Compulsory Part (Grade One) Chapter 1 Planetary Earth 1 Earth in the Universe 1, Celestial System Level: Extragalactic Galaxy/Total Galaxy → Galaxy → Solar System → earth-moon system 2. The eight planets in the solar system are, from near to far, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Uranus. The earth is a special planet because there are creatures on it. 4. Basic conditions of life on earth: external conditions include the stable illumination of the sun and the safe orbit of the earth; Self-condition: (1) The mass and volume of the earth are moderate, so there is an atmosphere suitable for biological respiration around the earth; (2) Due to the moderate distance between the sun and the earth and the weakening and insulation of the earth's atmosphere, there is a moderate temperature on the earth; (3) There is liquid water on the earth (which can form an ocean). 2 the influence of the sun on the earth 1, solar radiation is the main energy of the earth, it can maintain the surface temperature, and it is the main driving force to promote the activities and changes of water, atmosphere and biology on the earth. It can affect human production and life, provide fossil fuels such as coal and oil, and also form other forms of energy through artificial transformation. 2. Signs of solar activity include sunspots and flares. When the solar activity is intense, magnetic storms and auroras can be formed, which will interrupt short-wave radio communication and induce natural disasters such as floods, droughts and earthquakes. The motion of the earth is 1. The rotation direction of the earth is from west to east. If the rotation period is about 24 hours based on the sun, it is called a solar day; If a star far away from the earth is taken as the reference object, it is about 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4 seconds, which is called sidereal day. 2. The revolution direction of the earth is from west to east, and its period of revolution is about 365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes 10 second, which is called one-week year. 3. Due to the rotation of the earth, the phenomenon of (1) alternation of day and night is formed; (2) When there are different places at different longitudes, that is, the eastern time is earlier than the western time; (3) Formation of geostrophic deflection force, that is, horizontally moving objects tilt to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere. 4. Draw the direct light and the termination line on the blank map, and mark the direct point and the night hemisphere to indicate the rotation direction of the earth. 5. The included angle between the earth's revolution and its rotation orbit is called ecliptic angle, and its size is 23 26'. 6. Due to the existence of the ecliptic angle, the direct point of the sun moves north and south, as well as the change of the length of day and night, the change of the altitude angle of the sun at noon and the change of the four seasons. 7. The straight sun point moves north and south: June 22 (solar term: summer solstice), and the straight sun point is located in the Tropic of Cancer; On September 23 (solar term: autumnal equinox), the direct point of the sun is at the equator; 65438+February 22 (solar term: winter solstice), the direct point of the sun is located in the tropic of Capricorn; On March 2 1 day (solar term: vernal equinox), the direct point of the sun is located at the equator; The period of the north-south movement of the direct point of the sun: about 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes and 46 seconds, which is called a tropic year. 8. Draw the direction of the earth's rotation and revolution in the appropriate position on the map, and judge the date of each point. 9. Variation law of the length of day and night: (1) The summer solstice gets longer and longer to the north, with polar days in the Arctic Circle and its north, and polar nights in the Antarctic Circle and its south; As the winter solstice moves northward, the days become shorter, and polar days appear in the Antarctic circle and its south, and polar nights appear in the Arctic circle and its north. At the vernal equinox and autumnal equinox, the world is as long as day and night. (2) The summer solstice is the longest and the winter solstice is the shortest in the northern hemisphere. In the southern hemisphere, the winter solstice is the longest and the summer solstice is the shortest. The equator is as long as day and night all the year round. 10. Variation law of noon sun altitude angle: (1) Distribution law of noon sun altitude angle from summer to sun: it gradually decreases from the tropic of cancer to the north and south sides; The distribution law of the sun's height angle at noon from winter to Sunday: it gradually decreases from the tropic of Capricorn to the north and south sides; The distribution law of the sun's height angle at noon at vernal equinox and autumnal equinox: it gradually decreases from the equator to the north and south sides; (2) At noon from summer solstice, the solar altitude angle reaches the maximum value in a year in the Tropic of Cancer and its northern area, and reaches the minimum value in the southern hemisphere; At noon from the winter solstice, the solar altitude angle reaches the maximum value in a year in the tropic of Capricorn and its south area, and reaches the minimum value in the northern hemisphere; At noon in the spring and autumn equinox, the height angle of the sun reaches the maximum in a year at the equator. The structure of the earth sphere is 1. The inner circle of the earth includes crust, mantle and core; Earth's outer space includes hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere. 2. In the figure, 1 represents the crust, 2 represents the mantle, 3 represents the core, A represents the Moho surface, and B represents the Gutenberg surface. 