Relationship between phenology and weather

Climate is the average or statistical state of meteorological elements and weather phenomena for a long time, and the time scale is months, seasons, years, years to hundreds of years. Climate is measured by the characteristics of cold, warm, dry and wet, and is usually characterized by the average value and deviation value of a certain period.

Climate is the general state of the atmosphere in a certain region of the earth for many years, and it is the comprehensive expression of various weather processes in this period. Various statistics (mean, extreme, probability, etc. Meteorological elements (temperature, precipitation, wind, etc.). ) is the basic basis for expressing climate. Climate is closely related to human society, and many countries have recorded climate phenomena for a long time. During the Spring and Autumn Period in China, the sun shadow was measured by a standard table to determine the season, and there were 24 solar terms and 72 climaxes in the Qin and Han Dynasties. The word climate comes from ancient Greek, which means inclination, meaning that the climate in different places is related to the inclination of the sun's rays.

Due to the different distribution of solar radiation on the earth's surface and the different physical processes of different underlying surfaces such as ocean, land, mountains and forests under the action of solar radiation reaching the surface, the climate has obvious regional characteristics besides the temperature distribution in latitude. According to the horizontal scale, climate can be divided into macroclimate, mesoclimate and microclimate. Macroclimate refers to global and regional climate, such as tropical rain forest climate, Mediterranean climate, polar climate and plateau climate. Moderate climate refers to the climate of smaller natural areas, such as forest climate, urban climate, mountain climate and lake climate; Microclimate refers to a small range of climate, such as the atmosphere close to the ground and the climate under a small range of special terrain (such as mountains or valleys).

Under the influence of latitude, route distribution, atmospheric circulation, topography, ocean currents and other factors, the world climate can be roughly divided into the following types:

(1) tundra climate: long and cold in winter and short and cold in summer;

(2) Coniferous forest climate in sub-cold zone: mild in summer and cold in winter;

(3) temperate monsoon climate, with warm summer and mild winter;

(4) Temperate grassland climate: hot in summer and cold in winter;

5. Temperate desert climate: hot and dry in summer and cold in winter;

[6], subtropical rainforest climate;

Once, the subtropical monsoon climate;

(8) Tropical desert climate: high temperature and little rain;

(9) Tropical grassland climate: rainy in warm season and dry in cool season;

⑽ Tropical rain forest climate: high temperature and high humidity;

⑾. Mountain climate: vertical change from the foot of the mountain to the top of the mountain;

⑿ Coniferous forest climate in sub-frigid zone: winter is long and cold, and summer is short and warm;

(13) temperate maritime climate: warm in winter and cool in summer, with small annual temperature difference;

14. Subtropical Mediterranean climate: mild winter with little rain and hot summer with little rain.

Climate change has an important impact on human beings and natural systems. Because ecosystems and human society have adapted to today's and recent past climate, it will be difficult for people to cope with these changes if they adapt too fast. For many developing countries, this may have a very harmful impact on the basic living standards of human beings (housing, food, drinking water and health). For all countries, the increasing frequency of extreme weather and climate events will increase the risk of weather disasters. Climate change has both positive and negative impacts on China's economy and society, some of which are actually irreversible, so we should pay more attention to the negative impacts. According to statistics, from 1950 to 2000, especially after 1990, the economic losses caused by meteorological disasters increased sharply. There are two reasons, on the one hand, the increase of extreme weather events, on the other hand, the increase of China's overall economic volume, so the absolute value of economic losses has obviously increased.

The impact of climate change on agriculture is negative. It is predicted that by 2030, China's three major crops, rice, corn and wheat, will mainly reduce production except winter wheat. Climate change also has a great impact on water resources. Global warming accelerates the water cycle and increases the spatial heterogeneity of precipitation. Climate change also has an impact on major projects, such as the increase in precipitation in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, which will lead to an increase in the frequency of geological disasters and have a certain impact on the safe operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir. In addition, climate change will also affect the Qinghai-Tibet railway and highway, greatly increasing the investment in railway and highway operation and maintenance.

Like the whole world, China's climate and environment have also undergone tremendous changes. Climate warming goes far beyond the general climate and environmental problems, and has brought a very serious threat to the economic and social development of China, and this threat will continue and intensify. Scientific and technological circles should pay special attention to climate change, actively take adaptation and mitigation measures, and constantly improve the level and level of climate system, ecology and environmental protection. This is an important content of fully implementing Scientific Outlook on Development and building a harmonious socialist society, and it is also the common aspiration of the government, the public and scientists.

What is phenology?

