Outline of geography review at the end of last semester in senior one.

Review materials at the end of geography in the first half of the first semester of junior high school

chapter one

1, geography, nature, humanities

1. Respect the laws of nature. Two. According to local conditions, foster strengths and avoid weaknesses. Three. Have the concept of sustainable development.

The natural environment and resources on which we live are not only inherited from our parents, but also borrowed from future generations.

2. Earth size: Earth surface area: 5 1 100 million square kilometers; Average diameter: 6371km; The maximum circumference is about 40,000 kilometers.

3. Weft: the weft indicates the east-west direction and is circular; The length is different, the equator is the longest, and it gradually shortens to a point towards the poles.

The north of the equator is called north latitude, and "n" means; South of the equator is called south latitude, and "S" means.

4. Meridian: Meridian indicates the north-south direction; Semicircular; They are all the same length.

The west of longitude 0 is called the west longitude, and "W" means; East of longitude 0 is called east longitude, and "e" means.

5. Earth axis: Earth rotation axis.

6. North Pole: the intersection of the northern section of the earth's axis and the earth's surface.

7. South Pole: the intersection of the southern section of the earth's axis and the earth's surface.

8. The dividing line between the northern and southern hemispheres: the equator.

9. the dividing line between the eastern and western hemispheres: east longitude 160 degrees west longitude 20 degrees (prime meridian)

10, Earth rotation: direction: from west to east cycle: 24 hours.

1 1, the revolution of the earth: direction: from west to east cycle: one year.

12, the relationship between the earth's revolution and the seasons:

13, geographical phenomena related to the earth's rotation and revolution:

The date of the festival, the location of direct sunlight in the northern hemisphere, and the length of day and night.

The vernal equinox is around 2 1 on March, and the equatorial world in the northern hemisphere is equal day and night in spring.

Around June 22nd, the solstice in summer, the Tropic of Cancer in the northern hemisphere has long days and short nights.

Around September 23, the autumn equinox, the northern hemisphere, the equator in autumn, the world is equal to day and night.

Winter solstice 65438+February 22, the tropic of Capricorn in the northern hemisphere has short days and long nights.

Rotation: alternating day and night

Earth motion: time difference in different places

Revolution: the change of the height of the sun at noon in a year

Changes in the length of day and night in a year: changes in the four seasons

14, divided into five regions: the northern cold region is located at 66.5 degrees north latitude, and the southern cold region is located at 66.5 degrees south latitude, with extreme phenomena of day and night, and the climate is cold all year round; The northern temperate zone is located between 66.5 and 23.5 degrees north latitude, and the southern temperate zone is located between 66.5 and 23.5 degrees south latitude, with obvious seasonal changes. The tropics are located between 23.5 degrees north latitude and 23.5 degrees south latitude, and the climate is hot all year round.

15, elevation: the vertical distance of a point on the ground above the sea level.

16, contour line: mark the altitude of each place on the map, and then connect the points with the same altitude into a line.

Features: 1, where the slope is steep and the contour lines are dense. 2. Where the slope is gentle, the contour lines are sparse.

17, basic elements of the map: 1, scale (1- digital scale. 2 line segment scale. 3- text scale) 2. Direction 3. Myth; legend

chapter two

1, seven continents: Asia, Europe, Africa, North America, South America, Oceania and Antarctica.

Asia has the largest area; Oceania has the smallest area.

2. Four oceans: Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Arctic Ocean and Pacific Ocean.

The Pacific Ocean is the largest; The Arctic Ocean has the smallest area.

3. Distribution of continents:

Northern Hemisphere: Asia, Africa, North America and Europe.

Across the northern and southern hemispheres: Africa, South America

Southern Hemisphere: Antarctica, Oceania Eastern Hemisphere Asia, Africa, Antarctica, Europe, Oceania.

Western Hemisphere: North America and South America

4. The dividing line between continents.

North America and Asia Bering Strait South America and North America Panama Canal

Suez Canal in Asia and Africa Mountains, rivers and straits in Asia and Europe

Europe and Africa Gibraltar Strait Europe and North America Denmark Strait

5. Strait: A strait is a narrow waterway connecting two oceans.

6. Peninsula: Peninsula is a prominent part of green space extending to the ocean.

7. Reasons for land and sea changes: changes in the crust and the rise and fall of sea level, as well as human activities, such as land reclamation.

