What is a water chestnut?

Eleocharis tuberosa of Cyperaceae is a shallow perennial herb with bulbs as vegetables. The skin of water chestnut is purple-black, and the meat is white. It tastes sweet and juicy, crisp and delicious. Since ancient times, it has the reputation of underground Sydney, and northerners regard it as Jiangnan ginseng. Water chestnut can be regarded as fruits and vegetables, and it is a popular seasonal product. Liu Yang Township, Lujiang County, Anhui Province is rich in high-quality water chestnut, which is the largest "hometown of water chestnut" in China. Qingshan Town, Lipu County, Guilin City, Guangxi Province is recognized as the "hometown of horseshoes" by the state. In addition, Li Mao Town, Shayang County, Jingmen City, Hubei Province is also the origin of water chestnut, which has been exported to overseas and is well known.

catalogue

Morphological characteristics of 1

2 distribution

3 species reproduction

Land selection

plant

grow seedlings

Factory division

Fertilize soil or land

choose

shop

4 pest control

Common pests and diseases

Prevention and cure method

5 Economic value

nutritive value

Therapeutic value

Medicinal value

Morphological characteristics of 1

There are slender creeping rhizomes, tubers are born at the top of creeping rhizomes, and leaves are common.

water chestnut

Most water chestnuts are clustered, upright, cylindrical, with a height of 15-60cm and a diameter of 1.5-3mm, with many transverse diaphragms. After drying, the surface of the stalk is knotted, but it is not obvious, gray-green, smooth and hairless. No leaves, only 2-3 leaf sheaths at the base of the stem; The sheath is near the membrane, yellow-green, purple-red or brown, 2-20 cm high, with an oblique sheath mouth and a sharp tip. The spikelet is terminal, cylindrical,1.5-4cm long, 6-7mm in diameter, very pale green, blunt or nearly acute at the top, with many flowers, and the two scales at the base of the spikelet are hollow and flowerless, supporting the base of the spikelet for one week; Other scales all have flowers, which are loosely arranged in the shape of compound tiles, wide oblong or oval, with obtuse top, length of 3-5 mm, width of 2.5-3.5(-4) mm, gray-green back, nearly leathery, yellowish dry film on the edge, light brown fine spots everywhere and midvein; There are 7 inferior bristles; Smaller nuts are one and a half times longer and have barbs; Stigma 3. Nutlets are broadly obovate, biconvex, and the top does not shrink. They are about 2.4 mm long, but 65,438+0.8 mm long. When they mature, they are brown, smooth, yellowish and greenish, and their surface cells are hexagonal. The base of the style suddenly narrows from the wide base to a flat triangle, which is not spongy and has a collar-like ring at the base. The ring width is the same as that of nutlet, and the width is about 1/2 of nutlet. The flowering and fruiting period is May-65438+1October. [ 1]

plant morphology

China Plant Image Library (Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences) provides and participates in editing.

Water chestnut whole plant (4 pieces)

Flowers and fruits of water chestnut (3 pieces)

2 distribution

Water chestnut (Figure 3)

Eleocharis belongs to Cyperaceae, and there are about 150 species in the world, which are widely distributed all over the world, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. There are more than 20 species and some varieties in China, which are distributed in northern and southern provinces. Originally from India, it is mainly distributed in Guangxi, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Guizhou and other low-lying areas in China, and also distributed in some areas of Hebei. Liu Yang Township, Lujiang County, Anhui Province is rich in high-quality water chestnut, which is the largest "hometown of water chestnut" in China. [2]

3 species reproduction

Land selection

Eleocharis tuberosa is a perennial herb aquatic plant, which likes to grow in ponds or paddy fields. There are stolons, and the top expands into bulbs. Its reproduction uses bulbs, also known as fruit balls, for asexual reproduction. Water chestnut likes temperature, humidity and freezing, and is suitable for growing in loam with soft topsoil and solid subsoil. It is required to have a plough layer of 20-25 cm during cultivation, which is not only beneficial to the growth and development of bulbs, but also can prevent bulbs from drilling deep, and the individual development size is uniform and tidy, which is also beneficial to excavation and harvest. Too sticky topsoil is not conducive to the expansion of bulbs, too much humus, the sugar content of bulbs is reduced, and the sweetness is poor. It is suitable for growing in shallow water. In terms of nutritional requirements, nitrogen fertilizer needs less and phosphorus fertilizer needs more. [3]

