Is "Academy" a middle school?

No, the level of knowledge should be considered as a university or even a graduate student, but it is not a formal school because it is run by the people.

Third, the reasons why scholars in Song and Ming Dynasties gave lectures

The most important thing in their field career is the so-called private lecture.

Both Fan Zhongyan and Wang Anshi want to completely abolish the imperial examination and revive the school. Their ideal it runs in the family is governed by the school as a way to educate people. However, promoting schools is not a temporary enterprise. One is limited funds, the other is limited teachers, and the third is that the local governor is not a person, so it is difficult for the school to achieve results. Therefore, after the mid-Northern Song Dynasty, although learning was advocated everywhere, it was fashionable, intermittent or in name only, and the academic atmosphere was still folk.

Private education and schools are different in nature.

First, because the school has funds, it is necessary to build shelters and buy books. At the same time, there are dozens or hundreds of scholars who have considerable time; Private lectures are not. No land, no books, no new people get together. They just listened to the wind and yearned for it. They left in a few days and stayed for a few months, overlapping each other.

Therefore, Hu Yuan's Su Hu lecture scale cannot be used by Elo.

Su Hu's teaching methods can be divided into two groups: Jing Yi and Shi Zhi. Jing Yi chooses to clear the mind and let people who can do great things explain the Six Classics. "Managing affairs" means that everyone is in charge of one thing, and also one thing, such as managing people, giving lectures on martial arts, weir water, calendar calculation and so on. , so that you can have classes in groups. Call it from time to time to make sense of what it has learned. Or self-righteous, so that everyone is right, is it possible? Or the political affairs at that time, in order to compromise. However, Hu lives in an area where Fan Zhongyan and Teng Zongliang are the main leaders. So he had to settle down as a professor for more than 20 years and let scholars become his own materials.

Private lectures are impossible. Huang Baijia's case study of Song and Yuan Dynasties. He said: "The most important thing is to learn from Bo Gu and learn from it, so as to achieve talents. Since then, Rollo's learning has flourished with the aim of learning, while mediocre people are easy to dodge, and the learning of quotations is in short supply. " Press: The quotation is only available under the second door. Lianxi is a hermit school with no disciples and quotations. Lu Donglaiyun also said: "All officials in ancient times were taught to govern the country from an early age, so that they could understand the cause and effect of the country. Since the rise of the Imperial Examination, scholars have regarded state affairs as rich and barren as Qin Yueren, even as people who don't know the names of their predecessors. Once entrusted to the world, it is all fabricated. " Li Deyu, a native of the Tang Dynasty, said that. The stable teaching method formally makes up for this disadvantage. However, Donglai emphasizes historiography, which is still different from Cheng and Zhu.

Ilo's disciples have a unique relationship.

Cheng knew about Fugou, and Xie Shangcai followed. Ming Dow greeted the guests politely and said, "I'm here for my teacher. I'd like to hold a disciple ceremony." On one side of the gate of Chengzi Pavilion, it leaks from above. Blizzard, no candles at night, no charcoal during the day, city meals can't be hot. Ming Dow asked, thank you for your peace. For more than a month, suddenly there was a province, and then Ming Dow negotiated with it. Press: At that time, Shangcai's drama was already very famous, and Cheng and Xie saw it for the first time. Either this deficiency has proved their sincerity, or this is not enough to interest them. These relationships are different from those between teachers and students in schools. Ming Dow also established a state of emergency in Fugou, called Yi children to teach them, and called Shangcai to learn things. This is school teaching, which is different from Cheng and Xie's private teaching.

They seem to be close to the visit of the Zen family.

The prosperity of Zen Buddhism, after the study of temple classics is quite developed, is not enough for people with will, and it is difficult to ask famous monks for advice. What they want is only the most important points, not the step by step, the introduction of the classroom, and the grinding of the years according to the rules. Luo Congyan talked with Kameyama about Yi, and heard from Yichuan that he had traveled from Kameyama to his own fields to visit Yichuan in Luo for more than twenty years. But over time, the newcomer and the respondent are not based on the same foothold, but are at daggers drawn and turned into a deceptive game.

Gradually, the discussion was refined, all in ingenious places.

