How do tropical storms and typhoons get their names?

Typhoon, or typhoon, refers to a tropical storm in the western Pacific or Indian Ocean in American English. If we trace back to its etymology, perhaps few words can show the multilingual background of Chinese, Arabic, East Indies and Greek like a typhoon. The Greek word typhoon is not only the name of Fengshen, but also a common noun, meaning "whirlwind, typhoon", which was borrowed from Arabic (just like many Greek words entered Arabic in the Middle Ages, when the knowledge of Arabs retained its classical style, it was expanded when it spread to Europe). Tufan, the Arabic form of Greek, was introduced into the language used by Indians, and Arabic-speaking Muslim invaders settled in India in the 1 1 century. In this way, the derivation of Arabic words entered English from Hindi (first recorded in 1588) and appeared in English in the form of touffon and tufan, especially the violent storm in India. In China, another word for tropical storm is typhoon. Toi fung, the Cantonese form of Chinese words, is similar to our Arabic loanwords. It was first loaded into English in the form of tuffoon in 1699. Various forms merged together and finally became a typhoon.

I. Definition, Characteristics and Classification of Typhoon

Speaking of typhoons, we should start with cyclones. Cyclone refers to a horizontal vortex with the central air pressure lower than the surrounding air pressure at the same height. In the northern hemisphere, air rotates counterclockwise; The southern hemisphere is the opposite. In the pressure field, cyclone is also called low pressure (low pressure for short). So cyclone and low pressure are just two different names of the same system. We call the severe weather system on the tropical ocean surface a tropical cyclone. According to statistics, tropical cyclones are generated in tropical oceans all over the world except the South Atlantic. The intensity of tropical cyclones occurring in tropical oceans varies greatly. Before 1989, the tropical cyclone with the maximum wind force of 8 or above near the center was called typhoon in China, and the tropical cyclone with the maximum wind force of 12 near the center was called strong typhoon. Since 1989, China has also adopted international classification standards, that is, when the maximum wind force near the center of a tropical cyclone is less than 8, it is called a tropical depression, and the winds of 8 and 9 are called tropical storms, and the winds of 10 and1are strong tropical storms. Only the tropical cyclone with the strongest wind near the center is called typhoon or typhoon. From the above definition, it is not difficult to see that tropical cyclone is a general term for tropical depression, tropical storm, strong tropical storm and typhoon. However, due to the weak destructive power of tropical depression, traditional tropical cyclones generally do not include tropical depression.

Tropical storms and typhoons are generally circular, with a diameter of 600 ~ 1000 km, with a maximum of >: 2000 km and a minimum.

Different countries have different names for tropical cyclones, such as typhoons in China and East Asia, hurricanes in the Atlantic Ocean, tropical storms in the Indian Ocean and Australian "Willy" winds.

Second, the numbering and naming of tropical cyclones.

In order to distinguish tropical cyclones, it is necessary to give them a separate name. Tropical cyclones are initially distinguished according to their location (mainly the latitude and longitude of their centers), which is quite troublesome and often unsatisfactory. Until the beginning of19th century, some Spanish-speaking Caribbean islands named hurricanes according to the calendar time when they landed. For example, three hurricanes hit Puerto Rico: Santa Ana on July 26th, 1825, san felipe on September 3rd, 1876 and 1928. According to reports, at the end of 19, Australian forecaster Clemen? Langer named tropical cyclones after politicians he hated. During World War II, Americans first identified four groups of girls' names with English letters (except Q, U, X, Y and Z) to name Atlantic tropical cyclones (hurricanes). Each group is arranged in alphabetical order. Such as the first group: Anna, B 1anche (Blanche), Camille. Te (Camil.te), etc. Until wcnda (wenda); Group 2: A 1nla (alma), BECL (J/ (Becky), Sierra (Celia), etc. Until Willner; The third and fourth groups are also named according to A to W. When the plane detects a typhoon, it will be named according to the order in which it appears. The first one will be named Anna, and the second one will be named B 1Anche, etc. When the first group of names is used up, use the names headed by the second group A again. The first typhoon name in the second year is followed by the last typhoon name in the previous year, which can be recycled. It is impossible for a typhoon to occur in any area in a year to exceed the sum of these four groups of names. Take the Pacific Northwest, which has the most typhoons in the world, for example, there are no more than 50 typhoons a year. Therefore, in the same year, it is impossible for each region to have the same name. Of course, the names of typhoons will be repeated in different years. Therefore, in front of the typhoon name. Be sure to indicate the year to show the difference. At the end of 1970s, at the request of American feminist movement, the naming list was expanded to be named after men and women. In oral and written communication, especially in alarm, people gradually accept the advantages of using named tables. The name should be short, popular and easy to remember, so as to convey information to millions of people in tropical cyclone threat areas and avoid confusion when the same area is affected by more than one tropical cyclone at the same time. This practice was soon widely adopted in the western hemisphere. The naming system is used in all tropical cyclone prone areas.

