What is the general history of Arabia?

After World War II, the Middle East became one of the important hot spots in the world. For decades, it has never been far from the core of international politics. The five wars in the Middle East, the Gulf War and the Iraq War, including the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, the Syrian civil war and the Iranian nuclear issue, have been one of the important foreign policy contents since successive American presidents took office. However, we seldom know and study the Arabs, its history and its birthplace-Arabian Peninsula. This neglect is unprecedented in any vast place like Arabia and any important country like Arabs. (1) The origin of Arabs 1, Egyptians and Babylonians. If, I mean, if mankind came out of Africa, then Arabia is the first place for mankind. It can be assumed that in Africa, Sumerians and Han people are together, and Africa is their hometown, but one of them has entered the Arabian Peninsula, and the Sumerians in the Arabian Peninsula continue to overflow because of the increasing population-just like the pool is full-every 65,438+. Now it seems to be at this node again. Geographically, the ground of Arabian Peninsula is mostly desert. For example, in Saudi Arabia today, the city is just an ornament in the desert, and the whole peninsula is just surrounded by a narrow marginal zone, where people can live. As you can imagine, when the population can expand, it is impossible to colonize inland, because it is a desert and the ocean is impossible. At that time, the ocean was the biggest barrier, and it could only go north, enter the Sinai Peninsula and enter the Nile Valley. In 3500 BC, it was this point that merged with the Han nationality in the north and produced the Egyptians. The other is north along the peninsula. Around 2500 BC, Sumerians (part of Sumerians including Canaanites, called Phoenicians by Greeks) moved into the fertile crescent. By this time, Sumerians had settled there, and they were a highly civilized race. Sumerians learned culture, architecture and irrigation from Sumerians as barbarians and mixed them, thus forming Babylonians. In this way, we know the origin of the Egyptians and Babylonians. 2. Arabs and Jews can say that the name Semite has more linguistic significance than ethnology. Arabs and Jews are descendants of Semitic people. The difference is that Arabs have preserved much more Semitic characteristics than Jews in their special appearance, psychological characteristics and language. This is mainly due to geographical isolation and monotonous life, so that Arabs have not been assimilated or integrated by other ethnic groups. Before 1500-1200 BC, the Hebrews moved to southern Syria and Palestine, and the Hebrews were ahead of any nation, showing the concept of monotheism. Similarly, we can clearly see how Islam adheres to the fundamental characteristics of monotheism. Conclusion: Babylonians, Assyrians, Chaldeans, Amorites, Alamas, Phoenicians, Hebrews, Arabs and Abnites, their ancestors must have lived in the same place and formed the same nation before they evolved into different nations. This so-called nation should be Semitic. (2) Four characteristics of Arabia: Bedouin, date palm, camel and yellow sand 1, yellow sand and date palm: Arabian Peninsula is the largest peninsula in the world, mainly desert and grassland, rich in date palm (date palm and milk are the main food of Bedouin), wheat and barley (feeding horses). 2. Camels and horses: In ancient times, nomadic people from India and Europe grazed in the eastern Caspian Sea and were introduced to Asia from the west in 2000 BC. At the beginning of 65,438+0 century, it was introduced to Arabia from Syria, where it got the best chance to keep its pure blood (it was introduced to Europe again in Spain after the 8th century, which is called foreign horses today). Horses are the most precious things for nomads, but camels are the most practical. The bride's bride price, the murderer's ransom, the bet in gambling and the wealth of the chieftain are all calculated by camels. Camels are Bedouins' faithful friends, confidants and adoptive parents. Arabian camels are the most thirsty. Drink water once, you can walk for 25 or 6 days in winter and 4 or 5 days in summer. Camels are the guarantee for Muslims to conquer their neighbors, because the army has gained mobility, which is the main reason why Islam won by force when it first emerged. For example, Rikhard led an army across the desert from Iraq and appeared near Damascus, thus destroying Persian defense confidence. Attachment: Caffeine is produced in Abyssinia, Canada, hence the name. 3. Bedouins can hardly say whether Islam created Bedouins or Bedouins carried forward Islam, which is irrelevant. It is important that when we think of Islam today, we think of Arabs. When we see Arabs, we think that they are Islam. (1) The boundary between nomadic Bedouins and settled Bedouins is not obvious. Bedouins are not gypsies wandering aimlessly. Their lifestyle is the best way for human beings to adapt to the desert environment. Individualism is the biggest feature of Bedouin people. He is against everyone, and everyone is against him. Discipline, order and authority are not the objects of worship in desert life. (2) Robbery is a national habit of Bedouins. Bedouins have such