza, influenza vaccination is also a necessary guarantee for health.

3. Dry skin: If you love cleaning in winter, you should pay more attention to the regularity and frequency of bathing. Don't take a bath too often, once a day is enough. Moreover, it is best not to bathe with soap (because soap is generally alkaline, which is easy to unbalance the PH value of the skin surface), and the water temperature should not be too high. Try to use a bath lotion containing moisturizing ingredients, and apply a moisturizing cream containing moisturizing ingredients after bathing, such as vaseline.

4. Cold hands and feet: Do not smoke at ordinary times, and avoid eating too much caffeinated food, such as coffee, strong tea and cola. Eat warm blood-activating food, wear warm clothes and do warm-up exercises such as stretching your fingers, twisting your arms and twisting your toes. , and avoid long-term fixed posture and concentration, especially continuous use of the computer for more than 7 hours. Of course, it is the most natural and effective way to get yourself moving in the autumn wind.

5, joint pain: in addition to paying attention to limb warmth, you can also use knee pads, elbow pads and other supplies. Regular exercise can strengthen leg muscles and promote blood circulation. Swimming is a good choice for water sports in a warm swimming pool. According to the weather forecast, warm and dehumidifying measures can also be taken before the weather changes.

6. Emotional disorder: In addition to psychological counseling and some antidepressant drugs, phototherapy can be used as an effective adjuvant therapy. In the bleak winter, let yourself get more sunshine. Sunlight can not only dry depression, but also synthesize vitamin D in the body with the help of sunlight, which is also good for calcium supplementation.

History of Snow Disaster (Hunan)

According to Zi Jian and other books, the earliest record of heavy snow in Changsha was 2000 years ago, that is, in 37 BC, the second year after the establishment of Zhao in the Western Han Dynasty, a heavy snow as deep as five feet fell in Chu, including Changsha in Hunan, causing disasters. It was not until the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (950) after the Tang Empire that the history books clearly marked the heavy snow in Changsha for the first time, that is, "the heavy snow in Tanzhou was four feet." Tanzhou ruled Changsha today.

In the first year of the Apocalypse of Emperor Xi of Ming Dynasty (162 1), ice and snow appeared in Changsha, Hua Shan, Yiyang and Liuyang, and Liuzhai, Datun Bridge in Hua Shan (now south of Changsha) "froze six people to death overnight"; During the Kangxi period, "people are feasible" on the ice of Xiangjiang River; In the fifth year of Jiaqing in Qing Dynasty (1800), there was a heavy snow in September in Changsha, Hua Shan, Pingjiang, Xiangxiang and Huangzhou Guilds.

The "big freeze" of 1954 began on1954 65438+February 26th. That evening, "the cold current began to harass Dongting Lake for the second time, and all the banks of Dongting Lake were quickly covered with snow and ice. The trees on the embankment were bent by the snow and ice, and dozens of wires were broken by the ice. The temperature dropped sharply from 20℃ to -8℃, and the snowstorm lasted 1 1 day. The old man on the lake said: this is the freezing cold that Dongting Lake has not seen for more than 20 years.

According to the Chronology of Natural Disasters in Hunan compiled by Hunan Institute of History and Archaeology 196 1, Hunan was frozen for 40 days (Pingjiang) and for 3 months before the founding of New China. In the days of snow and ice disasters, there is often heavy snow or continuous rainfall in the freezing of Hunan, with the snowfall reaching more than 40 days (Yongzhou), and the snowfall from Xiaotian to February of the following year (Anhua), with the snow depth reaching four or five feet (Xiangxiang, Xiangyin, Pingjiang and Shaoyang). It not only damages trees, fruits and vegetables, kills people and animals with ice, but also hinders traffic.

Here are some videos.

/s 2008/ Xuezai/