Eleocharis tuberosa germinates at 65438 05℃, tillers at 25℃, plants grow vigorously at 30℃, and bulbs are formed when the temperature drops below 20℃. Generally, seeds with perfect terminal buds and lateral buds are selected to raise seedlings in outdoor seedbeds in early spring, and they are often kept moist. It takes about 15-20 days to plant seedlings in the field. The plant spacing is generally 30 cm× 60 cm, and about 3000 holes are planted per mu. Maintain a certain water layer and topdressing nitrogen fertilizer when tillering and dividing plants. Topdressing phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer before bulb formation can significantly increase yield and improve quality.

Adequate light is needed throughout the growing period. The whole growth process is as follows: when the temperature reaches 10- 15℃, more than 80% bulbs can germinate, and at the same time, the germinated stems and leaflike stems are pulled up. When the seedlings have 5-6 leaflike stems, new roots will germinate downward.

plant

Transplanting shepherd's purse seedlings from the end of July to the beginning of August, and turning green for 3-5 days, making the quality-preserving stems at the top of the stems germinate, pulling up the leaflike stems, and continuously tillering to form mother plants. At the same time, several stolons appeared around its lateral buds, stretching 3-4 nodes before 10- 15㎝, and the top of it

Water chestnut (13)

The fleshy stems bud at the top, then the leaflike stems germinate upward and continue to tiller to form new ramets. Repeatedly dividing plants and tillering in this way, the plant cluster will gradually expand, and the number of leaflike stems will increase linearly, and the number of aboveground stems of one plant can be expanded to 300-400. When the temperature is 25-30℃, tillering and rameting occur fastest. After entering September, the temperature gradually decreased, the accumulation of photosynthetic products gradually increased, and the growth of stolons changed from horizontal direction to oblique growth under the soil, commonly known as "lower zone". After the first 10 day of 10, the leaflike stems are no longer produced. At this time, the tops of all stolons began to swell and bulbs began to form. The yield of water chestnut depends on the number and size of bulbs, which in turn depends on the number of ramets and the number and quality of aboveground stems. As mentioned above, tillering ramets occur fastest at the temperature of 25-30℃, and one ramet produces one ramet in about 10- 15 days. Generally, the ramets in our region have 2-3 grades, and many have 5-6 grades. The whole plant has 30-40 ramets. After the end of September, the temperature dropped obviously, and no tillering occurred. Therefore, in order to obtain a reasonable number of ramets at a suitable temperature and ensure the quantity and quality of leafy stems on the ground, it is best to transplant water chestnut at the end of July, and no later than the beginning of autumn.

When plants basically stop branching and tillering, a large number of assimilates from aboveground stems are transported to underground storage organs, namely bulbs. At this time, the spike emerged from the top of the leaflike stem and entered the early flowering stage. At the same time, the underground stems germinate accordingly, and the flowering period above ground is also the underground fruiting period. Bulbs were formed in the cold dew period (65438+1early October), and after light snow (165438+1late October), the aboveground stems gradually withered from top to bottom, and the bulbs were completely mature at this time. The color of bulb skin also changed from white to yellow-brown and reddish-brown. From the winter solstice (65438+late February) to the slight cold period (1 early month), the sugar content in bulbs is the highest.