Xie Shangcai supervised Jingxi Bamboo Academy, Zhu Xi was sent by imperial academy, and his disciple Quan Wang. After sitting down, Zifa said, "I've wanted to see you for a long time, but I can't ask questions today. Ask me. " Shangcai said, "Well, I'll tell you an Analects of Confucius." I have my own private thoughts every day. How do you talk about it? I have been drinking five elements, only talking about others. After drinking tea, he lifted his beard and said, "I have heard of the Analects of Confucius." First, the chapter "My son sees Cui Zi" and the chapter "I think of him" say: "The sage's way is not subtle, neither internal nor external, and it is consistent with sweeping, coping, advancing and retreating to heaven. An Analects of Confucius, just take a look. "

In this short-term visit, it has gradually become popular, and the style of study naturally tends to sweep away all branches and leaves and seek the root alone. Because both master and apprentice have a foundation in learning and pay more attention to discussion than reading and speaking, there are quotations. And the dignity of the teacher's way has also changed from this atmosphere to a special promotion. Look at the beginning, thank you for the first thing, and it is obvious. You Zuo and Shi Yang's "Cheng Menxue Pear" is even more praised by later generations. At that time, Kameyama was over forty years old. Hu was appointed as the promotion, and Shang Cai was appointed as the city guard of Tao. Wen Ding asked for a book from Guishan to take a fancy to Cai, repaired it first, and then made a gift. Everyone in the city was surprised that the magistrate of a county did not accept supervision. Such an atmosphere is unknown to the Tang people. However, without this, the world will only compete with the subject rankings. There are also family members and monks in the Tang Dynasty. However, if the school system cannot be effectively implemented, scholars will have no considerable foundation and directly engage in the research of this highest theory. Although they are lively, their academic channels will inevitably become empty and dissolute. Therefore, most of Cheng Men's disciples were trapped in meditation.

Zhang Yi's family is small, old and unknown, and what he does is commission. One day, I saw the county magistrate going in and out on the paging road, and I was quite envious. Ask people why this is the case, or say, "read so that they can hear." Is the beginning of learning from others. After being quite literate, he was recommended to study in the county government. Due to the lack of knowledge about imperial examinations, I went to the monk temple to meet the Taoist Zen master. The way to please is to be willing. When Zhou Xing was an official in Luo Zhong, Yi Cheung followed him. Zhou Yue said, "I can learn from Mr. Zi's schedule and get something for nothing. I wish you success." Yichuan returned to Fuling, and Zhang began to learn from the scriptures. Press: Tang people refer to people outside the family. I am also eager to learn before studying. When you are enlightened by reading, you feel that the imperial examination is insufficient, and you become an old Buddha. The spirit of Song learning is to let people know that studying for learning is not a noble thing, and you should never go into the road of Buddhism and Taoism. Therefore, there are many people close to Zen in Song Xue, not in the theme and content of the lecture, but in the style and method of the lecture. From this style and method, it has an influence on the artistic conception of his daily private life, which is quite close to Zen. Because the Hengqu brothers and the Lu Dalin brothers are isolated in Guanzhong, and the brothers and clans are fragmented, they are very different from each other in the world.

After returning from Nandu, school teaching declined, and the wind of giving lectures gradually flourished. Aristocratic families have disappeared, civilian sociologists have increased, the country has no educational institutions, and the wind of private learning has become more prosperous. There are more and more inquiries about this kind of communication, so a new lecture hall system is brewing.

Xiangshan Ji nian said: "Mr. Zhong has been in school for five years, and all directions are full, the room is empty, and the museum is on vacation." Now that Mr. Wang is back, scholars have gathered. A canal elders also bowed their heads and listen to instructions. Every city has an attendance rate of 200-300 people, which is intolerable. The county magistrate set up a lecture hall in Gong Xue, and the audience was all over the road. Master Peng Shichang from Guixi gave a lecture to Teacher Ying from Tianshan Building. Mr. Deng's pleasure is to build a fine house to live in. The abbot won a great victory, and the disciples came to build the house. Mr. Wang lives in the abbot's residence, and every time he plays drums in the fine house, he has to take a sedan chair to lecture. Scholars use a small number of cards to name the year A and reveal them in order to sit down, at least dozens or hundreds. Live and work in peace or study, or play the piano; When the weather is fine, you can walk slowly to see the waterfall. Mr. Wang climbed the mountain at high speed in February and returned to China at the end of September. There was no definite contact person in the middle. I lived in the mountains for five years and read books in the mountains. More than a thousand people came to see me. "

There are both lecture halls and handouts. One or two people speak quotations face to face, and many people get together and have handouts. The biggest difficulty of this kind of lecture is that the degree of scholars coming and going is uneven.

It is impossible to teach students by case, and it is impossible to set a time to divide students into different steps, so that scholars can finish their studies after a considerable period of time.

