What was the first satellite in China?

1. The first artificial earth satellite, Dongfanghong11970, April 24th.

2. The first artificial moon satellite was Chang 'e-1 in 2007 at 65438+105: 04 on October 26th.

3. Shenzhou 5, 09: 00 on June 2003 10.

4. There is no spaceship and no moon landing satellite.

China's first astronaut was Yang Liwei.

"The moon is the future energy warehouse of mankind"-almost all countries that have released the moon landing plan have publicized it to the public-through so many years of "popular science", everyone knows, oh, there is a famous helium -3 on the moon, which is a new nuclear fusion fuel, and the stock is enough for human use for nearly ten thousand years. It seems that this is a good reason. The United Nations Moon Treaty says that whoever has the ability will take it first. Wait a minute, this is a good thing. For 30 years, why did the United States go to Iraq to fight for oil instead of going to the moon to bring back hundreds of tons of cheap and clean helium -3 for decades? Very simple, two reasons: first, it can't be used. Six Apollo spacecraft that landed on the moon brought back less than half a ton of rock samples. No one knows whether 1g helium -3 can be extracted from them, but it cost $30 billion. The second one can't. So far, there is no technology to convert the fusion energy contained in helium -3 into energy.

What's the use of running to the moon 380 thousand kilometers away? Let's look at the Apollo program:

Of Apollo's multiple goals, the most important one was of course landing on the moon and achieving military goals by the way. There is an old saying in China: Stand high and see far. The moon is higher than any space station and never shows its back. If anyone can build a missile base on the back of the moon and equip it with all kinds of weapons, he can control the earth from above. Moreover, this huge satellite with no atmosphere 380,000 kilometers away is the best "shooting range" for testing space technology.

Not long ago, the United States announced the right to attack satellites "suspected" of launching weapons from space. Rumsfeld, then Secretary of Defense, called for the development of technology to attack or defend orbiting satellites-this is the "eye" of modern military. Can a blind man fight with others? Look at Iraq that has just been beaten. Because of the loss of satellite navigation and electronic signals, the army became a headless fly, while the rival United States called 100 satellites to "participate in the war", weaving a veritable "encirclement."

What else did Apollo do? The development of "Apollo" contributed to the realization of 4000 patents, and the achievements were extended to all fields of the American national economy at that time. Today, in the past 50 years, we can see, use and see the most important scientific and technological development that affects all of us, almost triggered by the Apollo program: liquid fuel rockets, microwave radars, radio guidance, computers ... Later, these technologies were converted to civilian use, and some people made statistics. To commemorate the 35th anniversary of landing on the moon, Nike published an article saying that the air-cushion sports shoes that are now selling well all over the world benefit from the technology accumulated by the company when developing landing boots for NASA. In fact, there are countless examples like Nike. The application of science and technology in human life often benefits from projects that seem irrelevant to ordinary people, such as landing on the moon.

Joan, an American expert who studies China's space problems. Johnson. Fries also cleverly compared China's Chang 'e Plan to the "technology engine" that China will develop in the next 20 years: "It is impossible to estimate how much return this investment will bring. The work in the high-tech aerospace field will enable a large number of China people to obtain employment opportunities, and promoting employment is the top priority for China at present. "

Come on, China can go to the moon?

Since it is so important, since "Shenzhou V" and "Shenzhou VI" have all returned from their travels, "If you work harder, won't you go to the moon?" Many people think so. How hard do you have to work? Let's compare and see how many "difficult steps" we have to climb before landing on the moon-four steps and the "launch site"

The first difficulty is the rocket carrying capacity. It is not a problem for our rocket to send several tons of things into space. The Long March rockets can now send up to 20 tons (during the same period, the planned carrying capacity of the Ares-1 rocket manufactured by NASA is 1.25 tons). At present, they are as far away as 70,000 kilometers from the Earth, while distance to the moon is 380,000 kilometers from the Earth. It needs more fuel and more power to make the moon landing spacecraft travel back and forth nearly 800 thousand kilometers. How many stages of rockets are needed to reach the lunar orbit? If you want to go to the moon, you must also consider returning ... with the current production capacity of the Long March 3, I am afraid it is an impossible task. The goal of the "Long March 5" being developed is 70 tons of "goods". At that time, maybe we can say that we are closer to the moon.