a folk proverb: we rob our enemies and neighbors as our profession. If no one lets us plunder, we will plunder our brothers. (3) But there is also a sacred obligation, that is, to entertain guests, a sacred principle. We all remember the "guest rights" in Ice and Fire and Earl Frey, the old slick. However, there are two related episodes in Arab history. After Sassanbos was destroyed by the Afghan army, the general was caught in front of the caliph in Mecca. He asked for a sip of water first, hoping to establish a guest right and let himself live. In fact, Khalifa himself did not intend to kill him. Hundreds of years later, a man tried to follow suit, but failed. People who have seen the movie "Heaven" are no strangers to the crusader general Reginald who attacked the Arab caravan. He Dian's battle was completely annihilated. After he was captured by Sahadin, he begged the winner to have a drink in his tent in order to survive. But Salahuddin's will to kill him was so strong that he argued that he didn't give him water to drink, so the friendship between host and guest was not established, and Reginald was born to die. (4) Bedouins are still tribes in essence. Bedouins attach importance to the inheritance of their male lineage. Whose descendants they are, just add "Benu" in front, which means descendants. For example, Benu Aiside is a descendant of Aiside. Although in the 2 1 century today, losing the tribe means losing one's foothold, so Gaddafi will eventually run back to his tribe, and nothing will hit the Bedouin more than losing tribal relations. (3) The response of Bedouin personality to Islamic cause. Islam started as a religion, then became a country name, and finally became a culture. Islam, as a kind of culture, developed slowly on the basis of the core and heritage of Syrian-Alama civilization, Persian civilization and Greek civilization after military conquest. The Teutonic migration led to the collapse of the Roman Empire, and the Arab conquest directly led to the demise of Sassanbos, while shaking the foundation of the Byzantine Empire. Due to the birth of Islam, during the four caliphs and Umayyad dynasties, the Arab Empire spanned Asia and Africa, and its territory was unprecedented, making it the leading empire at that time. The Near East not only recovered all the political fields that had been lost long ago, but also restored its dominant position in ancient culture. However, individualism and sectarianism have not disappeared with the development of Islam, but have become one of the decisive factors for the division and demise of Islamic countries. The desert divides Arabs into southerners and northerners, nomadic in the north and settled in the south, but they are all members of the Mediterranean long-headed family. Southerners have many coastal ethnic characteristics with round heads. Arabs in the north and Arabs in the south have always been tit for tat, and northerners have a sense of racial superiority. Before Islam was established, several northern tribes moved to Iraq. Leibir nationality was established along the Tigris River, and Madar nationality was established along the Euphrates River. On the contrary, the Arabs in Syria are Yemeni tribes who immigrated from southern Arabia. Among them, the Calebs are the most famous. As for Khorasan in the northeastern provinces of Persia, they were colonists from Basra, that is, Arabs in the north, among whom Tammy himself was the leader, equivalent to Gass in the Euphrates River. In the end, the Islamic world split into two major factions, the Gass and the Yemenis. Muammar of the Umayyad dynasty relied on Yemeni tribes in Syria. Iraq, on the other hand, is loyal to the Ali faction, and the teachings of Shiites spread to Persia from here. Under the guise of Shiites, Iranian nationalism is reviving day by day. The eventually revived Persia overthrew the Umayyad dynasty under the banner of Shiites. The martial arts of Abbasi dynasty are far from those of the previous dynasty. Spain and North Africa fell apart one after another, and the dynasty itself was finally kidnapped and held hostage by the Turkish guards. Jin Yaori did not mention the name of the caliph, and the position of the caliph became synonymous with danger. (4) Before Islamic culture, we always thought that Islamic culture was synonymous with backwardness. Actually, it's not. Without the rise of Islam, there would be no Renaissance. There is no doubt that even Islamic culture itself was born on the basis of absorbing Persian culture and the civilizations of the two rivers in the Near East. In literature, medicine, astrology and many other aspects, Islamic civilization can completely regard Europe at that time as a barbarian. For example, Cordoba, the capital of Spain (Andalusia of caliphate), has brick streets for miles, and the lights from roadside houses illuminate the streets brightly. "In London 700 years later, there is not even a street lamp." That is, "In Paris, hundreds of years later, if someone dares to go out for a walk in rainy days, the mud in the street will make his feet not reach his ankles." Scientists in Có rdoba have enjoyed this magnificent bathhouse for generations, when professors at Oxford University still thought that bathing was a pagan custom. By the time of the Crusades, Islamic culture had declined in the East. Before