After the seedlings are planted, higher soil temperature is needed to help them turn green and tiller, and shallow water irrigation should be carried out to stabilize the seedlings. With the increase of tillers and ramets, transpiration

Water chestnut (20 tablets)

With the increase of the number, the water layer should be gradually deepened to promote the formation of aboveground stem population. Deep irrigation should be carried out after closed rows, tillering and ramet formation should be controlled, early fruiting should be carried out, and expanded bulbs should be planted, but the amount of nitrogen fertilizer should be controlled to prevent excessive growth. Water chestnut can't be short of water during the whole growing period. If it is not white, don't put it aside without watering, especially in the bulb expansion period, which is not suitable for water shortage. There are many water chestnut plants and large clumps, so there are many nutrients and assimilates needed at heading stage, and the base fertilizer should be sufficient. Sufficient nitrogen fertilizer is needed in tillering stage and plant division stage, and fertilization is not needed to ensure sufficient seedlings of water chestnut. After entering the nodulation stage, it is not appropriate to apply nitrogen again, otherwise it will grow white, cause lodging, affect nodulation and aggravate the occurrence of diseases. Potassium plays an important role in improving the quality of bulbs, promoting the precipitation and synthesis of amino acids and proteins, and transporting and accumulating sugar and starch. In the growth period of water chestnut, potassium should be used as topdressing besides base fertilizer. In addition, adequate potassium fertilizer can also improve the disease resistance of plants. Phosphate fertilizer has a similar effect on water chestnut.

water chestnut

In ancient times, it was called fúcí, also called black taro. Today, some areas are famous for chestnuts, pears, horseshoes and dustpans. The main planting areas are Pingle County, Lipu County, Zhongshan County and Pingnan County in southern China. Perennial herbs are planted in rice fields. Underground stems are oblate, and the surface is dark brown or purplish red. Meat is white and edible. Water chestnut is sweet, slightly cold, slippery and nontoxic. Its function is to "quench thirst and remove arthralgia-heat, warm the middle warmer and replenish qi, reduce Dan Shi, dispel wind and detoxify, and remove excess heat in the chest, so it can be used as powder food. Because water chestnut grows in mud, there may be more bacteria and parasites attached to the epidermis and inside, so it is not suitable for raw food. Be sure to wash and cook before eating, and the cooked water chestnut is sweeter.

Water chestnut has strong vitality and can be planted in depressions and paddy fields with convenient irrigation and drainage, sufficient sunshine and fertile soil. Sandy loam is the best soil quality. Water chestnut has the property of sticking to the bottom of plow. Before planting, shallow tillage and harrow will be carried out for 2-3 times to make the soil smooth and muddy. Apply base fertilizer before plowing. Water chestnut can be associated with rice and a variety of aquatic plants. In production, water chestnut generally germinates in April, is transplanted in June, and is harvested before and after beginning of winter, which is called "water chestnut"; Germination in May, sowing in July, and harvesting water chestnut from winter solstice are called "water chestnut"; Seedling is raised from the end of June to the beginning of July, and the water chestnut planted after the end of July is called "water chestnut". The previous crop is early rice, which is an early and middle-maturing variety. It is harvested before beginning of autumn, planted with water chestnuts later, harvested in the middle and late June, and planted with rape at 5438+ 10. If the previous crop was lotus root, use grass to cook lotus root seeds, harvest them before beginning of autumn, and plant water chestnut; If the previous crop is Zizania latifolia, the early-maturing double-cropping Zizania latifolia variety should be adopted, and the summer Zizania latifolia can be harvested while interplanting with water chestnut. Water chestnut can also be planted after harvest in summer. After the summer heat, put the water chestnut seedlings into rows of mat grass, and let the water chestnut grow after the mat grass is removed before and after the summer heat. Water chestnut is not suitable for continuous cropping, continuous cropping bulbs are not easy to swell, and the yield is low. Generally, the same plot is planted for 2-3 years 1 time. [4]

grow seedlings

The seedling raising time depends on the transplanting period. Due to the low temperature in the early stage, water chestnut seedlings began to grow 40-45 days before transplanting (from late March to early April). Water chestnut seedlings are cultivated 20-25 days before planting, because the temperature is high during seedling raising. Seedling raising methods include accelerating germination, seedling field preparation, seed arrangement and seedling field management. Select seeds with thick and long buds, round bulbs, moderate size, smooth skin, dark brown, disease-free and injury-free, which meet the characteristics of varieties to accelerate germination.