When the problem of flying over is solved, we have to face the "braking problem" again. When we enter the gravitational field of the moon, we should step on the brakes in time. If it is late, it will hit the moon, and if it is early, it will go out of control and float into space. If you fly over, it will stop. Even in the first stage of "flying around the moon", finding the orbit is one of the problems. You can't touch the moon, and you can't fly.

The second step is measurement and control-observation and monitoring. 1958 when our first rocket was launched, experts stood in the field with antennas and observed with telescopes. Their courage is admirable and they can't turn back. If the probe flying to the moon is disconnected from the ground for a moment, it will be in extreme danger. The earth rotates once every 24 hours, while the moon revolves around the earth once every 27 days. What should we do when China's part of the earth deviates from the moon? At that time, it was not only impossible to observe the detector, but also impossible to send instructions. The United States has established three monitoring stations around the world: California, Canberra, Australia and Madrid, Spain. There is one station every 120. No matter how you turn, there is always a station that can observe it. Besides these three stations, it also has several receiving antennas with diameters of 70 meters, 36 meters and 26 meters, not to mention the moon, which can detect the solar system. Where is our antenna? One is in Sheshan, Shanghai, and the other is in Urumqi, both of which are only 25 meters in diameter. (Xin Jia didn't say that this problem has made progress now. )

In addition, 384,400 kilometers, even if the radio waves go back and forth for more than 2 seconds, how to ensure the accuracy of the instructions after the delay?

The third step is "clothing", which is also the most difficult step: both exploration satellites and astronauts have to put on a special "clothing" before they can explore and land on the moon. This dress is not hot when it is hot and not cold when it is cold. This dress is not as simple as what we ordinary people wear. Satellites revolve around the moon, the moon revolves around the earth, and the earth revolves around the sun. The moon and the satellites beside it are so complicated. Maybe, not only all the equipment on the satellite will catch a cold, but also the astronauts will face great life risks! According to Ouyang Ziyuan, chief scientist of China's lunar exploration project, "The spacesuits worn by astronauts such as Yang Liwei, Fei Longjun and Nie Haisheng simply can't meet the requirements on the moon. If this problem is not solved, China's astronauts on the moon cannot survive on the moon at all. "

Getting astronauts back to the moon safely is no small challenge. Any small mistake will lead to fatal disaster-1On July 6th, 969, Apollo 1 1 carried three American astronauts to the moon successfully for the first time. However, this world-famous mission to the moon was almost destroyed by disaster: when the astronauts completed a two-hour walk on the moon, they found that the engine switch of the lunar module was damaged. It turned out that in the narrow lunar module, the spacesuit scraped off a key circuit switch to start the engine. If there is no switch, they will stay on the moon forever. At that time, President Nixon prepared a speech: "Fate predestined that these peaceful explorers will rest on the moon forever." This "spare eulogy" almost came true. Fortunately, the astronauts connected the power supply with a ballpoint pen, successfully resolved the crisis and finally escaped the disaster.

Have we prepared our own ballpoint pens? "Smoke" on the timetable

After the starting gun goes off, you can smell the smoke of national "moon landing plans":

At the beginning of 2006, US President Bush announced that he would return to the moon on 20 15 and establish a scientific research base on the moon. The new manned spacecraft developed for this purpose will also be tested in 2008. Not to be outdone, the European Space Agency plans to send a satellite to the moon after the rocket test in the United States, and send astronauts to the moon in 2020. Russia is even faster, announcing that it has developed a new type of moon landing spacecraft and completed its first test flight in the past summer. Japan's plan is long and ambitious: within five years, it will develop a robot that can explore the moon (with Japan's leading intelligent technology, it will not be too difficult to do this); Within ten years, we will develop technology that can make people stay on the moon for a long time! As for India, although the country quietly conducted a nuclear test, its moon landing plan was publicized in a high-profile way: the first unmanned moon landing spacecraft "Lunar Spacecraft -I" will be launched in 2008, and a manned moon landing will be carried out 20 15 years ago. ...

