Tuoba Hong's Political Action

After Tuoba Department established the Northern Wei Dynasty by Tuoba GUI, Emperor Daowu, it gradually changed from grazing economy to agricultural economy, and the social system also changed from slavery to feudalism, but it still retained a lot of slavery remnants. Especially after the Northern Wei Dynasty unified the North, the vast number of Han people surrendered to the Northern Wei Dynasty, and the gap between the production methods of ethnic minorities and Han people became increasingly obvious. In order to better govern the country and change the backward ruling system, it is an inevitable choice to absorb and accept the advanced civilization of the Han people and learn from them. Since Tuoba GUI and Daowudi, the rulers of the Northern Wei Dynasty have always attached great importance to learning Chinese civilization. Emperor Xiaowen, in particular, was raised by Feng Taihou, a Han nationality. He was deeply influenced by Confucianism since he was a child and was more inclined to sinicization reform. In addition, in the process of conquering the nation, the rulers of the Northern Wei Dynasty carried out ethnic discrimination and cruel ethnic oppression policies against the people of all ethnic groups, and ethnic contradictions intensified. In order to ease class contradictions and consolidate the rule, Emperor Xiaowen, with the assistance of Feng Taihou, carried out reforms after he acceded to the throne, which is called "Emperor Xiaowen Reform" in history. Rectify official management

In 472 AD (the second year of Yan Xing), he served for a long time and was promoted to the next level one year later; Those with poor performance will be punished or even demoted even if they take office soon.

Change the tax system

In 475 AD (the fifth year of Yan Xing), in order to change the chaotic situation in which states, counties and counties competed to collect and adjust rent, the government decided to collect rent only at the county level, and prohibited the use of large buckets, long rulers and heavy scales when collecting rent.

compensation system

In 484 AD (the eighth year of Taihe), the salary system was promulgated, which stipulated that a horse loaded with silk cloth should be executed for accepting bribes other than salary. The following year's Land Equalization Order also stipulates that local guards can give a certain amount of farmland according to their official positions. The granted commons are not allowed to be bought, and will be handed over to the next one when leaving office.

Reform the official system

During the Taihe period, it was agreed that the ranks of officials were divided into nine categories, and each category was divided into positive and negative categories. Subordinate products are the first in Northern Wei Dynasty. Nineteen years later, according to the standards of family background and rank, the Xianbei nobles in the northern generation were defined as surnames and clans, with the highest surnames followed by clans, including Mu, Lu, He, Liu, Lou, Yu, Ji and Wei. "Ancestors all drop, present respect, all princes, burning, for the next realm. The so-called four surnames, one is Cui, Lu, Li and Zheng of Gaomen of the Han nationality in the Central Plains, and the other is the surnames of A, B, C and D counties of the Han nationality. The former seems to be true. Banding's surname further combined Xianbei nobles with Han nationality.

Move the capital to Luoyang

In order to learn and accept the advanced culture of the Han nationality and further strengthen the rule of the Yellow River Basin, Tuoba Hong decided to move the capital from Pingcheng (now Datong City, Shanxi Province) to Luoyang. Because of this, he was afraid that ministers would oppose the idea of moving the capital, and first proposed a massive attack on Nanqi. Once in court, he put forward this plan, and ministers opposed it. The most intense one was Ren Tuoba Cheng. Emperor Xiaowen was very angry and said, "The country is my country. Do you want to stop me from fighting? " Tuoba Cheng retorted: "Although the country belongs to your Majesty, I am the minister of the country, and I know the danger of using troops. How can I not talk about it?" After thinking for a moment, Emperor Xiaowen announced his retirement from the DPRK and returned to the palace. He summoned Tuoba Cheng alone and said to him, "To tell you the truth, I was angry with you just now to scare everyone. What I really mean is that I don't think Pingcheng is a place to use force and is not suitable for political reform. Now I want to change the customs, but I have to move the capital. In fact, I want to take this opportunity to lead the civil and military officials to move to the Central Plains. What do you think? " TaBaCheng suddenly enlighted, immediately agreed with Wei Xiaowen.