In this case, there are two schools of thought, Zhu and Lu, both of which are lecturers.

Xiangshan teaching method lies in teaching students according to their aptitude and pointing to people's hearts.

This stems from the second journey. It can be called "Quotation School". It is said in Guishan and Yanping that "it is impossible to wait and see the joys and sorrows", while when Chengmen sees people sitting still, it means that people are eager to learn. Xiangshan is really close to this road. On the other hand, Zhu talked tirelessly and turned to the simplicity of the second course. From Xiangshan to the capital, there are many tourists. Xiangshan can know the nuances of her mind one by one, as much as sweating. There are also people thousands of miles away who are not elegant, and they can be as good as them when they hear about it. This is the spirit of Xue Lu's teaching.

Zhu wants to choose some of the most important books.

This also stems from the second journey. Especially near Yichuan. This school can be called "the school of exegesis". Quotations are good at giving vivid suggestions, while explanations give people a track to find. Quotations are taught and understood separately, so its spirit is inward and there is no certain model. On the other hand, the exegesis school seeks outward, and * * * has a gate diameter and scale from simple to complex. For example, Yin Hejing went to college and Mingxi after watching Yichuan for half a year.

Explain this book clearly and accurately first.

Song people are interested in the new notes on the Six Classics. Wang Anshi's poetry, calligraphy and Zhou Li were awarded to the world through new meanings. On the one hand, they are teaching books read by schools, and on the other hand, they are the criteria for selecting candidates in imperial examinations. This situation, such as Cheng Yichuan's Yi Zhuan, came out of this atmosphere until Zhu's success.

It is a function of school education to let scholars learn independently. Make up for the defects of lecture hall education. There is also a primary school for young families, which makes up for the lack of classroom education.

The chronology of Xiangshan said, "Mr. Wang and Hui Weng's disciples are both prosperous, and they also learn from each other." At first glance, Master Hui 'an is different from what the teacher taught him, which means that it is useless to explain, and he has no definite book to say, but he doesn't know what to do. Quitting for no reason and returning to a language teacher and friend will often lose the original purpose and make you doubt. "

These two schools spread to different places, and Zhu's four books were the criteria for choosing scholars in Yuan Dynasty.

In the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the examination syllabus was generally the first Confucian Classics, with four books annotated with Zhu Zhang's sentences, poems with Zhu (Biography), ministers with Cai (Shen Chuan), Zhou Yicheng (Yi Chuan Yi Chuan) and Zhu (Original Meaning), and three Confucian Classics with ancient prose annotations. In the Spring and Autumn Period, there was Hu Chuan (An Guo Chuan), and in ancient times, there was a Note to the Book of Rites. After Yongle, there were four books and five classics.

Yuan people also had a system of learning officials telling books.

Under the yuan system, all academic officials, such as, subordinate superior officials or provincial constitutional officials, self-taught academic officials and scholars, Zhai Yu, etc. Are talking about a book. However, this is the routine of officialdom. Occasionally, Confucian scholars use the topic to play, satirize and praise, and lose the boss's meaning. It's completely different from the spirit of lectures.

Private lectures are often easy to approach the path of Xiangshan.

Wu Kangzhai was the pioneer of Confucianism in Ming Dynasty. He lives in his hometown and devotes himself to food. Many people come from here. When you have tasted the rain, you will be ruined and you will learn from all the students. When you come back, untie the plow and eat vegetables and beans. Chen Baisha learns from the wide world, and only at dawn can he tell the difference. Mr. Wang winnowed the grain with his hand, and the white sand could not afford it. Mr. Wang said loudly, "If a scholar is lazy, how can he get to Yichuan?" A day's mowing (y √) hurts my fingers and says, "How can things win!" As good as ever. It is useless and harmful to taste the complexity of annotations, so it is not light to write. According to: under such a living environment, those who say that scholars don't hate the fragmentation of annotations and embark on a path of practical experience, that is, those who are so-called "honest and easy to simplify" are the ones. Chen Baisha and Wang Yangming come down in one continuous line. Yan and Li in Qing Dynasty also came from here.

Wang Yangming advocated the study of conscience. At that time, lecturers did not have to take into account all the conveniences of school education, such as books, deadlines and student qualifications. Only in a few conversations can it be used to improve talents. The most famous example, such as the written dialogue with the dumb in the workbook. But Yangming also pays attention to primary school, which, like Zhu Xi, is based on the family education of adults.

