What is Kelsey Temperament?

The Kelsey Temperament Test is actually the MBTI (Professional Personality Test)~

To put it simply, it is the classification of personality types first proposed by Jung, while Briggs and Mai The Keirseys and their daughters developed the MBTI based on his theory

As for David Keirsey, there is really not much information about him. I only know that he is a psychologist and wrote the book "Please understand me" ()

If the poster is interested, you can download it and take a look: /cgi-bin/fileid.cgi ?fileid=4578877

MBTI and Kelsey should all be carried forward based on Jung’s theory

As for the classification of Kelsey’s temperament, it can be said simply Divided into four categories:

Art creators (SP type people): hedonistic, optimistic, innovative, aesthetically pleasing and like to explore

Guardians (sJ type people): possessive, Melancholy, leniency, tradition and dogma

Idealists (NF people): ethical, irritable, inspirational, good at empty talk, sensitive and friendly

Rational people (NT) type person): dialectical, curious, suspicious, good at reasoning, and firm-minded

I found this from the Douban forum (there is too little information about Kelsey...):

< p>From the philosophers of ancient Greece and ancient India, as far back as Hippocrates in 450 BC, to Paracelsus in the Middle Ages, it has long been noted that all people can be summarized into four types , the temperaments of people of the same type have striking similarities.

Psychologist David Keirsey discovered that these four different temperament classifications, which were independently studied by people from different cultural backgrounds and different historical periods, describe the personality. Striking similarity. At the same time, he found that the combination of the four personality tendencies in the MBTI personality type system exactly coincided with the four temperaments summarized by ancient wisdom. The four combinations are:

Intuition + thinking = conceptualist

Touch + perception = empiricist

Intuition + emotion = idealist

p>

Touch + Judgment = Traditionalist

Conceptualists are what MBTI calls Guardians, which is what Kelsey calls them

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The following is Baidu’s definition of MBTI, which is more professional...

The principles of MBTI explain Jung’s psychological type theory and its development in detail< /p>

The theory of psychological types first appeared in 1913. It was the time when the International Congress of Psychoanalysis was being held. Jung proposed two attitudinal types of personality at this conference: introversion and extroversion. In 1921, he elaborated in his book "Psychological Typology" and proposed four types of functions, namely two types of mutually opposed rational functions - the interaction between thinking function and emotional function and irrational function. Two opposing types - sensory function and intuitive function. From this, Jung combined two attitude types and four functional types to form eight personality types: Extraverted Thinking, Extraverted Feeling, Extraverted Intuition, Extraverted Feeling, Introverted Thinking, Introversion Feeling, Introverted Sensing, and Introverted Sensing.

American psychologists Briggs and Myers, mother and daughter, added two types of judgment and perception based on Jung's two attitude types and four functional types. The four-dimensional and eight-pole characteristics that make up personality, combine with each other to form sixteen personality types. After more than twenty years of research, the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator was compiled, thus putting Jung's type theory into practice. Then, based on Jung's concepts of dominant function and inferior function, dominant function and subordinate function, Myers further proposed concepts such as functional levels, and effectively determined the order of functional levels for each type. He also proposed the life-long development theory of types and made new developments in the psychological type theory.

1. Basic concepts and the four dimensions of types and their characteristics

Psychological type theory includes the following parts: the four dimensions of types and their personality characteristics, functional levels of types and Type of life-long development.

To understand psychological type theory, we must first understand the concept of type. Types are specific patterns of general attitudes that appear in many individual forms. Jung believed that "a type is a specimen, or exemplar, which represents in a unique way the characteristics of a kind or general category." Each of the sixteen types is qualitatively different from the other types. Preferences are a core concept in type theory. It can be understood as "the most natural and easy thing to do". Type theory often uses the metaphor of handedness to explain the meaning of preferences. Every movement with a good hand is more natural, relaxed and easier than with a bad hand. Using the weak hand requires more attention and effort and is therefore more tiring and difficult. This means that individuals can adopt different methods in both external behavior and internal psychological processes, but individuals are always naturally inclined to use one of the two poles of each dimension. There is a high correlation between preferences and behavior, but they are not entirely consistent. This point will be discussed further below.