In 493 AD (the seventeenth year of Taihe), Emperor Xiaowen of Wei personally led more than 300,000 infantry and cavalry south, starting from Pingcheng and arriving in Luoyang. It happened that the autumn rain lasted for a whole month, and the roads were muddy everywhere, making it difficult to March. However, Emperor Xiaowen still rode out of the city wearing a helmet and armour and ordered to continue marching. Ministers didn't want to send troops to cut Qi, so they took advantage of the heavy rain to stop it. Emperor Xiaowen said seriously: "This time, if you choose to mobilize the masses, if you give up halfway, it will be a joke for future generations. If you can't go south, move the capital here. What do you think? " Everyone looked at each other and said nothing. Emperor Xiaowen said: "You can't hesitate. The station that agrees to move the capital is on the left, and the station that disagrees is on the right. " A nobleman said, "As long as your majesty agrees to stop the expedition to the south, then we are willing to move the capital to Luoyang." Although many civil and military officials are not in favor of moving the capital, they have heard that the southern expedition can be stopped and have to express their support for moving the capital. Emperor Xiaowen arranged one end of Luoyang and sent Wang Cheng Tuoba Cheng back to Pingcheng to publicize the benefits of moving the capital to the princes and nobles there. Later, he personally went to Pingcheng, and called the nobles and the old ministers to discuss the relocation of the capital. There are still many voices of opposition among the nobles of Pingcheng. They moved out one reason after another and were refuted by Emperor Xiaowen. Finally, those people really couldn't figure it out and had to say, "Moving the capital is a big deal. Whether it is bad luck or bad luck, let's divine. "

Emperor Xiaowen said: "Divination is to solve difficult things." There is no doubt about moving the capital. There is nothing to worry about. If you want to rule the world, make the four seas your home. There is no fixed reason for going south today and going north tomorrow. Besides, we moved several times in the last generation. Why can't I move? "Noble ministers were speechless. Moving the capital to Luoyang is to imitate the beauty of our ancestors. That's settled. counterinsurgency

After moving the capital for half a year, an armed rebellion against reform and sinicization took place from within the imperial court.

In August 496 (the twentieth year of Taihe), Emperor Xiaowen visited Song Yue, and Prince Yao Yuan stayed in Jinyong City. Yuan Xun is not easy to learn and has a fat figure. He is most afraid of the weather in Luoyang. Every time he pursues his old capital, he often thinks about going back to the north. They don't want to speak Chinese, don't want to wear Hanfu, and tear up all the clothes given by the Han people. They still solve the problem of left-handed weaving and stubbornly maintain the old customs of Xianbei. Gao Daoyue, a middle-aged son, tried to persuade him many times. Instead of repentance, he bears a grudge. Emperor Xiaowen's patrol gave him an opportunity, so he conspired with the left and right, secretly selected 3,000 royal horses in the palace, conspired to run out of Pingcheng, and personally killed Gao Daoyue in the palace. After the incident, the leader Yan Yuan sent troops to guard the palace gate closely, which prevented the development of the situation. Early the next morning, Liu Wei, a senior minister, galloped to report, and Emperor Xiaowen was frightened when he heard the news. He hurried back to Luoyang halfway, immediately introduced Yao Yuan, was furious, listed his crimes, personally punished him with a stick, and let Wang Xi and others in Xianyang beat more than 100 sticks instead of themselves until they were raw, then dragged them out of the door and imprisoned them in the west of the city. After more than a month, Yao Yuan's condition improved and he was able to get up and walk. 10, Emperor Xiaowen introduced the minister in Qinghui Hall to discuss the abolition of the Prince. Two teachers of the Prince, a teacher named Mu Liang and a young teacher named Li Chong, took off their hats and kowtowed in repentance. Emperor Xiaowen said, "Your confession is out of personal feelings. I am talking about national affairs. What the ancients valued was' valuing righteousness over family'. Today, Yuan Xun wants to rebel against his father, cross Hengzhou and Shuozhou, and commit a big crime in the headlines of the world! If we don't get rid of this boy today, it will be a disaster for the country. A hundred years later, I am afraid that there will be another chaos of Yongjia at the end of Jin Dynasty. " In December, Yuan Fei became Shu Ren and was imprisoned in Heyang Nose-less City. He sent troops to protect him and gave him some clothes and coarse grains to avoid hunger and cold. In April of the following year, Emperor Xiaowen visited Chang 'an, and Li Biao, the assistant commander of the suggestion, secretly served on the table and reported Yuan Xun's rebellion to the left and right. Emperor Xiaowen was rewarded and sent Wang Xi of Xianyang and assistant minister Xing Luan of Zhongshu to Heyang with poisoned wine, forcing Yuan Xun to commit suicide. At the age of fifteen, he was buried in a thick coffin.