This kind of lecture spreads quickly. Taking Confucianism in the Ming Dynasty as an example, there are schools in the middle of Zhejiang, Jiangyou, Nanzhong, Chuzhong, North, Guangdong and Fujian under the King's Gate, which are almost all over the country. School education has gradually changed into social education. There are woodcutter Stephany, Potter Han, Fu Tian Chaucer, etc. So there was the rise of the so-called "lecture".

The lecture is different from the previous lecture hall spirit. The lecture originated from Yangming's "Yin Worship Society", and Wang Longxi (xρ), Qian Xushan and other Yangming disciples preached friendship and benefits. Therefore, there is a water mat meeting in Jingxian County, a Tongshan meeting in Ningguo, a Junshan meeting in Jiangyin, a Cantonese meeting in Guichi, a Kowloon meeting in Taiping, a revival meeting in Guangde, a seven-corner pavilion in Jiangbei and a temple fair in Xin 'an. The lecture will have a certain venue, duration, members, meeting appointment and meeting host, and the record of the lecture is "meeting language". In the past, lectures were attended by scholars and lectures were attended by invited speakers. More than one person was invited. The meeting can last for ten days or half a month every year. Clubs often borrow ancestral temples or temples and move speakers to other places after the meeting. If you take turns to attend the meeting, it will be more lively than the previous lecture hall. For example, Taizhou Xinzhai Lecture Hall is very close to the lecture. Guy gradually broke away from the nature of the college and became close to social speech.

The following is a brief list of the changes in the lectures given by scholars in the Song and Ming Dynasties:

First, study in a private school. For example, Fan Zhongyan and Hu Yuan.

Second, the academy. This is a private school, such as Sun Fu Taishan Academy and Zhou Fuyun Academy.

Third, national research. This is a gradual change from private education to the nature of public schools of local governments, such as Yingtian Academy.

Fourth, business schools. This is from the control of local studies to Chinese studies, such as Bishop Hu Yuan imperial academy.

The above selfish college is a line from Imperial College, which is the progress of the school. As long as politics is not on track, the progress of this line will be terminated.

Fifth, the first stage of private lectures: such as the second journey. Private education is a disguised form of school, which is different from the previous system.

Sixth, the second private lecture: such as Zhu and Lu. The difference between the two periods mainly lies in the number of simultaneous apprentices, which affects others.

Seventh and third private lectures: for example, lectures by disciple Yang Ming. The difference between this lecture and the previous one is that it completely broke away from the school smell and became a purely social welfare lecture and assembly research.

The third phase of the above private education is another line and social progress. Due to the gradual expansion and popularity of social study style, the progress of this industry has also gradually expanded.

During the 600 years of Song and Ming Dynasties, apart from He Xining in Song Dynasty, Hongwu and Yongle in Ming Dynasty were also important governments. Can't preside over education and lead academics; However, in society, the academic atmosphere is increasingly strong, and the requirements for education are increasing day by day.

Confucian lectures in Song and Ming Dynasties actually came into being under this environment.

During the Song and Ming Dynasties, only pre-Qin philosophers approached Confucianism. Only the pre-Qin philosophers took the lead in accepting the government and the monarch. Or nobles, doctors, grandchildren. This prisoner, accompanied by Zhan Run and his master's children. This was limited by the social situation at that time. Giving lectures in Song and Ming Dynasties is purely a free combination of ordinary scholars in society. Generally speaking, all the departments of official positions, such as Cheng Er, Zhu, Lu and Yang Ming, give lectures in their on-the-job capacity. However, his lectures are purely private and have nothing to do with the government or politics. Therefore, Confucianism in pre-Qin dynasty tends to be upward, that is, political activities; Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties tends to be downward, that is, social activities. In addition to imperial academy and County Studies, Confucian scholars in the Han Dynasty also taught their disciples privately, with dozens or hundreds of students in one division. However, what he said was limited to the Five Classics, mainly through exegesis and textual research to explain the meaning of the classics, which was very different from those who gave lectures in the pre-Qin, Song and Ming Dynasties and focused on their own thoughts and academics.

The purpose of their enthusiastic lectures is to develop people's wisdom and cultivate talents. And its ultimate goal is still to improve politics and create an ideal world. Developing people's wisdom and cultivating talents is the first step, improving politics is the second step, and creating ideals is the third step.

The theoretical world of Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties is "Everything and I are one". Zhang Hengqu's "Ximing" is his masterpiece, which is a general concept handed down from ancient times to pre-Qin.

What I call "sex" or "benevolence" is the recognition of this unity of all things. It's called "Li" outside. Still "day".