Now we can sum it up. What is phenology? The above natural phenomena, which are influenced by the environment (climate, hydrology and soil) and have annual cycles, are all phenological phenomena. It includes three aspects: (1) germination, leaf spreading, flowering, leaf discoloration and defoliation of various plants; (2) The arrival, initial singing, final singing, departure and hibernation of migratory birds, insects and other animals; (3) Some hydrometeorological phenomena, such as first frost, last frost, freezing, melting, first snow, first snow, etc.

Sometimes it is divided into plant phenology and animal phenology according to biological species. Animal phenology is sometimes subdivided into bird phenology, insect phenology and so on. The growing period of crops is sometimes called crop phenology, and some are collectively called natural phenology. This book mainly introduces natural phenology.

For thousands of years, farmers have been paying great attention to phenology. In their view, summer is cold, birds are singing and flowers are fragrant, and autumn leaves are all the languages of nature. Apricot blossoms are in full bloom, as if nature is calling on farmers to hurry up with spring ploughing; Peach blossoms are in full bloom, which seems to imply that farmers should hurry to sow; In late spring and early summer, the cuckoo began to sing. In the ears of farmers, it was singing "Grandpa and Grandma, cut wheat and transplant rice". Farmers in many places have always set seasons and farming seasons through phenology. The main purpose of modern phenology research is to understand the changing law of natural seasonal phenomena and serve agricultural production and scientific research.

So, what is the difference between phenology and climatology? Phenology and climatology have some similarities. Both of them are local science to observe the seasonal changes of various places and regions in a year. The difference is that climatology is to observe, record and study the phenomena and changing laws of cold, warm, sunny and rainy weather in a certain place, and the changes of wind and clouds. Phenology records the growth and decline of plants and the seasonal activities of animals, so as to understand the influence of climate change on animals and plants and the changing law of natural seasons. Phenology reflects the comprehensive influence of climatic conditions on organisms in the past period of time, so phenology is also classified as bioclimatology.

Although phenology is determined by climate, climate observation cannot replace phenological observation. Because crops are living things, there are many factors that affect their growth, and the data of single factor or several factors are not clear. However, there are internal relations between organisms, and the requirements for environmental conditions are similar to some extent, so it is superior to determine the breeding time through the phenology of some wild animals and plants. An agricultural proverb in Guiyang says: "The poor don't listen to the coaxing of the rich, and the prince sows seeds (rice seeds)." It is simpler and more reliable than any other method to indicate and predict the sowing date of rice with the thorn of Yan Wang. What's more, China's hilly areas account for more than two-thirds of the country, and the record of a weather station is limited in the mountainous area, but wild animals and plants are everywhere. As long as you pay attention to observation, you can provide reliable season and farming time information. It can be said that phenology is the most direct language that nature tells us about seasonal changes.

An atmosphere/scene

[explanation] 1. Atmospheric conditions and phenomena, such as wind, lightning, thunder, frost and snow.

2. meteorology.

3. Scenes; Situation. Like a new atmosphere.

The general name of various physical phenomena and processes in the atmosphere, such as cold and hot, dry and wet, wind, clouds, rain, snow, frost, fog, lightning and so on.

Meteorological observation items include: temperature, humidity, ground temperature, wind direction and speed, precipitation, sunshine, air pressure and weather phenomena.

The objects of meteorological research are the laws of atmospheric motion in each layer of the atmosphere, the weather phenomena in the troposphere and the distribution of drought, flood and cold and warm on the ground. Such as clouds, fog, rain, snow, hail, lightning, typhoon, cold wave and so on. Are our common weather phenomena. Its research scope is the atmosphere on the earth's surface, which is about 3000 kilometers thick and can be divided into troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, natural layer and outer layer from bottom to top.

1. halo

There is a cloud in the sky. When sunlight or moonlight refracts and reflects through ice crystals in clouds, it will produce a colorful halo around the sun or moon. The order of halo colors is internal infrared purple. These seven color rings are called solar halo or lunar halo, which are collectively called solar halo. Among them, the halo with an angular radius of 22 degrees is the most common for observers, which is called 22-degree halo. Occasionally, you can see a halo with an angular radius of 46 degrees and other forms of halo-like light arcs. Halo occurs because of cirrostratus, and cirrostratus is often hundreds of kilometers away from the rain front area. With the advance of the front, the rain area may move in the near future, so halo often becomes a harbinger of rainy weather.