3. The lithosphere includes the part above the asthenosphere, namely the crust and the top of the upper mantle. The hydrosphere is a continuous and irregular layer. Chapter II Earth's atmosphere 1 uneven cold and heat causes atmospheric movement 1. The fundamental heat source of the atmosphere is solar radiation, but the most direct heat source of the atmosphere is the ground. 2. The atmosphere can weaken the solar radiation and keep the ground warm. 3. The more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the more heat will be returned to the ground through the reverse radiation of the atmosphere, that is, the stronger the heat preservation effect. 4. The formation process of thermal cycle is uneven ground heat and cold → vertical movement of atmosphere → horizontal pressure difference → horizontal movement of atmosphere (wind). Draw the direction of air flow and mark the level of air pressure on the ground. 5. The direction of horizontal airflow (wind) is from high pressure to low pressure, with the northern hemisphere leaning to the right and the southern hemisphere leaning to the left. On the isobar diagram, the denser the isobar, the greater the wind force. 2 pressure zone and wind zone 1. Mark the names of the pressure belt and the wind belt in the diagram, and draw the wind direction of the wind belt. 2. Among the pressure zones, the equatorial low pressure zone and the polar high pressure zone are formed due to thermal reasons; Subtropical high pressure zone and subtropical low pressure zone are formed due to dynamic reasons; The wind belt is formed by blowing from the high pressure belt to the low pressure belt and considering the geostrophic deflection force. 3. The seasonal movement law of the pressure belt and the wind belt is that both the northern and southern hemispheres move northward in July and southward in June at 5438+ 10. 4. From June 5438 to 10 (winter) in the northern hemisphere, the Asian high formed on the Asian continent, cutting off the sub-polar low belt, thus forming the Aleutian low in the Pacific Ocean; In July (summer) in the northern hemisphere, the Asian depression formed on the Asian continent, cutting off the subtropical high zone, thus forming the Hawaiian high in the Pacific Ocean. 5. Due to the influence of the thermal difference between land and sea on the pressure zone and wind zone in East Asia, a monsoon phenomenon can be formed, which blows from land to sea in winter and from sea to land in summer. (Northwest wind in winter and southeast wind in summer) 6. Influence of pressure belt and wind belt on climate: main distribution climate causes and climate characteristics: the tropical rain forest climate is controlled by equatorial low pressure belt all the year round between latitude 10, and the tropical grassland climate is alternately controlled by equatorial low pressure belt and trade wind belt between latitude 10 and the tropic of cancer, with distinct dry and wet seasons and high temperature and little rain in dry season. In the rainy season, the weather is hot and rainy. The west coast of the continent with a Mediterranean climate of 30-40 north and south latitudes is alternately controlled by westerly belts and subtropical high belts. In summer, it is hot and rainy. In winter, the continental west coast of temperate maritime climate with latitude of 40-60 from north to south is controlled by westerlies all year round. The common weather system is 1. In the figure, 1 stands for cold front and 2 stands for warm front. Among them, cold fronts frequently appear in China. 2. Frontal weather system: examples of weather phenomena before and after transit. The cold front has high temperature and low air pressure, and it is prone to rain, snow, strong wind and cooling weather on sunny days. The temperature drops, the air pressure rises, and the weather turns fine. Rainstorm in the north in summer, cold wave in winter (gale cooling) The warm front of spring sandstorm has low temperature and high air pressure, and it is easy to have continuous precipitation or fog on sunny days. The temperature rises, the air pressure drops, and the weather turns fine. 3. In the figure, 1 stands for high pressure and 2 stands for low pressure. 4. Arrows are used to indicate the horizontal and vertical directions of airflow. 5. The weather of 1 in the picture is characterized by sunny and little rain, such as drought in summer, cold wave in winter and crisp air in autumn. The weather is characterized by rainy weather, such as typhoons in summer and autumn in China. Global climate change 1. Global climate change has both natural and human causes. The main trend of modern climate change is global warming. 2. In China, the phenomenon of climate warming is very obvious in the northern region in space, especially in winter. The main causes of global warming are carbon dioxide emissions (burning fossil fuels), forest destruction and population growth. 4. Impact of global warming: (1) leads to sea level rise; (2) Changing the water cycle, leading to floods, droughts and other disasters; Intensify the instability of water resources and the contradiction between supply and demand. (3) It is beneficial for high-latitude countries to increase agricultural output (prolonged growth period); It is not conducive to low-latitude countries and reduces their agricultural output (the flood and drought disasters are aggravated). Chapter III Water on the Earth and Water Cycle in Nature. Water resources refer to fresh water resources on land, among which glacier water reserves are the largest and river water consumption is the largest. 