The situation is not optimistic. At least, China has not made a clear statement on when to land on the moon. However, others have made plans and have already started to implement them. They have been busy for a long time. Perhaps, when Chinese astronauts landed on the moon, they found that all the good places were occupied by the bases of Americans, Russians, Indians and even Japanese-at that time, even if the "successful landing on the moon" greatly enhanced our national pride, I am afraid we would have to swallow the bitter fruit of being late.

At present, according to the known official documents, it is judged that there will be a "flight around the moon" next year and it is "possible" to realize unmanned landing on the moon in 20 12 years. Maybe after that, China people can plant a red flag on the moon for five years or more. ...

China's moon landing program.

June 65438+1October 65438+February 2006, Beijing, the State Council Press Office published a white paper entitled "Aerospace in China in 2006". Sun Laiyan, director of the China National Space Administration, said at the press conference of the State Council Office that China is a developing country, and the purpose of developing its space industry is to serve the national economic construction and social development, and to enhance the scientific and technological development level of China.

According to the planning of China's lunar exploration project, the whole lunar exploration project is divided into three stages, the first stage is "around the moon", the second stage is "falling to the moon" and the third stage is "returning" in 20 1 7 years.

From the outside world, the launch of Chang 'e-1 satellite is actually just a prelude to China's entire lunar exploration project. Although the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense has only started the "Chang 'e Project Phase I" and the "Lunar Exploration Project", the second and third projects have not been formally established, but no one doubts that they are "imminent".

After the successful launch of Chang 'e-1 in April 2007, the second phase of Chang 'e project is about to enter a substantive stage. It is reported that from 2 009 to 20 15, China will enter the "Phase II of Chang 'e Project", during which two or three soft landing inspections will be conducted, and the plan to launch a soft landing device to the moon surface in 20 12 has been basically determined. According to this plan, the soft landing device will patrol the surface of the moon with a lunar rover with a camera and various detection instruments in order to establish a lunar base. At present, China has basically possessed the technical, material and economic strength to accomplish this task.

After that, China will carry out the "Chang 'e Project Phase III" in 20 17, that is, launch the lunar soft landing device. This soft landing device will not only collect samples of lunar soil and rocks, but also return to Earth in a return capsule. At this stage, space robots will play a major role in satellite maintenance, space science experiments and other activities. It is reported that in order to implement the robot moon landing plan as soon as possible, the country has established the first research institution specifically for space robots, namely the National Space Robot Engineering Research Center in the field of high-tech aerospace. At present, the space robot has entered the development process.

After the completion of the third phase of Chang 'e Project, China will enter the stage of manned landing on the moon, when China's manned landing plan will all surface. Some analysts believe that China's manned moon landing program will be the fourth phase of the Chang 'e Project. In this stage of the project, how will China put a man on the moon? According to the design of Chinese scientists, China plans to send the spacecraft into Earth orbit with a launch vehicle first, and then the spacecraft will move to the lunar orbit by itself, release the landing module, land on the surface of the moon, and the astronauts will land on the moon. After the completion of the activity, the astronauts returned to the lander, flew away from the moon, and re-docked with the spacecraft waiting in the lunar orbit, thus ending the process of landing on the moon.

In 2006, the Eleventh Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and the Outline of the National Medium-and Long-Term Scientific and Technological Development Plan (2006-2020) formulated by the China Government put the development of manned space flight, lunar exploration, high-resolution Earth observation system and a new generation of launch vehicles in an important position.

"China will send a man to the moon in 2024." In June, 2006, Reuters and other foreign media reported positively on China's moon landing time. According to reports, on the basis of western media reports, from Hong's news reports: In the fourth phase of the Chang 'e Project, in 2024, Chinese astronauts will probably carry out the mission of landing on the moon. Officials do not agree with this kind of voice, but some experts in the domestic aerospace industry believe that this statement by the western media completely ignores "prediction" and is suspected of speculation. An expert in China's space field pointed out that this kind of hype reflects the contradictory mentality of the West towards the rapid development of China's space industry, with both special interest and a certain degree of concern.