In the month when Yuan Xun was abolished, Mutai, the secretariat of Hengzhou, colluded with Liu Rui, the secretariat of Dingzhou, and secretly colluded with Yuan, An Le Hou, the general of Fuming Town, Liu Jun Hou vilen, the general, Yang Ping Hou Hetou, Yuan Leping, the former general of Pengcheng Town, Yuan Zhen, the satrap of Dai Jun, etc., and conspired to elect Yang, the secretariat of Shuozhou, as the leader and arise. Yuan, the son of Ruyin, the grandson of the Prince; Yuanye, brother of Pingyang AD Pi; Long Yuan and Yuan Chao are both sons of Yuan Pi. Most of these people are Xianbei drunkards and their descendants. They were dissatisfied with Emperor Xiaowen's appointment of them as Confucian scholars in the Central Plains. They oppose the vulgarity of moving the capital, changing official uniforms and banning old sayings. Yuan Pi even openly wore Xianbei's old clothes alone without scruple at the big meeting. Emperor Xiaowen saw that he was old and weak, and his sense of responsibility was not strong. At the beginning of moving the capital, he also tried to hijack the prince to stay in Pingcheng, and set out to divide the two States of Heng and Shuo to the north of Yanmenguan. Although the plot failed, they still rebelled, and this time they are brewing a bigger rebellion with Mutai and others.

Yuan Yi pretended to promise to stabilize the situation of Mu Tai and others, and secretly reported the conspiracy of rebellion to the court. At that time, Cheng Yuan, the King of Chenghuang, was ill in bed, and Emperor Xiaowen immediately summoned him and said, "Mu Tai is up to no good, fanning the flames for the imperial clan. Soon after moving the capital, northerners are nostalgic. If there is rebellion and turmoil between the north and the south, it will be difficult for us to hold Luoyang. This is a national event, so we can't do it without it. Although you are ill, you should try your best to go to the north for me. We should handle it properly according to the situation. If the rebels are weak, go directly to capture them; If you are strong, you can use my order to transfer troops from two States to attack. " Cheng Yuan replied: "Mu Tai and others are stupid and confused just because they are obsessed with the old life and have no foresight; I have no ability to subdue them. May your majesty not worry. How dare you resign from this minor illness! " Emperor Xiaowen smiled and said, "If Rencheng wants to go, I have nothing to worry about! So he gave, bronze tiger, bamboo ambassador, and several guards to take over the secretariat of Hengzhou.