2.( 1) In the figure, 1 is evaporation, and 2 is precipitation, which constitutes an offshore internal circulation; (2) In the figure, 3 is evaporation and 4 is precipitation, which constitutes an inland circulation; (3) In the figure, 5 refers to evaporation, 6 refers to water vapor transport, 7 refers to precipitation, 8 refers to surface runoff, 9 refers to infiltration, and 10 refers to underground runoff, which constitutes the circulation between land and sea. (4) The circulation between land and sea can renew and purify land water resources. In the process of water recycling, human beings have the greatest utilization and influence on surface runoff. 3. The significance of water cycle: (1) maintaining the dynamic balance of global water bodies; (2) promoting global energy exchange and material transfer; (3) shaping the surface morphology; (4) It has the function of renewing and purifying land water resources. 2 large-scale seawater movement 1. The main driving force of ocean current formation is prevailing wind. In addition, the bias force and land shape will also affect the direction of ocean currents. 2. The main types of ocean currents are cold current and warm current. 3. Draw the direction of ocean current in the picture. 4. The cold current in the figure includes 5, 7, 10,11; Warm current includes 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9. 5. The influence of ocean current: (1) affects the heat transfer and exchange between high and low latitudes. (2) Impact on coastal climate: Warm current plays a role in warming and humidifying. For example, the temperate maritime climate in western Europe is influenced by the North Atlantic warm current. The cold current plays a role in reducing temperature and humidity. For example, coastal areas may form deserts under the influence of cold currents. (3) Impact on fishing ground: Hokkaido fishing ground was formed in the Pacific Ocean due to the confluence of cold and warm currents 3 and 7; Due to the influence of upwelling, a Peruvian fishing ground was formed at 1 1. (4) Impact on marine pollution: expanding the scope of pollution; Accelerate the purification of pollutants. (5) Impact on shipping: downstream can speed up and save fuel; Fog is easy to appear at the intersection of cold and warm airflow, which can interfere with traffic; In addition, ocean currents may bring icebergs at high latitudes and endanger transportation. Rational utilization of water resources 1. Natural resources can be divided into renewable resources and non-renewable resources according to their nature, and water resources belong to renewable resources. 2. There are precipitation, evaporation and runoff that affect the degree of water resources, and runoff is the most important criterion to measure the degree of water resources. 3. The quantity of water resources mainly affects the scale of economic activities, and the quality of water resources mainly affects the efficiency of economic activities. 4. The development of productive forces (science and technology) can affect the utilization of water resources by human beings. In the era of backward technology, human beings mainly use river water and fresh water lake water; In the era of advanced science and technology, more and more kinds of water resources are used by human beings, and the utilization methods are becoming more and more diversified. For example, groundwater exploitation, seawater desalination, inter-basin water transfer and reservoir construction. At present, the demand for water resources is increasing, while the quality of water resources is declining. Rational use of water resources is necessary, because water resources are not inexhaustible. 6. Measures for human utilization of water resources: (1) Building reservoirs; (2) Inter-basin water transfer; (3) Improve utilization efficiency and reuse rate. (4) seawater desalination; (5) Rational exploitation of groundwater; (6) Raise awareness of water saving; (7) Artificial precipitation enhancement; (8) Reduce pollution and waste. Among them, (1)(2)(4)(5)(7) is an open source measure, and (3)(6)(8) is a throttling measure. Chapter IV Shaping of Surface Morphology 1 Driving Force for Creating Surface Morphology 1 Geological processes can be divided into internal forces and external forces according to different energy sources. From the whole geological period, internal forces play a leading role in the geological process. 2. The energy of internal force mainly comes from the interior of the earth (heat energy), which can make the surface uneven; Internal forces mainly include basic forms such as magmatic activity, metamorphism and crustal movement. 3. Crustal movement is the main way to shape the surface morphology, which can be divided into horizontal movement and vertical movement according to its direction and nature. 4. Horizontal movement often forms folded mountains, fault zones, rifts and oceans. Vertical movement often leads to topographic relief, land and sea changes, etc. As far as the global scale movement is concerned, the crustal movement is mainly horizontal. 5. The energy of external force mainly comes from the outside of the earth (solar energy, gravity energy), which can flatten the surface; External forces mainly include weathering, erosion, handling, deposition (accumulation), consolidation and other basic forms. 6. Three types of rocks can be transformed into each other (crustal material circulation). Fill in the corresponding names in the picture.