After the end of 1970s, under the coordination of the Regional Tropical Cyclone Committee of the World Meteorological Organization, the naming of tropical cyclones went international. In most areas, the nomenclature of tropical cyclones (male and female names are usually used alternately) is formulated by the tropical cyclone committee in this area, and the more important task of the tropical cyclone committee is to promote and coordinate the tropical cyclone disaster reduction actions in this area. Specific practices vary from region to region. Designated meteorological centers are usually responsible for naming tropical cyclones alphabetically. Some regional naming tables are recycled, some regions often make new naming tables, and some regional naming tables are used from scratch after use. If a tropical cyclone is notorious, such as causing serious casualties or huge property losses, the name of the tropical cyclone should be deleted from the name list and replaced with another name of the same sex with the same initials. In some areas, tropical cyclones are named with four digits, the first two digits are the year, and the last two digits are the serial numbers of tropical cyclones in that year, and some have added geographical indications. For example, the tropical storm 1 in the Bay of Bengal in 0 was named BOB 9 109(BOB is the abbreviation of English Bay of Bengal). 1990 Typhoon No.25 was named 9025. Some countries have developed their own nomenclature, for example, the United States has developed a nomenclature for the Northwest Pacific and the North Central Pacific, and the Philippines has also developed a nomenclature for typhoons in the Northwest Pacific. The name of typhoon in the northwest Pacific used by joint typhoon warning center in Guam is often adopted by other countries in the region.

Most members of the Typhoon Committee come from countries and regions affected by typhoons. For many years, the Typhoon Committee has set up a system for numbering typhoons, namely the Typhoon Center, namely the Tokyo Professional Meteorological Center, which is responsible for numbering tropical cyclones that reach the intensity of tropical storms. According to the resolution of the 3rd 1 meeting of the Typhoon Committee, a new tropical cyclone naming method was implemented from 65438+ 10/day in 2000. This method will be used in the communiqué issued by members of the Typhoon Committee to the international community. Members also use it to issue tropical cyclone warnings in local languages. The Typhoon Committee will continue to use tropical cyclone numbers.

China has always adopted the numbering method of tropical cyclones, and numbered the tropical cyclones that occurred near the center of the northwest Pacific Ocean and the South China Sea, west of east longitude 180 degrees and north of the equator according to the sequence of their generation. For example, tropical storm 9608 was the eighth tropical cyclone generated in the above-mentioned sea area in 1996. When it develops into a strong tropical storm, it is called a strong tropical storm 9608. When it continues to develop into a typhoon, it is called a typhoon 9608. Of course, when it decays into a tropical storm, it is also called a tropical storm 9608. When a tropical cyclone weakens into a tropical depression or degenerates into an extratropical cyclone, the numbering will stop.

1 997165438+1October 25th to February1The 30th meeting of the Typhoon Committee held in Hongkong, China decided to study the proposal of adopting Asian style names for tropical cyclones in the northwest Pacific and the South China Sea, and appointed the Typhoon Research Coordination Group (TRCG) to study the implementation details. After a year's efforts, TRCG put forward the suggestion of naming tropical cyclones in the northwest Pacific and South China Sea. 1998 12 1 After heated discussions at the meeting of Typhoon Committee 3 1 held in Manila, Philippines, TRCG's naming scheme for tropical cyclones in the northwest Pacific Ocean and the South China Sea was agreed, and it was decided to implement a new naming method for tropical cyclones from 1 in 2000.