Cjay was ordered to go north in two directions, passing through Yanmen to Pingcheng (Hengzhou Zhisuo). Lee Huan, the advance counselor, rode into the city alone, and unexpectedly called Mutai's companions to report good or bad news, and the rebels were instantly destroyed. Mu Tai is powerless. He hastily led hundreds of people to attack Huan, but he was defeated in the west of the city and surrendered easily. Cheng Yuan did not perform well in governing the Mu Tai Party, and more than 100 people, including Liu Rui, were jailed. The whole story of counterinsurgency was written into a letter and reported to the court. Emperor Xiaowen was overjoyed, summoned his ministers and presented a letter saying, "Benevolence can be described as a minister of a country. Look at his sentence, even ancient Hao Tao may not be able to surpass him! " The legendary Minister Yu was in charge of punishment. Facing Wang Xi and others in Xianyang, he said, "You may not be able to do this!" In the first month of the 21st year of Taihe (497), Prince Yuan Ke was appointed as the Prince. In February, Emperor Xiaowen toured the north and prepared to go to Pingcheng to see the situation there for himself. On the way through Shangdang Tonglu Mountain, I saw more than a dozen big pine trees by the road. At that time, I was very excited about poetry and began to write poetry as I walked. In a blink of an eye, the poem was written. I ordered someone to show it to Wang Yuan in Pengcheng, and said confidently, "I started writing this poem. Although it is not seven steps, it is not far away. You also write a poem, you come to me, and the poem is finished. " At that time, Yuan Xie was only a dozen paces away from him. He took the lead and did it, but he did it before he reached his position. The poem reads: "Ask the pine forest, how many winters have passed? The mountains and rivers are as old as ever, and the clouds are as old as ever. " Emperor Xiaowen smiled and said, "Your poem is just a joke." A few days later, when I came to Pingcheng, I asked Ren Yuancheng and others to introduce Mu Tai, Liu Rui and their henchmen. After the trial, no one was wronged, and people admired Yuan's clarity. Mutai and pro-party were all killed; Rui Liu died in prison and his wife moved to western Liaoning for the people. Yuan Pi saved his life, leaving his second wife and two sons, sending them to Taiyuan for the people, killing Long Yuan and Yuan Chao and his half-brother, Yi Sheng, and the rest of his sons moved to Dunhuang. In this rebellion, most of the old Xianbei nobles who stayed in Pingcheng participated, but only Yulie did not participate.

At this point, the conservative forces disappeared, retired, and continued to carry out the reform of China.

Imperial expedition to the south

In June 498 (twenty-second year of Taihe), Emperor Xiaowen ordered the recruitment of 200,000 soldiers from Hebei, Guangzhou, Hunan and Hebei, and prepared for a large-scale expedition to the south. At this time, Mu Mu's conspiracy with Wei County Duke Mu Tai was exposed. Although after the Amnesty, he was still cut off from his official position. His younger brother Si Kongmuliang was also forced to resign. After some preparation, in August, Emperor Xiaowen led the Sixth Army to set out from Luoyang, leaving Ren Cheng Wang Cheng, servant Li Chong, suggestion assistant Li Biao and others to stay in Beijing, and ordered his brother Cheng Peng Wang Xie to temporarily lead General Zhong Jun. Politely declined to say, "This is the way the ancients used the relationship between relatives and friends. What kind of person am I? I have been loved by your majesty many times! In the past, King Tsao Zhi of Chen Si went to Wei Wendi and tried to attack Wu Shu, but it was not approved. Today, I was given an uninvited conquest task. What a difference! " Emperor Xiaowen laughed after hearing this, took Yuan Xie's hand and said kindly, "Ercao is jealous of his talent, and I'm dating you morally. As long as you are self-denying, why bother about other things? " Emperor Xiaowen led the troops to Xiangyang, and thirty-six armies, including Cheng Peng and Xie Wang, followed, with millions of names. When the soldiers arrived in Yang Zhe, they left the generals to attack it, led the troops to attack Wancheng in the south, and conquered the outer city that night. Fang Apollo, the satrap of Nanyang in Qi, refused to keep the inner city. Emperor Xiaowen sent Sun Yanjing (the cloud of Sun Yun) to see the square, saying, "I want to level the south and unify the whole country this time, unlike before, when winter goes and spring comes, I will never return to the north unless I succeed. Your city bears the brunt and must be occupied first, one year later, until January. You have to think twice, seal the Hou, and instantly behead the public. " Le Zhirou, deputy commander-in-chief of Fang Jun, replied: If you want to see the encirclement, you must look humble and ordinary, and you can resist big countries. You can say that you will die. First, Emperor Wudi of Mongolia picked it up and gave it to the left and right. Both dogs and horses knew this kindness and would rather let it go than feel it. However, Longchang, Yan Xing, faint and rebellious, virtuous and wise, have different home countries. This is not a loss of confidence, but a loss of peace. The year before last, Xue Zhen induced the border guards, saw the mausoleum, thanked the country and talked with Kan Kan. As far as I'm concerned, I should take some responsibility. Fang Apollo then led the people to stick to it, and Wei Jun could not conquer it.