Early water eleocharis tuberosa germinates before and after Tomb-Sweeping Day, and it is selected in a sheltered and sunny room, surrounded by a circle. The wet straw is about 10 cm thick, and the seed eleocharis tuberosa buds are arranged upward on the straw, stacked in 3-4 layers, covered with straw or aquatic plants, and watered every morning and evening.10-650. Soaked in water soaked in water soaked in water soaked in water soaked in water soaked in water soaked in water soaked in water soaked in water soaked in water soaked in water soaked in water soaked in water soaked in water soaked in water soaked in water soaked in water soaked in water soaked in water soaked in water soaked in water soaked in water soaked in water soaked in water soaked in water soaked in water soaked in water soaked in water soaked in water soaked in water soaked in water soaked in water soaked in water soaked in water soaked in water soaked in water soaked in water soaked in water soaked in water: the dosage of seeds per hectare of water chestnut is 300-370 kg; Soaked in water, soaked in water, soaked in water, boiled in water, boiled in water, boiled in water, boiled in water, boiled in water, boiled in water, boiled in water, boiled in water, boiled in water, boiled in water, boiled in water, boiled in water, boiled in water, boiled in water, boiled in water, first covered the upland rice seedling field with soil fertilizer, and carefully hoed the soil in the field to make it wide/kloc- The practice of water seedling field is similar to that of rice seedling field. After applying farmyard manure, it was made into a ridge with a width of about 1 m, and irrigated in the furrow. In production, more water is used to raise seedlings. Arrange the germinated seeds on the boundary of the seedling field according to the bulb spacing of 15 cm square. When sowing, press the bud of the seed upward into the mud to keep the bud at the same height. After sowing, pour mud 1-2 times to expose the bud tip. Sowing at high temperature in summer can prevent seedlings from drying up in the hot sun. After pouring mud on the edge of the border, set up a shed, shade with grass curtains on sunny days to keep the soil moist, and open the curtains at night to expose the seedlings. After 10- 15 days, when the leaflike stems are about 10 cm long, the scaffolding is removed and the seedlings are tempered. After the seedlings are fully grown, dilute manure water is poured 1 time, and the water layer of 1-3 cm is maintained. When the seedlings are 20-25 cm high and have 5-6 leaflike stems, they can be planted. The seedling stage is about 20 days. Eleocharis tuberosa is propagated by dividing plants. After the bulbs germinate indoors, they move into paddy fields during the long summer to the small full season, and the seedling spacing is suitable and sparse. After the summer solstice, ramets are surrounded by bulbs, which can be pulled up and planted. [5]

Factory division

Before planting, pull up the seedlings, wash off the thick soil, and remove the slender seedlings with leaf stems. Because this kind of seedling is not easy to divide after planting, it is commonly known as "male water chestnut". If there are many tillers and ramets in the seedling, the mother plant should be divided into 3-4 strands. If the leaflike stems of seedlings are too long, they should be cut off, leaving 40-50 cm to prevent them from breaking after planting. Planting density varies with planting period, soil fertility and seedling quality. High-density planting can not only increase production, but also cause diseases and insect pests and lodging easily because of the dense growth of aboveground parts, resulting in reduced production; Basic seedlings are insufficient, the number of plants per unit area is not enough, and the yield is not high. Early planting, long growth period, many plants, the distance between rows of holes can be 50-60 cm square, one plant per hole or a cluster of 3-5 leaflike stems, 37-45 thousand plants per hectare; The density of late-planted fields should be increased, with row spacing of 40-50 cm, hole spacing of 25-35 cm and 37-90,000 plants per hectare. When planting, the depth should be appropriate. If it is too shallow, there will be few trees and small knots. It's too deep to grow a tree. It's too slow to dig. For seedlings with seeds, bulbs should be buried at 8- 10 cm, and the roots should be covered with mud. If ramets are used, the roots should be arranged first and planted in mud with a height of 12- 15 cm.