Dimensions and poles

1. Introversion (I)-extroversion (E) dimensions

This dimension is used to represent the ways and means of obtaining individual psychological energy. The degree of external interaction, that is, whether the individual's attention is directed more toward the external objective environment or internal conceptual constructions and ideas. The extraverted attitude is manifested in that the subject's attention and energy are directed toward the object, that is, it obtains support in the external world and relies on information occurring in the external environment. This is an outward transfer of interest from the subject to the object. Extraverted individuals need to understand the world through experience, so they prefer a large number of activities and prefer to think through conversation and process information in verbal communication. The introverted attitude shows that the subject's attention and energy are directed toward the internal spiritual world, and its psychological energy is obtained through internal thoughts, emotions, etc. Introverted individuals gain support in the internal world and value the concepts, meanings, etc. of events that occur, so many of their activities are mental, and they tend to think quietly in their minds to process information. Extraverted individuals often act first and think later, while introverted individuals often indulge in thinking and lack action.

2. Sensing (S)-Intuition (N) dimension

This dimension is also called the irrational dimension or the perceptual dimension, which indicates the direction in which individuals pay attention when collecting information. That is, do you tend to pay attention to real, direct, practical, and observable events through various senses, or are you interested in various possibilities for future events and the hidden meanings, symbols, and theories behind them? Sensing individuals tend to accept anything that can be measured or evidenced, focusing on real and tangible events. They trust their senses to tell them accurate information about the outside world, and they trust their own experiences. They relive the present and care about everything that happened at a given moment. Intuitive individuals, on the other hand, naturally identify and seek the meaning of everything. They value imagination, pay more attention to the future, and engage in efforts to change things rather than maintain their status quo. Intuitive individuals see an environment and want to know its implications and possible consequences. Sensing individuals are seen as more practical, while intuitive individuals are seen as more reform-minded. The sensory-intuitive dimension plays an important role in the problem-solving process.

3. Thinking (T)-Emotion (F) dimension

This dimension is also called the rational dimension or the judgment dimension. This dimension is used to indicate what system an individual uses when making decisions, that is, the method of making decisions and drawing conclusions, whether it is objective logical reasoning or subjective emotions and values. Emotional individuals expect their emotions to be consistent with others, and the cornerstone of their decisions is what is important to themselves and others; their rational judgments are based on personal values. Thinking individuals make decisions through objective, impersonal logical analysis of situations. They focus on cause-and-effect relationships and seek objective measures of facts, so they are less affected by personal emotions.

4. Perception (P)-Judgment (J) dimension

This dimension is used to describe an individual's lifestyle. That is, whether you tend to live (or make decisions) in a more fixed way or live (or collect information) in a more natural way. This dimension is an attitudinal dimension. Although individuals are capable of using intuition and judgment, these two poles cannot be used simultaneously. Most individuals will naturally find it easier to adopt one way of life than another, and therefore always adopt this attitude in dealing with the outside world. Judgmental individuals tend to control their lives in an orderly, planned manner, they expect to see problems solved, and are accustomed to and enjoy making decisions. Sensing individuals, on the other hand, prefer perceptual experience, and they constantly collect information to keep their lives flexible and natural. They strive to keep events open and allow them to evolve naturally so that better events can emerge.

The above are the four-dimensional eight poles of the types. The basic personality characteristics of the eight poles are as follows:

Extroversion and introversion

Tend to respond to objects in the external world Reactions tend to meditate in the internal world

Active activities prefer introspection

Experience comes before understanding Understanding comes before action

Get psychological energy from the outside world From the spiritual world Gain psychological energy

Adopt a trial-and-error working style and adopt a durable and stable working style

Prefer novel stimulation and a static external environment

Sensing Intuitive Type

Focus on reality and the future

Pay attention to reality and common sense, value imagination and originality

Pay attention to concreteness and particularity, be good at describing details and pay attention to the universal Sexual and symbolic, using metaphors and analogies

Step-by-step working style, leaping working style

Valuing routines, believing in tangible things, not sticking to routines, believing in inspiration and inference

Tend to observe specific events and grasp the overall picture of events

Prefer known things and new ideas

Thinking Emotional Type

Think back and analyze problems in non-personal ways. Think ahead and consider the impact of actions on others

Fair, firm, skeptical, gentle, sympathetic, considerate

Tend to be analytical and logical working methods tend to work in a way that is consistent with one's own emotions

behavior is concise, economical, and critical and expects others to agree

pursue clear and consistent objective principles Clear and consistent subjective values

Judgmental intuitive

Organized and systematic behavior and open-mindedness

Rigorous time concept, taking deadlines seriously Loose concept and often change deadlines

Value work results and work process

Tend to solve problems and make problems flexible

Earnestly complete the set goals Constantly changing goals in the process of acquiring new information

Psychological type theory believes that there are two fundamental differences among individuals, namely how we collect information and how we process the collected information and decisions are made, thus forming the second and third dimensions of cognitive functioning, which are often regarded as the most important dimensions. The first and fourth dimensions are attitudinal dimensions, which describe how we process psychological energy and how we face the external world. It is important to note that there are no good or bad types, and individuals can use all preferences at different times and situations. Type theory does not explain everything and is not used to test abilities. It only illustrates individual attitudes and functional tendencies, qualitatively but not quantitatively.