There are 140 names in the naming table of Typhoon Committee. The names are selected according to the naming principles formulated by the Typhoon Committee (each name is no more than 9 letters, easy to pronounce, has no bad meaning in member languages, will not bring any difficulties to members, and is not the name of a commercial organization), and the Asia-Pacific region is provided by Cambodia, China, North Korea, China, Hong Kong, China, Macau, China, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Micronesia (Federated States of), the Philippines, South Korea, Thailand, the United States and Vietnam (. Members can translate the named list into local languages according to pronunciation or meaning. In order to avoid unnecessary confusion caused by multiple translators, the Central Meteorological Observatory in China, the Hong Kong Observatory and the Geophysical and Meteorological Observatory in Macau, China decided on a unified set of Chinese translations. Starting from June 5438+1 October12000, the Central Meteorological Observatory will continue to use tropical cyclone numbers and names when issuing tropical cyclone warnings. The naming table of the Typhoon Committee will be used for forecasts, warnings and announcements issued to the international aviation and navigation community through the international media, and also for members to issue tropical cyclone warnings in local languages. This will help people to be more alert to the coming tropical cyclone and increase the effectiveness of warning. The Typhoon Committee will continue to use tropical cyclone numbers.

Business Process of Typhoon Naming (1) The Tokyo Typhoon Center, a regional professional meteorological center, is responsible for naming tropical cyclones reaching tropical storm level and above according to the naming table determined by the Typhoon Committee, and arranging them in the order of tropical cyclone naming and numbering (with brackets). The bulletin issued by the Tokyo Tropical Cyclone Advisory Center of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the China Sea Meteorological Broadcasting and the Japanese GMDSS)ⅶ VII also use the same names and numbers. (2) The names of tropical cyclones are named in a predetermined order. Their names remain unchanged throughout the life history of tropical cyclones. In order to avoid confusion, the Typhoon Center in Tokyo only gives the number of tropical cyclones entering the northwest Pacific through the international international date line, but does not give a new name, that is, keep the original name unchanged. The American Central Pacific Hurricane Center, which is responsible for naming tropical cyclones in the central North Pacific, also agreed to maintain the name of Tokyo Typhoon Center for tropical cyclones crossing the international international date line from west to east. (3) When issuing warning bulletins to the international community (including the media, aviation and navigation), all members of the Typhoon Committee will use the names and numbers assigned by the Tokyo Typhoon Center. (4) For tropical cyclones that cause particularly serious disasters, members of the Typhoon Committee may apply to delete the name used by the tropical cyclone from the list of names (permanent names), or they may apply to delete the name for other reasons. The annual meeting of the Typhoon Committee will review the typhoon nomenclature table. The following are the names of tropical cyclones in the northwest Pacific and South China Sea.

(implemented since 1, 2000)

The first column, the second column, the third column, the fourth column and the fifth column.

English name Chinese name Chinese name Chinese name Chinese name Chinese name Chinese name Chinese name Chinese name Chinese name Chinese name Chinese name.

Dami David Kong-Rey

China Wang lung Wang lung yutu yutu fengshen rhododendron hippocampus

Zhi Tao seagull Meimu learned about Mirei Tanaka and Korea.

Kai Tak Kai Tak Wanyi Iman Fengxiang Phoenix Caiyun Ma Caiyun-Saddle China Hongkong

Tambin Libra Bunny Bunny North Crown Kopp Dajue Tokage Tokage

BOL aven Blavin Pabuk pabu hanfone Bau ng Kesana Nock-loto Lao

Pearl Butterfly Wasp Palma Palma Plum Blossom China Macau

Santa Parusa, Malaysia

Ewenil El Yun Ni Fitofi said.