Cheng's understanding of benevolence, Cheng Yichuan and Zhu Huian's slogans of "being a governor" and "respecting the poor and serving the people" all came into being.

The activities or work that should be done after understanding this principle are all included in the book "University". That is to say, the three programs of "Mingde", "Xinmin" and "stop at perfection" are the same as the eight items of "style", "knowledge", "sincerity", "self-cultivation", "keeping the family in order", "governing the country" and "leveling the world".

Its ideal state, as Zhu said: "Everyone in the world learns. People who learn how to learn have their inherent nature, what their duties should be and how to do their best. It is prosperous in ancient times, the superior is superior, and the vulgar beauty is inferior, which is beyond the reach of future generations. " Preface to chapters and sentences of zhuzi university. The so-called "past" is their ideal realm Since then, Wang Yangming's learning from the source has made this idea smoother. See the last section of the book of practice "Answering Gu Dongqiao's book". They can be said to be a kind of "scholar teaching". It can be said that Fan Zhongyan's religion has always been very popular among a generation of conceited literati who take the world as their responsibility.

Anyone who has a mutual belief in his heart, a continuous education outside, and a very sincere spirit, spontaneously and automatically engaged in this, in a broad sense, can be regarded as a religion. Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties is a kind of "new Confucianism", which is based on a large group of people. That is, the revival and innovation of pre-Qin Confucianism. Different from pre-Qin Confucianism, the so-called "heaven" of pre-Qin Confucianism was replaced by the word "reason". Confucianism in the pre-Qin period seemed to be partial to personnel, and Taoism began to occupy it (jρ). Later, the Yin-Yang family also adopted the Taoist view of nature to make up for the lack of Confucianism, so it was quite bizarre to seek heaven with Yin-Yang and five elements. Song Confucianism interprets "heaven" with the word "reason", and also takes into account the advantages of Taoism and Yin and Yang, so as to bridge the defects of Confucianism in the pre-Qin period. It also added a lot of work to the pre-Qin Confucian theory of mind and nature. Confucius said that benevolence, filial piety, loyalty and forgiveness are all heart-shaped. Meng and Xun repeatedly discussed the essence of the heart, attaching importance to the preservation of the heart, but not as profound as it is. In this regard, Ru Song put forward the words "respect" and "quietness", which are based on the strengths of Taoism and Buddhism.

There is a difference between Zhu Cheng's "nature is reason" and Lu Wang's "mind is reason". In other words, by the end of the Ming Dynasty, Gu, Wang Chuanshan, Yan Xizhai and others had refuted them. Monks and Taoists can't understand Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties if they study abroad. As for the origin of Song and Ming Dynasties, when we focus on Fan Zhongyan and Hu Yuan, we can get the truth.

They have a serious attitude towards themselves and follow their pure, noble and sincere beliefs. For others, there is also an enlightened reason to spread their beliefs and form a reasonable education.

Unfortunately, the expansion of social intellectuals at that time was greater than their religion or education. Progress is much faster. That is, there are far more people who have the opportunity to study and are qualified to be officials than those who are willing to take the world as their own responsibility. So they only have the ideal of the times, but they can't realize it. They are usually pessimistic or opposed to politics. As a result, the government was occupied by a generation of bureaucrats. They are also often hostile to them and have repeatedly promoted the party's prisons.

Cheng Yichuan and Zhu Huian were banned by the party, and Wang Yangming was inevitable. Academies in Ming Dynasty were burned down repeatedly.

Let the famous Lindong Party settle this final conflict.

Gu Xiancheng once said: "The official hub (G incarnation), the idea is not on your father; Government, the idea is not in the people; As for the water room forest, in twos and threes, they ask each other for life, and their thoughts are not in the world; No matter how beautiful he is, the gentleman is dismissive. " It can be seen that the spirit of Lin Dong attaches great importance to politics and the world. Later, the scholars of Fu She Society called for the current situation and literature, which was different from Lin Dong's theory of sex, but it was a kind of social belonging, which was enough to shake politics.

This social atmosphere of giving lectures, forming a party and engaging in politics flourished from the Song Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty, which was the general trend until the Qing Dynasty came to power. The prison of parties in the Eastern Han Dynasty was caused by the discussion of celebrities. The dispute between Niu Li in the Tang Dynasty and the dispute between the old and new parties in the Northern Song Dynasty were all caused by the actual affairs of North Korea's bureaucracy. Different from Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties, it gathered disciples to give lectures, which led to the dispute between the ruling and the opposition.