The above four dimensions and eight poles constitute sixteen different psychological types. The special list is as follows:

(ISTJ) Introverted Sensing Thinking Judgment

(ISFJ) Introverted Sensing Emotional Judgment

(INFJ) Introverted Intuitive Emotional Judgment

(INTJ) Introverted Intuitive Thinking and Judgment

(ISTP) Introverted Feeling Thinking and Perceiving

(ISFP) Introverted Feeling and Feeling

(INFP) Introverted Intuition Emotional Perception

(INTP) Introverted Intuitive Thinking and Perceiving

(ESTP) Extraverted Sensing Thinking and Perceiving

(ESFP) Extraverted Feeling and Feeling

(ENFP) Extraverted intuitive feeling, perceiving

(ENTP) Extraverted intuitive thinking, perceiving

(ESTJ) Extraverted feeling, thinking and judging

(ESFJ) ) Extraverted Sensing and Emotional Judgment

(ENFJ) Extraverted Intuition and Emotional Judgment

(ENTJ) Extraverted Perceiving and Thinking Judgment

Note: I: Introversion E: Extraversion S: Feeling N: Intuition T: Thinking F: Emotion J: Judgment P: Perception

2. Functional hierarchy and lifelong development of psychological types

Psychological type theory believes that psychological Function is a certain definite form of mental activity that remains the same under various circumstances. Jung claimed that "from the energetic point of view, function is the expression of the libido, which is theoretically eternal and unchangeable, and to a considerable extent it is regarded as a form of physical energy along with physical force. Or temporary manifestation. "Psychological type theory believes that there are two basic differences in the way individuals perceive and obtain information and the way they process the obtained information and make decisions, and these two differences are innate. .

These two differences constitute four basic psychological functions, namely the following two dimensions, namely the feeling (S)-intuition (N) dimension and thinking (T)-emotion (F) Dimensions, the former is called the irrational dimension and the perceptual dimension, and the latter is called the rational dimension and the judgment dimension. When an individual prefers the sensory function, he has a strong interest in events occurring in the surrounding external environment but pays little attention to unrealistic events; while when an individual prefers the intuitive function, he is interested in the meaning and possibility of events. Passionately interested but almost blind to reality itself.

When an individual considers the consistency and logic of events in his behavior, he is using the thinking function of the judgment dimension; when an individual considers whether an event can please others or is consistent with his own values ????in his behavior, he is using perception. Dimensions of emotional functioning.

The fourth dimension, namely the perception (P)-judgment (J) dimension, reflects the differences in individuals’ external behaviors in life style. Individuals always prefer either perception or judgment, which results in a preference between the second and third dimensions. Therefore, the process of judgment and perception forms the core of individual personality, and the individual's preference among the four functions of thinking, emotion, intuition, and feeling constitutes the essential difference in individual behavior.

Myers said, "It is natural that the essential differences in individuals' perception and judgment lead to differences in explicit behavior" because the perception dimension "determines the individual's ability to obtain information in the situation." What kind of information is obtained", and the judgment dimension "determines the way an individual takes to make a decision about a certain event." Psychological type theory holds that since various functions have different directions in type, it is impossible for an individual to develop all four psychological functions at the same time in reality. Therefore, in the process of type development of individuals, their psychological functions will inevitably differentiate. And the function that is developed first becomes the most natural preference of the individual. "To a greater or lesser extent this preference is fulfilled, and the function which is most developed forms the psychological type." That is to say, in individual behavior, there is always some kind of function that becomes the dominant function that affects behavior from within the psychology. Because, “This supreme authority always belongs to one function alone, and can only belong to one function, because the equally independent intervention of another function is bound to produce another different tendency, which will be at least partially the same as the first function. "This function remains unchanged throughout a given individual's life, is always his dominant function, and is the first to differentiate from his consciousness. And this function is both a dominant function, a dominant function, and a dominant function.

Dominant functions provide coordinates for individuals to position their lives. If the dominant function is the sensory function, the individual will make full use of its various senses to collect events and related information that are happening now; if the dominant function is the intuitive function, the individual will try their best to obtain events that may happen in the future. "Global picture"; if the dominant function is the thinking function, the individual will expect and pursue an orderly life and try to use impersonal logic to control his life; if the dominant function is the intuitive function, the individual will strive to use Live a life consistent with its values. In the process of type development, the functions of the other three preferences are also increasingly developed and gradually participate in the level of consciousness.