Bilis bilis danas danas hagupit hagupit lupit talas talas Philippines

Meg Lily Rose Korea Rose

Thai rose

Maria Maria Francisco Van Gogh Higos Omais Omes Rocklock USA

Samay Samay Lichtma Bavi Bavi Hong Kong Letter Business Kang Sen Sanka Viet Nam

Shana, Cambodia

Wukong Wukong Haiyan Poseidon Temple Wood Dian Mu Haitang Haitang China

Sonamu Songqing Podul Willow Pongsona Fengxian Mianmian Dandelion Nslgae Nige County Super

Shanshan Lingling Lingling Yanyan Tingting Banyan Tree China Hong Kong

Yagi Capricorn Kaji Sailfish Whale Seiyuu Whale Compass Washi Skyhawk Japan

Xiangshan Elephant God Fa Sai Fa Qian Chan Bang Chan Hong Nanchuan Mata Mai Sha Laos

Bebinca Bebijia Vamei Thrush Lin Fa Lian Hua Ma Lou Agate Coral China Macau

Moranti Moranti Marval Mawa

Micronesia, Chao Gu

Health status of children in the Philippines.

Chebi Swallow Noguri Raccoon Lv Huiyi Swan Megi Catfish Nabi Butterfly North Korea

Kodo is Vicente of the United States.

Trami Tan Mei Xialong Xia Lang Vamco Ring Gaosongda Sanda Surayue

Third, the occurrence, development and extinction of tropical cyclones.

The generation and development of tropical cyclones need huge energy, so they are formed on the tropical ocean surface with suitable meteorological conditions such as high temperature and high humidity. According to statistics, tropical cyclones are generated in tropical oceans all over the world except the South Atlantic. Most tropical depressions cannot develop into tropical storms, and only a certain number of tropical storms can develop into typhoon intensity. The intensity of typhoons also varies greatly. Some typhoons have a maximum wind speed of 35 m/s near the strong wind center, but typhoons with a maximum wind speed of more than 50 m/s near the center are not uncommon.

There are 80- 100 typhoons in the world every year (tropical cyclones in other areas are also called typhoons here), most of which occur in the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean. According to statistics, typhoons in the western Pacific are mainly concentrated in four areas: (1) the waters east of the Philippine Islands and the waters near the Ryukyu Islands. This area has the largest number of typhoons in the northwest Pacific, and typhoons occur almost all year round. June-June mainly occurs in the waters near Samar Island in the Philippines and Mindanao to the south of 15 degrees north latitude. After June, the occurrence area expanded northward, appearing in the waters near Luzon Island to Ryukyu Islands in the Philippines from July to August, moving southward to the waters near Luzon Island in September, and moving to the waters south of 10 to February in the Philippines. (2) near the Mariana Islands east of Guam. From July to June, 65438+ 10, there were typhoons around the island, and there were few typhoons before May. June and June,11-65438+February, mainly occurred in the waters near the south of the islands. (3) Near Marshall Islands (typhoons are mostly concentrated in the northwest and north of the islands). Typhoon occurred most frequently in June of 10, and rarely in June of 1 0. ④ The north-central part of the South China Sea. There are the most typhoon opportunities in June-September, with fewer typhoons in June-April, increasing gradually in May and decreasing in February, but most of them occur in the North Sea south of north latitude 15 degrees.

The moving path of tropical cyclones is very complicated, and there are never two identical tropical cyclone paths. But to sum up, tropical cyclones in the northwest Pacific can be roughly divided into seven categories: category I, offshore turning, category II, offshore turning northward, category IV, landing in East China, category V, westward entering the South China Sea, category VI, landing in South China, category VII, and inverted parabolic tropical cyclone path.

Fourth, the impact of typhoons on human beings.

Typhoon is one of the 10 natural disasters that threaten human survival. According to experts' statistics, among 10 natural disasters, typhoon has the highest death toll. Especially in Asia and China, typhoon disasters are more serious. According to statistics, the average annual economic loss caused by typhoons in Chinese mainland is 24.6 billion, and the average annual death toll is as high as 570. The 9503 strong typhoon went deep into Henan, killing tens of thousands of people. China is not the country with the largest number of typhoon deaths in Asia, and the average annual death toll in the Philippines is as high as 8 13. In 1990s, the worst typhoon disaster in the world was not in China and the Philippines, but 1, 996,5438+0. On April 29th, a storm in the Bay of Bengal took the lives of 1.39 million people overnight in the fragile low-lying coastal area of Bangladesh. The relatively serious typhoon disaster occurred in June 5438+0970165438+10/-13, and the storm surge claimed 300,000 lives at once. Of course, the typhoon is not without its merits, and its activities play an extremely important role in alleviating the midsummer drought in the Yangtze River basin and the south of the Yangtze River.