Fourth, the social undertakings presided over by scholars in Song and Ming Dynasties.

The ambition of Song and Ming scholars to completely reform politics has never been realized. But they have made considerable achievements in social undertakings. To the most important person:

I. Yizhuang

It started with Fan Zhongyan. Under the unit of a clan, it will preside over the cause of saving the poor, caring for orphans, public reserves and compulsory education.

Second, the social warehouse

It started with Zhu. "Long positions" began in Tianfeng period of the Western Han Dynasty, when Cheng Gengshouchang, a senior farmer, ordered all border counties to build warehouses to raise food prices while lowering them, so it was called "Changping".

To the "social warehouse" of Sui Liwen. Changping is purely for the government, and the social warehouse is privately run. In the Tang dynasty, there was a juxtaposition of grain or money. And Yicang. Professional valley. In Tianbao, there are more than 96 million stones in all colors of rice in the world, and there are more than 63 million stones in Yicang, all of which are stored by the people in case of famine.

Song Shenzong promulgated a new law, regarding Changping money as young crop money, which Sima Guang denied. He said: "If you are bad and ordinary, you will specialize in young crops. There is no money in good years, so why regret the shortage? " It was carried out in various ways from four years of filial piety in the main road to eight years of filial piety in Zhu. He said: "Changping and Yicang are hiding in counties, but they are not grateful to the lazy people in the market." The power of farming in deep mountains and valleys is far away from the people in counties, although they are starving and dying. And its law is too dense, officials avoid things and fear the law. Although they regard the people's detention (pi m÷o), they refuse to issue it. It is often a seal (jué), and there is no province for decades. " Shecang is located in the countryside, not just to help the hungry. Every summer, the poor borrow millet, and in autumn, the interest rate is raised by two ten thousandths. If the products in the warehouse are ten times the original ones, there will be no interest on the loan of millet in the future, and the only stone will cost three liters of rice. Its method is like young crops, but young crops borrow money instead of grain, and the government is the mainstay, not the village, so the social warehouse can be cheated.

Third, Garbo

This system was initiated by Wang Anshi. In the future, it will be an important project in chinese social organizations. In the Ming Dynasty, Qi Jiguang advocated Yong Yong and defeated the enemy. Zeng Guofan and Zuo also used Xiang Army to suppress Hongyang in Qing Dynasty. It's all disguised expansion. The military-civilian integration system in Gaigu is not good to supplement local armed forces and self-defense. Zhu Xi's social warehouse was also realized through Garbo law. Take ten as the first, fifty as the first, the first as the first, or the first as the first. County officials in charge of the management of social warehouses will check the account books and attend the supervision every year when loans are issued and recovered.

Fourth, the college

Most colleges are privately run. For example, in the second year of Xiangfu, he gave lectures in the former residence of Qi, built a bookstore, and collected more than 500 books/kloc-0. He is willing to learn from others, so he chose Cao Cheng as the teaching assistant of the college. Later, the academy was regarded as an official school and officially became an official school. Sun's school is Taishan Academy, and Zhou Xingji built a floating academy to give lectures. The academy has fields, and the counties have fields. In the twenty-third year of Yuan Dynasty, Jiangnan sent the old school field to restore the soil. It was also donated by the people.

V. Township Agreement

This should start with the great monarch and uncle Lu in Guanzhong. Brother. Those who have an agreement with each other take this as an agreement, encourage each other in virtue and diligence, standardize each other in negligence, intersect each other in customs and habits, and sympathize with each other in adversity. Zhu also made other provisions, such as the implementation of the social reserve system, Jiabao and the academy, which can be implemented in accordance with the spirit of the township agreement.

The society below the Song and Ming Dynasties is different from that before the Sui and Tang Dynasties. With the elimination of clan status, society is more and more equal, but loose and unorganized. All public utilities in society must be led by the people.

If literati ignore social affairs, specialize in imperial examinations and seek wealth as officials, political and social undertakings will inevitably become increasingly corrupt. The reason why we can still support the well-off cause is to rely on this generation of lecturers as the backbone. The spirit of Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties was influenced by scholars, which influenced politics from top to bottom and paid attention to rural society from bottom to top, and became a stable and guiding force in the history of China since the Song Dynasty. Since the late Qing Dynasty, Westernization has spread eastward, and the development of natural science, new industry and commerce and new cities has advanced by leaps and bounds. There is an urgent need for a new taxi class to lead and lead, which is the main opportunity to open a new history in China.