2 The formation of mountains 1. The main types of mountains include folded mountains, fault-block mountains and volcanoes. 2. The basic forms of fold are anticline and syncline. Among them, the anticline is formed by the upward arch of rock strata, and the new-old relationship of rock strata is that the central rock strata are older and the rock strata on the two wings are newer; The strata bend downward to form syncline, and the new-old relationship of strata is that the central strata are newer and the two wings strata are older. 3. Under the action of internal forces, under normal circumstances, anticlines become mountains and synclines become valleys; However, if the external force is considered, the top of the anticline is easily eroded into a valley due to tension, while the trough of the syncline is not easily eroded due to extrusion pressure, thus forming a mountain. The world-famous Himalayas, Alps, cordilleras, etc. According to the gene type, they all belong to wrinkled skin mountain. Anticline belongs to oil and gas reservoir structure; Tunnels can be built; Syncline belongs to water storage structure. 4. The stratum fractured in the process of crustal movement, and obviously displaced along the fracture surface, forming a fault. The relative rise of rocks between two faults will form a horst, which is easy to form block mountains, such as Huashan, Lushan and Taishan. The relative decline of rock blocks between the two faults will form graben, which is easy to form lowlands and valleys, such as Weihe Plain, Fenhe Valley and the Great Rift Valley in East Africa. 5. The Columbia Plateau, the main peak of Changbai Mountain in China and Mount Fuji in Japan were all formed by magmatic activities. 6. Mountain communication lines are mainly distributed in mountain basins and river valleys. The reason is that the surface of mountain area is rugged, while the terrain of mountain basin and valley is relatively flat. 7. The traffic lines in mountainous areas are relatively long and curved. The reason is that traffic lines in mountainous areas need to bypass various obstacles. 8. Highway is the main traffic trunk line in mountainous areas, followed by railway. The reason is that the cost of traffic construction in mountainous areas is relatively high and difficult, while the cost of highway construction is relatively low. 3 River landform development 1. River landforms can be divided into erosion landforms and accumulation landforms according to their causes. 2. Traceable erosion can extend the valley to the source of the river; Insufficient erosion will deepen the valley, while lateral erosion will widen the valley. 3. The most typical type of river accumulation landform is alluvial plain, which consists of alluvial plain in the upper reaches of the river, floodplain in the middle and lower reaches of the river, estuary delta plain and so on. 4. The settlements in the plateau area are generally distributed on the floodplain on both sides of the deep valley, with a strip shape, scattered distribution and small scale. The main reasons are: the climate here is warm (low altitude), the soil is fertile and the water is abundant. 5. Mountain settlements are generally distributed in the floodplain on both sides of the river or in the alluvial fans in front of the mountain, which are strip-shaped, scattered and small in scale. The main reasons are: the terrain here is flat, the surface or groundwater is sufficient, and the soil is fertile. 6. The settlements in the plain area are generally distributed in the delta or on the floodplain on both sides of the river, which are strip or block, densely distributed and large in scale. The main reasons are: the terrain here is flat, the soil is fertile, the water source is sufficient, and the inland river and marine transportation are convenient. Chapter 5: Integrity and difference of natural geographical environment 1 Integrity of natural geographical environment 1, and the various elements that make up the environment always strive for overall consistency; The change of one element will cause the corresponding changes of other elements and even the whole. 2. There is an exchange of matter and energy among geographical elements, such as water cycle, biological cycle and lithospheric material cycle (crustal material cycle). 3. The interaction between geographical elements has produced new functions such as production function and balance function. Among them, the production function means that the natural environment has the ability to synthesize organic matter; The balance function means that the nature of natural geographical elements remains stable through the exchange of matter and energy. 4. The natural geographical environment has a unified evolution process, that is, the change of the natural geographical environment is composed of the changes of multiple geographical elements. 5. The change of geographical elements will "affect the whole body", that is, the change of one natural geographical element will lead to the corresponding changes of other elements and the whole geographical environment. 2 differences in natural geographical environment 1. Based on the change of heat, the natural belt forms a regular alternation from equator to poles in the north-south direction, which is most obvious in low latitude and high latitude areas. 2. Based on the change of water content, the natural belt changes regularly from the coast to the inland, which is most obvious in the mid-latitude area. 3. Based on the simultaneous change of water and heat, a natural zone is formed, and the vertical direction changes regularly from the foot of the mountain to the top of the mountain. This phenomenon is most obvious in mountainous areas with large height difference. The lower the latitude, the higher the altitude, the more vertical bands, and the more complete the vertical band spectrum.