8. Six plates: Asia-Europe plate, America plate, Pacific plate, Indian Ocean plate, Antarctica plate and Africa plate.

9. Characteristics of land and sea distribution: uneven, with land mainly distributed in the northern hemisphere and oceans mostly distributed in the southern hemisphere.

10. The Red Sea is at the boundary of plate development, and the Mediterranean Sea is at the boundary of plate collision and compression.

1 1. The Atlantic Ocean is caused by the tensile cracking movement of the crustal plate, and the Himalayas are caused by the collision and compression movement.

chapter three

1, weather characteristics:

The weather reflects the weather conditions of a place in a short time. It is constantly changing, sometimes it can change from sunny to cloudy in a few minutes.

At the same time, the weather in different places may be very different.

2, the temperature distribution law:

① The temperature at the equator and its vicinity is the highest, and gradually decreases from the equator to the poles.

② The areas with annual average temperature higher than 20 degrees are mainly distributed between the Tropic of Cancer, and the areas with annual average temperature lower than-10 degrees are mainly distributed in the polar circle.

(3) With the decrease of altitude, the temperature drops by about 0.6 degrees per 100 meter.

④ The isotherms in the southern hemisphere are relatively flat, while those in the northern hemisphere are relatively curved. At the same latitude, the land temperature is high in summer and the ocean temperature is low in winter, and vice versa.

3, precipitation distribution law:

① There is a lot of precipitation around the equator, and the annual precipitation is mostly above 2000mm.

② There is more precipitation on windward slope and less precipitation on leeward slope in mountainous area.

③ From the equator to the poles, the annual precipitation gradually decreases.

④ Near the Tropic of Cancer, the annual precipitation on the east coast of the mainland is more than that on the west coast of the mainland.

⑤ In temperate regions, the annual precipitation in Chinese mainland is not less than that in coastal areas.

In a day, the highest temperature appears at 2 pm, and the lowest temperature appears around sunrise.

5. In a year, the temperature in the northern hemisphere is the highest in July on the mainland, the lowest in 65438+ 10, the highest in August and the lowest in February on the ocean.

6. In a year, the temperature in the southern hemisphere is the highest in February in the ocean and the lowest in August in the mainland.

7. Isothermal characteristics: where the isotherm is dense, the temperature difference is large; Where the isotherm is sparse, the temperature difference is small.

8. Factors affecting precipitation: latitude position, land and sea position and topography.

9, the climate characteristics of each place:

① In the equatorial region, the climate is characterized by high temperature and rainy all the year round, which is called tropical rainforest climate.

② The climate type of sub-Saharan Africa is tropical desert climate, characterized by high temperature and little rain all the year round.

③ Subtropical monsoon climate is the main climate type in eastern and southern China.

10, main distribution areas of various climates:

(1) The tropical rain forest climate is distributed in equatorial Africa, Asia, Indonesia, Singapore and the Amazon basin.

② Tropical monsoon climate is distributed in Indian Peninsula.

(3) Temperate zone: the west coast of the mainland has a temperate maritime climate, the central part of the mainland has a temperate continental climate, and the east coast of the mainland has a temperate monsoon climate.

1 1. Satellite image: white indicates the cloud area, and the whiter the cloud color, the thicker the cloud layer; Green means land; Blue represents the ocean.

12. Climate concept: it is the average weather condition of a place for many years, and the climate of a place has certain characteristics.

chapter four

1, natural population growth rate = birth rate-mortality rate

2. Working languages of the United Nations: Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish and Arabic.

3. densely populated areas: the east and south of Asia; Europe and eastern North America, as well as other low-latitude coastal plain areas.

4. sparsely populated areas: deserts, rainforests, plateaus, mountains and high latitudes.

5, rural and urban form:

Construction production mode with different traffic population distribution

Rural underdeveloped, sparse and scattered, low-rise construction agricultural industry

Non-agricultural production of high-rise intensive layout in developed cities

6, the relationship between architecture and environmental geography:

Distribution of regional environmental buildings

Hot and humid Southeast Asia, Dai nationality and Yunnan low latitude areas

North Africa is dry, hot, windy and dusty, while West Asia, Loess, Shaanxi Plateau and inland.

A cold and windy igloo in the polar regions

I organized it myself. More complete. Finally, I wish you good results! !