Since the adjustment process of consciousness makes a certain function obviously become the dominant function, the emergence of the second function of the corresponding ability is naturally suppressed. Therefore, the other function has only secondary importance. The importance of this secondary level lies in the fact that in certain circumstances, it does not act as the main function itself, that is, as an absolutely reliable and decisive factor, but plays more of a auxiliary and compensatory function. Role. However, it can only appear as an auxiliary function if its nature is not sufficient to compete with the dominant function. For example, the emotional function cannot serve as a secondary function to the dominant thinking function because its nature is excessively opposed to the dominant function. Although the nature of the subordinate function cannot be opposed to the dominant function, it is always different from it. For the dominant thinking function, only the sensory function or the intuitive function can serve as its auxiliary function. Therefore, the auxiliary function is possible and effective only when it serves the dominant function and does not conflict with the dominant function.

It can be seen from the above explanation that the dominant function always opposes the auxiliary function in the fourth dimension, that is, the perception (P)-judgment (J) dimension, so that their qualitative differences can be formed. different. That is to say, if the dominant function is the feeling (S) or intuition (N) function of the perception dimension, then its auxiliary function must be the perception (P) or judgment (J) function of the judgment dimension, and vice versa. This is understandable from the perspective of compensation. For any individual, his rational judgment function always needs to cooperate with his irrational perceptual function. Jung believed that "the principle is universally valid for all types that actually occur, that in addition to the dominant function of consciousness, there is also a relatively unconscious auxiliary function, which is in every respect related to the dominant function. The nature of functions is different.”

Myers believes that dominant functions and auxiliary functions should differ in three aspects.

First, from the perspective of feeling (S)-intuition (N). Individuals differ in whether their attention is directed toward the internal spiritual world or the external objective environment. Introverted individuals mainly focus on internal concepts, ideas, thoughts and other spiritual world; while extroverted individuals mainly focus on external people and events. Therefore, when the environment permits, introverted individuals always direct their perceptions and judgments to concepts, thoughts, etc.; while extroverted individuals always direct their perceptions and judgments to the external environment. Therefore, extroverted individuals must use their dominant functions extrovertly, while introverted individuals must use their dominant functions introverts.

What should be explained here is that the use of extroversion will inevitably lead to the imbalance of the other pole of extroversion or introversion. It refers to the use in the external objective world, and the use of introversion refers to the use in the internal spiritual world.

Second, from the perspective of compensation. Psychological type theory holds that for good type development it is necessary for individuals to develop in both the extraverted outer world and the introverted inner world. Regardless of whether a single extroversion or introversion uses the dominant function. Therefore, it must be compensated for in auxiliary functions. That is to say, if a certain dominant function is used extrovertedly, the auxiliary function must be used introvertedly to achieve balance. For example, if the dominant function of the ENFP type is intuition and the auxiliary function is emotion, individuals of this type will use the intuitive function in the external world and at the same time be balanced by using the emotional function introvertedly. For the ISTJ type, its dominant function is sensing and its auxiliary function is thinking. Then individuals of this type will use their dominant sensing function introverted in the internal spiritual world, and use auxiliary thinking extrovertedly in the external world. Function.

Third, look from the perception (P)-judgment (J) dimension. On the basis of examining Jung's type theory, Myers proposed the fourth dimension of psychological types, namely the perception (P)-judgment (J) dimension through the analysis of the perceptual function and the judgment function. This dimension reflects the individual's preference for the life style he or she is accustomed to adopting when dealing with the external world. Therefore, this dimension can be used to identify which function an individual prefers to use extraversion in terms of perceptual function and judgment function. That is to say, when an extraverted individual prefers perception in the perception (P)-judgment (J) dimension, then his dominant function is the perception function; and when the individual is introverted, then the individual is extraverted. To use the perceptual function, and because introverted individuals use their dominant function inwardly, according to the compensatory effect, they must use the auxiliary function of extroversion, so their auxiliary function must be the perceptual function. For example, an ENFP individual uses his or her dominant intuitive function in the external world, balanced by the introverted use of his auxiliary emotional function.

There are two poles within the two functional dimensions that have become the dominant function and the auxiliary function respectively, while the other two poles will receive less development and attention. Compared with the other pole of the dominant function - Jung called it the inferior function - as the opposite form of the dominant function, it has been suppressed by the dominant function to the greatest extent and entered the unconscious level. Due to its nature Opposition to the dominant function is potentially difficult in development, so this function can only be developed eventually. "The dominant function always exists as a manifestation of personality on the conscious level, while the inferior function is only less developed and can only be simply called 'existing'." Therefore, in the arrangement of the functional hierarchy, the inferior function can only become the fourth function, and the other pole opposite to the auxiliary function in the dimension where the auxiliary function is located becomes the third function of the functional hierarchy.