2. China

There is a transparent thin cloud in the sky, and the water droplets in the cloud are uniform in size. If the cloud is composed of ice crystals, the ice crystals should be uniform in size. Moonlight or sunlight is diffracted by uniform cloud droplets (water droplets or ice crystals) when it passes through the clouds, resulting in an inner ultraviolet red ring around the moon or the sun, which is called Hua. Because the sun is too bright, it is not easy for people to observe the sunrise, and moonlight is more common. The flowers near the moon disk are also called canopy. Usually the purple of the canopy is not obvious, so the inner ring is blue-green, the outer ring is mainly yellow, and the outer ring is red. Sometimes after a dark circle outside the crown, one or even several concentric rings with the same color order as the crown appear, but the brightness is much weaker, which is called Yahua.

3. Rainbow and neon

Sunlight, which contains seven colors of light, is water droplets (raindrops or fog droplets) injected into the atmosphere. Various colors of light can be refracted and reflected to form a colorful light arc ring on the rain curtain or fog curtain. When the angle radius of the light arc ring to the observer is about 42 degrees and the halo color sequence is internal ultraviolet red, it is called rainbow.

On the outside of the rainbow, sometimes a weak color halo appears, and the angular radius of the halo to the observer is about 52 degrees. The order of color rings is opposite to that of rainbow, that is, internal infrared purple, which is called neon or auxiliary rainbow.

Rainbow and neon can only be observed if they stand with their backs to the sun. In summer evening, when the sky in the west is sunny and the sky in the east is rainy, it is easiest to see rainbows and neon lights.

4. Dusk

Before sunrise, that is, before the sun is above the horizon, the sun shines into the upper atmosphere and is scattered by atmospheric molecules, resulting in a slightly brighter sky and a slightly brighter ground. The light from this moment until the sun comes out of the horizon is called dawn.

After sunset, that is, after the sun falls below the horizon, there is still a time when the sun can shine on the upper atmosphere, and the sky and the ground remain dark because of the scattering of air molecules. This light is called dusk.

The photosynthesis of dawn and dusk is called twilight. Dawn is called dawn, and dusk is called dusk. Due to the different standards for the beginning and end of dawn, it is usually divided into civil twilight, sea dawn and astronomical dawn. On sunny days, when the angle of the sun below the horizon is about 7 degrees, civil dawn begins and dusk ends; At about 12 degrees, the voyage begins at dawn and ends at dusk; At about 18 degrees, astronomical dawn begins and dusk ends. The duration of dusk is the shortest at the equator and increases with the increase of latitude.

Related words:

Meteorological Observatory: A scientific institution that observes, studies and forecasts the weather in the atmosphere. Smaller ones include weather stations and weather stations.

Colorful weather: describe all kinds of scenery and things, very spectacular.

weather

weather

The ever-changing atmospheric state is not only the atmospheric state in a certain time and space, but also the continuous change of atmospheric state in a certain time interval. So it can be understood as a general term for weather phenomena and weather processes. Weather phenomenon refers to various natural phenomena in the atmosphere, that is, the comprehensive expression of the spatial distribution of various meteorological elements in the atmosphere (such as temperature, pressure, humidity, wind, clouds, fog, rain, snow, frost, lightning, hail, etc.). ) in an instant. The weather process is the change process of weather phenomena with time in a certain area.

Weather is the general name of atmospheric conditions (such as cold and warm, wind and rain, dry and wet, sunny and so on). ) and its changes in a short time in a certain area. Weather system usually refers to the atmospheric motion system with typical characteristics, such as high pressure, low pressure, high pressure ridge and low pressure trough, which cause the change and distribution of weather. All kinds of weather systems have certain time and space scales, and they are intertwined and influence each other. The combination of many weather systems constitutes a large-scale weather situation and hemispheric and even global atmospheric circulation.

The weather system is always in the process of rebirth, development and extinction, and there are corresponding weather phenomena in different development stages. Therefore, the weather and weather changes in a region are related to the weather system and its development stage, and are the comprehensive results of atmospheric dynamic and thermal processes.

All kinds of weather systems are formed, developed and evolved in a certain atmospheric circulation and geographical environment, and all reflect the environmental characteristics of a certain region. For example, the polar regions and their surroundings are covered with ice and snow all year round, and the air is cold and dry. This unique geographical environment has become the background condition for the formation and development of polar low-altitude cold high pressure and high-altitude polar vortex and low trough. It is a necessary condition for the emergence and development of convective weather system that the equatorial and low latitudes are hot and humid all the year round and the atmosphere is unstable. Mid-high latitudes are areas where cold and warm air currents often cross. Cold and warm air masses not only come and go frequently, but also have unstable baroclinic, which is an important basis for the formation and development of frontal and cyclone systems. The formation and activities of weather system will in turn have a profound impact on the structure and evolution of geographical environment. Therefore, understanding the formation, structure, movement and change of weather system and its relationship with geographical environment is of great significance for understanding the formation, characteristics and change of weather and climate and predicting the evolution of geographical environment.