Fertilize soil or land

When planting field base fertilizer, apply 30,000-45,000 kilograms of farmyard manure and 4500-750 kilograms of calcium superphosphate per hectare. The suitable topdressing period after planting is in the early tillering and branching stage to promote the early emergence of plants. The amount of topdressing varies with transplanting period and soil fertility. Early water eleocharis tuberosa has a long growth period, mainly based on base fertilizer and topdressing organic fertilizer. After transplanting 15-20 days, before flowering, topdressing human excrement and urine or urea 1 time, and the topdressing amount should not be too much, so as to avoid plant overgrowth and easy to cause diseases and insect pests and lodging. The fertilization amount of water chestnut is moderate. Eleocharis tuberosa has a short growth period. In order to make the trees grow and close in a short time, the amount of fertilization should be appropriately increased according to the soil fertility, with the quick-acting fertilizer as the main topdressing. Topdressing 2-3 times, after sowing 10- 12 days, topdressing human manure1.4-30 thousand kg or urea 150-220 kg per hectare to promote early tillering and plant division; The second topdressing was 1 75- 150kg 8- 10 day after topdressing; The third topdressing is appropriate according to the growth of the whole field. Generally, 45-75 kilograms of urea should be applied topdressing before flowering to promote nodulation. The second topdressing should not be too much, so as to avoid greedy plants, delay the fruiting period and affect the yield. At the same time, Diguozhuangdiling should be sprayed in time at tillering and rameting stages to increase nutrient transport and increase water chestnut yield. When topdressing, if the temperature is high, the concentration of manure should be diluted, and urea should be applied after the dew is dry to avoid burning the stems and leaves. Combining topdressing, intertillage and weeding for 3-4 times, and then sealing the rice flour. During bulb formation, people and animals should be strictly prevented from moving in the field and stepping on underground stolons. Water demand of Eleocharis tuberosa is large all its life, so it is not suitable for water shortage in the field after planting. Generally transplanted to tillering and rameting stage, leaving 2-3 cm shallow water layer in the field. If the silt layer in the field is deep, water can be released to dry the field 25-35 days after planting to promote root development and control ineffective tillering. After the autumnal equinox, the underground bulbs will expand and the water layer will be deepened to 5-6 cm. After the bulbs are mature, the field water should be drained 10- 15 days before harvesting to facilitate the next planting. If it is necessary to harvest in the spring of the following year, the field should be kept moist in winter, and the topsoil should not crack to avoid frostbite of bulbs.

choose

water chestnut

The harvest period of water chestnut can start from the first frost to the vernal equinox of the following year. The bulbs harvested in the early stage are tender in meat, light in taste and thin in skin, which is not resistant to storage. From the winter solstice to the slight cold, the bulb skin turns reddish brown and tastes sweetest, which is the period with the highest sugar content. Harvesting is the most suitable time. After that, the sugar content of bulbs gradually decreased, the epidermis thickened, the skin color deepened and turned into dark brown, and a yellow coating was produced under the epidermis, which made the quality worse. Therefore, commercial bulbs should be harvested before overwintering. Harvesting method: Generally, the field water is released the day before harvesting, because bulbs are mainly concentrated in the soil layer of 9-20 cm. First, the upper soil layer of 8-9 cm is scraped off, and then the lower soil layer is scraped off, and the bulbs are carefully squeezed out by hand (people call it "water chestnut"). If it is stubble grabbing (such as rape stubble or wheat stubble), it should be drained 10- 15 days before harvesting and dug with a fork. [6]

