What is the geographical environment of Harbin?

Harbin is located in the northeast of China Northeast Plain, the south of Heilongjiang Province and the center of Northeast Asia. It is an important hub of the first Eurasian continental bridge and air corridor, located between east longitude125 42' ~13010' and north latitude 44 04' ~ 46 40', between Harbin East and Mudanjiang City. Harbin has a total area of 53 1000 square kilometers, of which the urban area is 7086 square kilometers.

Harbin City, Shuangcheng District and Hulan District are flat and low-lying, and the eastern counties (cities) are mountainous and hilly. It is adjacent to Zhangguangcailing Mountain in the southeast, Xiaoxing 'anling Mountain in the north and Songhua River in the middle. The mountains are not high, the rivers are vertical and horizontal, and the plains are vast. Harbin urban area is mainly distributed on the three terraces formed by Songhua River: the first terrace is between132 ~140m above sea level, mainly including Daoli District and Daowai District, and the ground is flat; The elevation of the second terrace is145 ~175m, which gradually transits from the first terrace, and the boundary is not obvious, mainly including parts of nangang district and Xiangfang District. With large area, long-term water erosion, slight fluctuation, deep soil layer and fertile soil, it is an important agricultural area in Harbin. The elevation of the third terrace is180 ~ 200m, which is mainly distributed in the barren hills, zuizi and the south of Heping District, and then gradually transits to the rest of Zhangguangcailing to the southeast, which is a hilly area.

Harbin is influenced by natural factors such as topography, climate, plants and human activities. There are many soil types in Harbin, including 9 soil types, 2 1 subclass and 25 soil types. Black soil is the main soil in suburbs and 12 counties (cities), and it is also the most widely distributed and abundant soil type. The black soil in the whole city is divided into 2 subtypes (black soil and meadow black soil), 3 soil genera (clayey black soil, sandy black soil and meadow black soil) and 7 soil species. Black soil is rich in nutrients and suitable for the growth of various crops. Chernozem is the main cultivated soil in the city, mainly distributed in Pingchuan and Gangping in the middle of the city. The city is divided into three subtypes: chernozem, leached chernozem, meadow chernozem and ***8 soil species. The nutrient content of chernozem is second only to black soil, which is suitable for crop planting. Meadow soil is also the main cultivated soil in this city, and most of it is distributed in the low-lying leaching zone along the Yangtze River and the floodplain zone of Songhua River platform. Meadow soil in the city is divided into six subtypes: meadow soil, alkaline meadow soil, flooded meadow soil, saline meadow soil, latent meadow soil and sulfate meadow soil, with a total of 10 soil species. Most of meadow soil is not suitable for cultivation, so it is advisable to develop grassland and plant firewood forest. Sandy soil and swamp soil are mainly distributed in the floodplain and low-lying land on both sides of the river, which is suitable for developing fishery and animal husbandry.

Harbin is a big city with the highest latitude and the lowest temperature in China. Four distinct seasons, long and cold winters and short and cool summers. The temperature changes rapidly in spring and autumn, which is a short transitional season.

Harbin's climate belongs to mid-temperate continental monsoon climate, with long winter and short summer. The average annual precipitation is 569. 1mm, mainly from June to September, and summer accounts for 60% of the annual precipitation. The concentrated snowfall period is 1 1 month every year to the next year 1 month. The four seasons are distinct, and the average temperature in winter is about-19 degrees. The average temperature in summer and July is about 23 degrees.

April-June is spring, which is prone to spring drought and strong winds. The temperature rises rapidly and changeable, and it can reach about 10℃ once heated or cooled. The temperature changes sharply from month to month, generally around 8 ~ 10℃. July-August is summer, and the climate is warm, humid and rainy. The average temperature in July is 19-23℃, and the highest temperature is 38℃. The average precipitation accounts for 60%-70% of the whole year, and the monthly temperature difference is very small, which is the highest in all seasons. September -65438+ 10 is autumn, the rainfall is obviously reduced, and the temperature difference between day and night is large. The average temperature in September 10℃ has reached 0℃ in the north and 2-4℃ in the south. 1 1- March of the following year is winter, which is long, cold and dry, and sometimes there are snowstorms. The monthly average temperature of 65438+ 10 is-15℃-30℃, and the lowest temperature is-37.7℃ (1985 65438+1October 26th).

Rivers in Harbin belong to Songhua River system and Mudanjiang River system, mainly including Songhua River, Hulan River, Ashe River, Lalin River, Mangniu River, Maya River, Dongliangzhu River, Nihe River, Piaohe River, Feiketu River, Shaoling River, Wuyue River and Woken River. Songhua River originates from Tianchi Lake in Changbai Mountain, Jilin Province, and its main stream runs through the central part of Harbin from west to east. It is the largest irrigated river in the city. The annual precipitation is mainly concentrated from June to September, accounting for more than 70% of the annual precipitation. Harbin's water resources are characterized by less self-produced water, abundant transit water and uneven distribution in time and space, showing the characteristics of being rich in the east and poor in the west. The city's per capita water resources are 1630 cubic meters.