that, Islamic culture was no longer a creative force in the East. In philosophy, medicine, music and other aspects, all the great glory of this culture has almost been completely extinguished. Even so, more than half of the chivalry system was developed on the Syrian plain, and the arms and badges were also learned from Arab knights. (5) Muslim Spain, Crusaders and others 1, Spain: the Umayyad dynasty was not bright in the east, but bright in the west. /kloc-after the middle of the 0/3rd century, two main processes played a role: the re-Christianization of Spain and the unification of Spain. Christianization in this country is one thing; Conquering this country and unifying it is another matter and cannot be confused; The only region where Islam is deeply rooted on this peninsula is the region where the earlier Sumerian Carthage civilization flourished. The same is true of Sicily, and this fact is not insignificant. Generally speaking, the dividing line between Islam and Christianity coincides with the old dividing line between Carthage civilization and western civilization. 1556, Philip II issued a law demanding that the remaining Muslims immediately give up their language, religion, customs and way of life. He even ordered the demolition of all bathhouses in Spain, because bathhouses are pagan relics. By the 1930s, about 3 million Muslims had been executed or exiled. The Moorish problem in Spain was solved in this way, which obviously violated this law. Where Arab civilization takes root, it will be fixed there forever. "The Moors were exiled, and Christian Spain shone like the moon for a while, but it was a borrowed glory, and then there was an eclipse, and Spain has been begging for mercy in the dark." 2. Crusade: The fierce exchanges between eastern and western civilizations in history. Under the long-term influence of the East and the West, the ancient Trojan War and the Persian War constituted the prelude. According to its position, the Crusade War should belong to the middle. Imperialism in modern western Europe is more meaningful only from the perspective of the differences in religion, language and race between the East and the West, as well as the different geographical positions between the East and the West. Specifically, the Crusade was the response of Christian Europe to Muslim Asia. Because since 632, the latter has been on the offensive not only in Syria and Asia Minor, but also in Spain and Sicily. From this point of view, George W. Bush's so-called "Crusade" at that time was not a slip of the tongue, because under the great historical background, from the expansion of European imperialism in the19th century to the present, the interference and control of the United States and Europe in the Middle East is still the follow-up to the Crusade. 3. The Mamluk Dynasty of the divided Ottoman Empire (1): 1498, after Europe discovered the road from the Cape of Good Hope to India and the East, the status of Arabia declined until the Suez Canal was opened in 1869, but the golden age of Arabs is gone forever. Since Rome, Egypt has only played a supporting role in world affairs. In ancient times, it was used as the granary of Rome, later as the granary of Byzantium, and later as the source and combat base of Turkish tribute to maintain the Ottoman Empire's rule over Arabia and Syria. Napoleon's expedition involved Egypt in the whirlpool of international politics and caused a series of reactions in Europe. This almost forgotten entrance to India and other parts of the Far East has since become the center of various tactics in Europe. (2) Saudi Arabia: the forgotten peninsula after the rise of Islam has become the base camp of Wahhabism. (3) Syria and Lebanon: Divide and rule is the natural means of the great empire. From Rome to the Tang Dynasty and then to the British Empire, the middle point of communication between the East and the West, the eastern provinces of Byzantium, the colonies descended from the Crusaders and the intervention of modern imperialism led to the internal contradictions in Syria and the struggle between the Druze and Maronites in China (provoked by the Turks, but until now this is not a sectarian conflict, but a feudal lords conflict). (6) The ideology introduced from the modern West emphasizes secular and material values, as well as ethnic and geographical boundaries, which runs counter to the most precious tradition of Islam. The concepts of religious universality, political theocracy and closed-door sovereignty are also incompatible with this ideology. The so-called Arab nationalism is based on the assumption that all Arabic speakers are one country. At first, this movement was an intellectual movement. Under the consistency of opposing western imperialism, it gradually fell apart. First, Egypt parted ways, "Egypt is Egypt's Egypt", and then Syria, which opposed the French trusteeship tax, agreed. Palestine opposes Britain and Zionism. Jordan is a country artificially established by Britain to appease Abdullah and buffer Bedouins. 192 1 broke away from southern Syria in February and became the so-called kingdom of Hacim in Jordan today. PS: I don't know whether it is intentional or not, but it seems that the author is suspected of flattering Arabs, such as gunpowder compass, and belittling China, saying that it is an Arab initiative.