Emperor Xiaowen left Xianyang Wang Xi and others to attack Wan, led the troops to Xinye, and was stubbornly resisted by Qi Xinye's satrap Liu Siqi. Until 10 month, he still failed to capture it. Qi urgently sent general Cui to lead more than 20,000 people to reinforce Xiangyang. In November, Han Qi Xiufang and other fifteen generals will surrender to the Northern Wei Dynasty, while Wei Bing won in the north of Mianshui. In March of the following year, the Northern Wei Dynasty finally captured Nanyang, Xinye and Nanxiang counties in Yongzhou. Liu Siqi was killed and Fang was forced to surrender. Then he defeated Cui He in Dengcheng, beheaded and captured more than 20,000 people. Emperor Xiaowen led hundreds of thousands of people to besiege Fancheng, and Qi Yongjun, the secretariat of Cao Hu, closed the door to thank guests. However, in World War I in Yang Guo, Wei Jun lost, more than 10,000 people were killed, more than 3,000 people were captured, and tens of millions of military equipment and property were lost. The Northern Wei Dynasty rushed to ride more than 100,000 yuan, forcing the Qi army to retreat. In September, Emperor Xiaowen learned of the death of Emperor Qi Mingdi, but wrote a letter saying, "No funeral ceremony" and led the troops back. On the way home, I was seriously ill and couldn't introduce my courtiers for more than ten days. After first aid, I turned the corner.

In January 499 (twenty-third year of Taihe), Emperor Xiaowen returned to Luoyang dusty. In spite of his illness, he insisted on being the president of the court. The day after he returned to Beijing, he was introduced to the minister in the palace. He glared at Ren Cheng and said, "The foundation of governing the country is to put morality first. Have the old customs changed since I left Beijing? " Cheng Yuanyi was shocked when he asked, and he carefully replied in a low voice: "The enlightenment is getting better." Emperor Xiaowen scolded me and said, "When I went to town yesterday, I saw the woman in the car still wearing a hat and a small coat. How can it be said that it is new! If so, why not check it out? " Wearing a hat and a small coat is the old clothes of Xianbei women, so they are scolded. Cheng Yuan explained: "There are fewer people wearing old clothes, but more people don't wear them." Emperor Xiaowen was very unhappy when he heard this, and then said, "That's strange! Does Rencheng mean to make the whole city of Luoyang wear old clothes? Isn't that a word for national subjugation? Can be recorded by historians. " Cjay and the left-behind officials looked at each other and took off their hats and confessed together.

In order to recapture the counties lost in Yongzhou, Nanqi sent Qiu Edwin Lachilda to lead Pingbei general Cui to attack Wei with 40,000 troops, repeatedly defeated Wei general Yuan Ying, and besieged the city 300 miles north of Xiangyang for more than 40 days. The food in the city was cut off, and the soldiers used dead human flesh and bark to satisfy their hunger. Wei Bing was forced to break through and killed more than one thousand people. Edwin Lachilda sent troops to recapture Nanxiang County, which caused serious military pressure to the Northern Wei Dynasty. Emperor Xiaowen was very anxious to discuss with Ren Cheng Wang Cheng and said, "I can't subdue him unless I personally go out."