The lunar exploration project initiated by China has also aroused widespread interest of Chinese people. Although China's official lunar exploration plan is only preliminary, some people still associate it with manned landing on the moon and the establishment of a lunar base, and there are some rich associations. Science fiction works about China's manned landing on the moon can be found on the Internet from time to time. Some netizens once described it vividly as follows: "Twenty years later, we all arrived at the lunar base by clipper ship ... Because the gravity on the moon is much smaller than that on the earth, we saw tomatoes the size of watermelons, watermelons the size of mini-cars, cucumbers the length of baseball bats and grapes the size of football in the Botanical Garden ..."

What does the moon mean to us?

This is a question that many ordinary people in China will ask. There are many voices of opposition in China's scientific community. Is it really meaningless for us to explore the moon? This is not the case, and the seven benefits it brings can be seen.

First, it is the need to safeguard the rights and interests of China's moon.

Although the Agreement on the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies adopted by the United Nations in 1984, referred to as the Moon Treaty, stipulates that the moon and its natural resources are the property of mankind, and no country, group or individual may take them for himself. However, at present, major space countries and organizations are stepping up the implementation of the lunar exploration plan. As a member of the United Nations Committee on Outer Space, China has carried out lunar exploration and achieved certain results before it has the strength to fulfill the moon treaty, share the rights and interests of developing the moon and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of China.

Second, the moon is the best platform for human beings to study the universe and the earth itself.

Scientists believe that by studying the moon with some primitive features that have not been artificially modified and destroyed, understanding the information about the origin, evolution and structure of the moon will help to understand the ancient state of the earth, the origin and evolution of the solar system and even the whole universe, help to clarify the relationship between space phenomena and natural phenomena on earth, and greatly enrich people's understanding of the origin and evolution of the earth, the solar system and even the whole universe, and seek clues about the origin and evolution of life on earth.

Third, it is an important carrier to promote scientific and technological progress and development.

Developing the moon is an unprecedented arduous undertaking, and a series of problems need to be solved, which will inevitably lead to the rapid development of high-thrust rockets, giant spacecraft, high-speed flight, artificial intelligence, computers, robots, processing automation, precision instruments, remote sensing operations, communications, materials, architecture, energy and other engineering technologies and space biology, space physics, space astronomy and other science and technology.

Fourth, prepare for the development and utilization of lunar resources.

According to the detection, the moon rocks contain all the material elements in the earth's crust, and there are about 60 kinds of mineral deposits. Rocks and soil on the moon are rich in oxygen, iron, magnesium, calcium, silicon, titanium, sodium, potassium, manganese and other substances. It is estimated that * * * contains 8 trillion tons of iron. In addition, there are abundant energy sources on the moon, especially helium -3 on the moon, which is an efficient fuel for nuclear fusion reaction that is not found on the earth. It is estimated that the total amount of helium -3 resources in the lunar soil can reach 6.5438+0 million to 5 million tons, which can support the power demand of the earth in 7000 years.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) promotes deep space exploration.

The gravity on the surface of the moon is only one sixth of that on the surface of the earth. Therefore, taking off spacecraft from the moon can greatly save energy. The lunar rocky soil contains 40% oxygen, which can be used to produce propellants locally and as an oxygen source for the controlled ecological environment and life support system. Silicon accounts for 20%, which can be used to make solar array of spacecraft, and other metals can be used to make various components and equipment of spacecraft. You can also use the moon as a transit station to repair and refuel the passing spacecraft.

Astronomical observation and research platform of intransitive verbs

The geological structure on the surface of the moon is extremely stable. The moon bears the radiation of the sun directly, and there is no interference from the absorption, scattering and refraction of light and radio waves by the atmosphere, no dust pollution, no magnetic field and no artificial light source and radio interference on the back of the moon. The earthquake is very small. At the same time, the night on the moon is very long and the temperature at night is extremely low. This environment provides an ideal place for building a high-precision observatory.

Seven. boost the economic development

Developing the moon can bring immeasurable economic benefits, and the secondary development and application of other technologies will inevitably promote the development and upgrading of the industry.