shop

Gangcang

After water chestnut is dug, it will be laid on the brick floor 12- 15 days. After drying properly, put it into a large pottery jar in the room (pickled pottery jars are not allowed). Pots should be kept in a dry and ventilated place. The storage capacity of each cylinder is about 80- 100 kg. Cover the jar mouth full of water chestnut. It should be noted that the water chestnut stored in the clay pot has a strong breathing function at the initial stage of storage, so the cylinder head must be uncovered to facilitate ventilation; When the temperature is low and cold in winter, the cylinder should be covered with a layer of straw to keep warm; In rainy weather, due to the high air humidity, it is necessary to open the cover in time to discharge moisture; In hot and hot season, it should be covered in time to prevent water evaporation in water chestnut bulbs from causing dry rot. Water chestnuts stored in clay pots should be turned 1 time every 25-30 days. According to this method, the fresh-keeping period of water chestnut can reach more than half a year.

Medicine storehouse

If the old kiln is used for storage, 400-500 times of 2.5% carbendazim or 40% thiophanate-methyl should be sprayed on the bottom and body of the kiln for disinfection before storage. Spread a layer of fine soil on the bottom of the kiln, sprinkle a layer of dry fine soil on each water chestnut with a thickness of 20-25 cm, sprinkle another layer of soil on this layer of fruit until it is 20 cm away from the kiln mouth, seal the dry fine soil on it to fill the mouth, and cover it with soil with a thickness of 30 cm around to form a steamed bread shape with a high middle and low sides, and cover it on the kiln mouth and pat it flat.

Shacang

After collecting and digging water chestnuts, build a brick in a shady house or basement to build a buried pit. Spread fine sand with a thickness of 5-7 cm at the bottom of the pit, arrange water chestnut bulbs on the sand surface, cover them with fine sand with a thickness of 3-4 cm, and then discharge the water chestnut bulbs to make them layer by layer. This method can also play a good storage and preservation effect.

solution

Remove impurities from the collected water chestnut bulbs, clean them and quickly immerse them in sodium hypochlorite solution for preservation. According to the experiment, under the conditions of temperature of 0-2℃ and relative humidity of 90%- 100%, the fresh-keeping period of water chestnut bulbs can reach 10 month, and when the temperature is lower than 5℃, the fresh-keeping period can reach 6-8 months.

Mound storage

It is appropriate to choose a floor board for a cool room, and its size can be determined according to the storage capacity. First spread a layer of dry fine soil on the ground and enclose it with mats, or build a pool with bricks, and then alternately spread a layer of water chestnut and a layer of dry fine soil. [6]

4 pest control

Common pests and diseases

Wonton soup

Common diseases mainly include Fusarium wilt, stem rot and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Farmers call it "water chestnut plague", which is the result of the interaction of these diseases. It mostly occurs in high temperature and high humidity season, with early onset, rapid spread and great harm, and is a devastating disease of water chestnut. At the early stage of the disease, the lesion was dark green with water stains, and later it expanded into a large yellow spot.

Common pests are mainly locusts, grasshoppers and borers. , can be controlled by omethoate or trichlorfon.

Prevention and cure method

Disease control: 1. Eliminate the source of germs: soak the seeds in 500 times solution of 25% carbendazim for 8- 10 hour before germination, and soak the bulbs with buds in 1-2 hours before sowing; Water chestnut should not be planted in seedbeds and fields for 2-3 years; The water source of the field should be fresh, and it is not suitable for string irrigation. 2. Early prevention and control: At the initial stage of the disease, 50% carbendazim wettable powder can be diluted by 500- 1000 times, or 45% mancozeb1000 times, or 70% thiophanate-800 times, and the control effect is good.

Pest control: when it happens, it can be controlled by omethoate or enemy killing.

5 Economic value

nutritive value

Eleocharis tuberosa is sweet and crisp, rich in nutrition, and contains protein, fat, crude fiber, carotene, vitamin B, vitamin C, iron, calcium, phosphorus and carbohydrates. It can be eaten raw, cooked, made into starch and used as Chinese medicine. Chinese medicine believes that it has the functions of quenching thirst, promoting digestion and relieving fever.