At the beginning of March, Emperor Xiaowen was seriously ill and left Luoyang for personal expedition again. He was ordered to stay in the leading position, assisted by the right-back general Song Yi. Justin was seriously ill. In Yuan Xie's absence, he had to work hard for military affairs, and he had to wait on Justin's liquid medicine day and night. You should taste the food yourself before giving it to Justin. Emperor Xiaowen is upset after a long illness and easily gets angry. If courtiers are slightly negligent, they will be punished easily. Wang Yuan of Pengcheng took the opportunity to remonstrate and was rescued by many people. So he took Yuan Xie as the ambassador, took charge of Chinese and foreign military affairs and commanded the whole army. Yuan Xie declined politely and said, "I am sick and have no leisure. How can I manage the army?" I would like to choose another person to take charge of military power, so that I can concentrate on serving medicine. "Emperor Xiaowen said with emotion," It's up to you to cure the disease and run the army. I'm very ill. I'm afraid I can't. Liu Anjun, Baozhou, who else but you! How to choose others instead of trusting each other depends on you. In the past, Zhuge Liang and Huo Guang were entrusted with different surnames, but they could protect national security, not to mention you? "After marching to Gan Yang, Emperor Xiaowen said to Yuan Xie," My illness is getting worse again. I have to rely on you more. You must work hard. Wei Jun arrived in Ma Juancheng and met the Qi army. Emperor xiaowen insisted on personally deploying and commanding the battle. In World War I, the Qi army was defeated, and the head coach Edwin lazear fled to the south in disguise, losing hundreds of millions of military assets, all of which were earned by the Northern Wei Dynasty. Wei Jun went after the Hanshui River, and the Qi army was killed or drowned in nine cases out of ten. At the end of March, Emperor Xiaowen's condition deteriorated and he was forced to return to the north. When he arrived at the ancient courtyard, he said to Yuan Xie, "My illness is getting worse and worse, so I'm afraid it's hard to go back. Although Edwin Lachilda was destroyed this time, the world is not flat, the heirs are young and weak, and the national security is at stake. You are the only one. In the past, Huo Guang was given a different surname. What's more, as a relative and wise and capable, can you not encourage yourself? " Yuan Xie was worried about the jealousy and opposition of other ministers and cried and resolutely refused. Emperor xiaowen was silent and thought for a long time. There are six testamentary edicts, namely Shi Zhong, Tai, Xianyang Wang Yuanxi, Shangshuling Wang Su, Shangshu Right Servant Shooting, Rencheng Wang Cheng, Shi Zhong, Wei General Army, Beihai Detailed, Shangshu Left Servant Shooting, Wang Guangyang Yuanjia, and Shangshu Song Yang.

At the end of his life, he ordered Zaifu to say ... move the capital to Luoyang, set the river, hope to destroy the south, return to the nations, honor the ancestors and help the poor. "However, I have long been ill and died, and my ambition is difficult to realize. Isn't it good for your ministers to help your stepson and promote my Wei family? Let's do our best! "On the first day of April, Emperor Xiaowen collapsed in the ancient courtyard palace, at the age of 33. Equal field system

In 485 AD (the ninth year of Taihe), the Land Equalization Order was promulgated, which made detailed provisions for adults of different sexes, handmaiden and cattle to receive land. Granting fields is different from open fields and mulberry fields. Grain grown in the open field shall not be bought or sold and returned to the country at the age of 70. Mulberry, elm and jujube trees planted in mulberry fields need not be owned by the state, and the surplus can be sold and the shortage can be bought. When granting land, due care should be given to the elderly, the disabled and widows.

Create a ternary system

In 486 AD (the tenth year of Taihe), the patriarchal clan system was replaced by the three-long system, and township officials' organizations such as neighbors, Li and the Party were adopted to restrain local strongmen from harboring a large number of accounts.

Reform the rent system

In 486 AD (the tenth year of Taihe), Emperor Xiaowen also reformed the rent adjustment system accordingly. The new rent adjustment stipulates that one husband and wife is the collection unit, and one silk horse and two millet stones are paid every year. Unmarried men and women over the age of 15 are engaged in farming and weaving, and every twenty oxen are rented out, which is equivalent to the number of monogamous women respectively. Change the fresh and humble customs

After moving the capital, the governor ordered Xianbei people to ban Hu clothing and change it to Han clothing; Xianbei language was banned in the court and Chinese was spoken instead; It is stipulated that Xianbei nobles should not be buried in Pingcheng after Luoyang's death, and their native place should be changed to Luoyang, Henan, and Xianbei's surname should be changed to Han's surname. Xianbei nobles were gentrified and encouraged to intermarry with Han nobles.