The above principles are the dynamic mechanism of types.

The above principles are used below to make specific applications for ESTJ and INFP types.

For ESTJ type, individuals of this type have four preferences: extraversion, feeling, thinking, and judgment. Through the preference of the fourth dimension, we can see that an individual tends to judge when in the external world. Due to the individual's extroverted attitude, its dominant function is the thinking function of the judgment dimension. Therefore, his auxiliary function is the sensory function of the perceptual dimension. Since the thinking function is the dominant function, the relative emotional function is the fourth function, and the intuitive function is the third function. The order is: thinking, feeling, intuition, and emotion; for the INFP type, the four preferences are: introversion, intuition, emotion, and perception. Through the preference of the fourth dimension, we can see that individuals tend to perceive the external world. Due to the individual's introverted attitude, the intuitive function of the perception dimension is a auxiliary function, while the emotional function of the judgment dimension is a dominant function, so it is related to the dominant function. The relative thinking function is the fourth function, while the feeling function is the third function, and the order is: emotion, intuition, feeling, and thinking. By applying the above principles, a hierarchical arrangement of the four functions on the two dimensions of cognitive function can be made for each specific personality type. The special list is as follows.

Functional level*

ISTJ type

1. Feeling 2. Thinking 3. Emotion4. Intuition

ISFJ type

1. Feeling 2. Emotion 3. Thinking 4. Intuition

INFJ type

1. Intuition 2. Emotion 3． Thinking 4. Feeling

INTJ type

1. Intuition 2. Thinking 3. Emotion4. Feeling

ISTP type

1. Thinking 2. Feeling 3. Intuition 4. Emotion

ISFP type

1. Emotion 2. Feeling 3. Intuition 4. Thinking

INFP type

1. Emotion 2. Intuition 3. Feeling 4. Thinking

INTP type

1. Thinking 2. Intuition 3. Feeling 4. Emotional

ESTP type

1. Feeling 2. Thinking 3. Emotion4. Intuition

ESFP type

1. Feeling 2. Emotion 3. Thinking 4. Intuition

ENFP type

1. Intuition 2. Emotion 3. Thinking 4. Feeling

ENTP type

1. Intuition 2. Thinking 3. Emotion4. Feeling

ESTJ type

1. Thinking 2. Feeling 3. Intuition 4. Emotional

ESFJ type

1. Emotion 2. Feeling 3. Intuition 4. Thinking

ENFJ type

1. Emotion 2. Intuition 3. Feeling 4. Thinking

ENTJ type

1. Thinking 2. Intuition 3. Feeling 4. Emotion

* Quoted from the book "Introduction to Categories in Organizations"

* MBTI Theoretical Research Forum: http://www.sanjie.org/groups/15< /p>

Psychological type theory believes that each individual can use the eight preferences of these four dimensions, but few people can use all preferences naturally and appropriately. They always naturally fall within these four dimensions. respectively prefer one of the poles. In the process of type development, individuals develop their preferences by "doing what comes naturally" according to their interests, so that their superficial behaviors and motivations have dynamic reasons for their intrinsic preferences.

Myers believed that the development of genre was a lifelong process. Although it is not suitable to develop all functions equally in two functional dimensions. However, it is okay to develop different functions at different times. Combined with the dynamic mechanism of psychological type theory, we can see that as individuals discover their most suitable preferences, they will first develop their dominant functions. Then, individuals gradually begin to develop auxiliary functions as they grow. Adolescence is The period during which an individual's preferences are clarified and developed. In the middle and late stages of life, individuals begin to develop their early repressed and neglected preferences, which are the remaining third and fourth functions.

Psychological type theory believes that individuals are born with innate temperament and functional preferences, and this innate nature is the reason for the formation of types. But the influence from the external environment such as family and society is very important. Myers said, "This is because environmental factors can either promote the ideal development of an individual's innate preferences, or they can cause difficulties or even prevent the development of an individual's innate preferences through negative reinforcement of behavior and motivation." This kind of pairing The transformation of the ideal path to individual type development was what Jung called "tampering" and believed that it would result in neurosis or severe physical failure.

The above is the functional hierarchy theory of psychological type theory and the lifelong development of types. These two parts are combined with each other through the dynamic mechanism of types and constitute the main part of type theory.

There are many things about MBTI. You can look for the sixteen types of MBTI yourself...