Composition of nutrients per100g: energy 59 kcal. Protein1.2g. Fat 0.2g. Carbohydrate14.2g. Dietary fiber1.1g. Vitamin A3 microgram. Carotene 20 micrograms. Thiamine 0.02 mg. Riboflavin 0.02 mg. Nicotinic acid 0.7 mg. Vitamin C7 mg. Vitamin E0.65 mg. Four milligrams of calcium. Phosphorus 44 milligrams. 306 milligrams of potassium. Sodium 15.7 mg. Magnesium12mg. 0.6 milligrams of iron. 0.34 mg. Selenium is 0.7 micrograms. 0.07 milligrams of copper. Manganese 0. 1 1 mg. Ascorbic acid 3 mg. In particular, the starch content is high, plus oligosaccharides and monosaccharides, about 2 1 g.

Therapeutic value

Water chestnut (19)

Water chestnut has the function of preventing acute infectious diseases. It is a rare and nutritious dual-purpose food. It contains a lot of protein, fat, crude fiber, carotene, vitamin B, vitamin C, iron, calcium, phosphorus and carbohydrates.

Because water chestnut contains a variety of nutrients, its dietotherapy effect is also very good, and it has the function of detoxification and diuresis. As we all know, the phosphorus content in water chestnut is the highest among all stem vegetables. Phosphorus can promote human development, promote the metabolism of sugar, fat and protein, and adjust the acid-base balance. Scientists also found an antibacterial component-water chestnut in the study of water chestnut. It has certain inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Children and patients with fever are most suitable for eating; General edema, unfavorable urination or short urination should also be eaten; In addition, it is also suitable for cancer patients (mainly lung cancer and esophageal cancer patients); Sober people or people with damp-heat jaundice can relieve symptoms; People with fever, chronic tracheitis, cough with excessive phlegm, dry throat, sore throat and indigestion can moisten and clear throat. [7]

Medicinal value

history

Compendium of Materia Medica: Sagittarius, born in shallow water, is also long. Seedling raising in March,

Peeled horseshoes (10)

After first frost, the leaves were pinched and the roots were knotted. In winter and early spring, if you dig fruit, you must cook soup with ash, eat it without skin, and it is not hemp or astringent. Young stems can also be eaten by DIE. Black taro and arrowhead are two things, arrowhead has leaves, roots are scattered, black taro has stems without leaves, roots are born, smells are different, and indications are different. Don't mistake borrowing aunt for black taro and say that its leaves are like taro. The pronunciations of Tao and Su Er are similar to those of words and word stations, which leads to mixed phonetic notation, while the annotators of various schools are unknown. Now it is their fault.

Medicinal diet therapy: "water chestnut, the next Stan, dispel wind and detoxify, except for excess heat in the chest." Can be used as powder food. Clear eyes and ears, quench thirst and turn yellow. If you have air conditioning first, you can't eat it, which makes people feel bloated and full of gas. Children eat in autumn, and their navel hurts. "

Doctor's mirror of Roche Club: "Water chestnut can benefit qi and middle energizer, stimulate appetite and promote digestion, clear away heat and promote fluid production, stop dysentery and thirst, treat jaundice and destroy copper by blood."

You're wasting time: "There are many baskets, lots of fennel soil, good chewing, and not enough millet."

"Wild water chestnut map": "Wild water chestnut, raw rice bed, bitter and spicy, tired, creation deliberately makes people not hungry. For so many years, the flood has not crossed the valley. Why are you so strong? "

efficacy

It has the effects of preventing acute infectious diseases, clearing away heat and purging fire, cooling blood and detoxicating, inducing diuresis to relieve constipation, resolving phlegm and promoting digestion, relieving flatulence, regulating hemorrhoid or dysentery, hematochezia, metrorrhagia, lung dryness due to yin deficiency, phlegm-heat cough, sore throat, lump accumulation, blurred vision, and assisting in reducing fever. In addition, water chestnut contains an antiviral substance, which can inhibit epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis and influenza virus and can be used to prevent the spread of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis and influenza. [8]