Which friend can introduce the aircraft carrier in detail?

Aircraft carrier, referred to as "aircraft carrier" and "empty carrier" for short, was called "aircraft carrier cruiser" by the former Soviet Union, which is a kind of warship that can provide take-off and landing for military aircraft. The Chinese word "aircraft carrier" comes from Japanese characters.

Aircraft carrier is a large surface ship with carrier-based aircraft as its main combat weapon. Modern aircraft carriers and carrier-based aircraft have become high-tech intensive military systems engineering.

The aircraft carrier is always the core ship in an aircraft carrier fleet, and sometimes it is also the flagship of the aircraft carrier fleet. Other ships in the fleet provide protection and supplies for it. A country can rely on an aircraft carrier to exert military pressure and fight in a place far away from its own territory without relying on the local airport.

Aircraft carriers are divided into attack aircraft carriers, anti-submarine aircraft carriers, escort aircraft carriers and multi-purpose aircraft carriers according to tasks; Aircraft carriers can be divided into fixed-wing aircraft carriers and helicopter aircraft carriers according to the performance of carrier aircraft. The former can take off and land all kinds of aircraft including traditional fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters, while the latter can only take off and land helicopters or fixed-wing aircraft that can take off and land vertically. The navies of some countries also have a similar-looking ship called "amphibious assault ship", which can also take off and land military helicopters or fixed-wing aircraft that can take off and land vertically. According to tonnage, there are large aircraft carriers (full displacement of 60,000-90,000 tons), medium aircraft carriers (full displacement of 30,000-60,000 tons) and small aircraft carriers (full displacement of less than 30,000 tons); According to the power, there are conventional power aircraft carriers and nuclear-powered aircraft carriers.

Aircraft carriers are divided into fixed-wing aircraft carriers and helicopter aircraft carriers. The former can take off and land all kinds of aircraft including traditional fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters, while the latter can only take off and land helicopters or fixed-wing aircraft that can take off and land vertically. The navies of some countries also have a similar-looking ship called "amphibious assault ship", which can also take off and land military helicopters or fixed-wing aircraft that can take off and land vertically.

★ From Enlightenment to World War I

The first pilot to take off from a moored ship was an American Eugene? Eugene Ely took off from Birmingham CS-2 with a "Curtis" biplane on June 5438+0910+06543810/4, 2004. 191110+018, he successfully landed on the wooden modified taxiway of USS Pennsylvania-4, becoming the first ship to dock.

Charles of England? Samson was the first pilot to take off from a sailboat. 1912 On May 2nd, he took off from a moving warship.

The first ship to provide a runway for aircraft to take off and land at the same time was the British cruiser Rage, and its transformation 19 18 was completed in April. A 70-meter-long flight deck was laid in the first half of the superstructure in the middle of the hull for the plane to take off. An 87-meter-long flight deck was installed at the rear, and a simple landing arresting device was installed for the aircraft to land. The first aircraft carrier equipped with an all-pass flight deck was the British aircraft carrier "Hundred Eyes Giant", which was converted from a passenger ship. Its transformation was completed in September 2008. Flight deck length168m. Below the deck is the hangar, and there are many elevators to lift the plane to the deck. Seven planes took off from the aircraft carrier Anger and attacked the German airship base in Dern. This is the first attack from an aircraft carrier.

19 17 years, Britain newly designed and built the carrier Competitive God (also translated as "Helms") according to the carrier standard, and used the island superstructure on the starboard side of the flight deck for the first time. The first aircraft carrier designed as an aircraft carrier from the beginning was Japan's Fengxiang aircraft carrier. 1922 12 entered the service in February. Since then, the aircraft carrier with all-pass flight deck and superstructure island structure has become a model of aircraft carriers in various countries.

The first American aircraft carrier was USS Langley CV-1,which was officially launched on March 22nd, 2009. The aircraft carrier Langley was not built for the aircraft carrier from the beginning. Its predecessor was Jupiter AC-3, which was launched in 19 13. The us navy saw that its belly cabin for transporting coal was enough, so it was converted into an aircraft carrier.

★ During the First and Second World Wars.

After the end of World War I, the Washington Naval Treaty signed by naval powers in 1922 strictly controlled the construction of battleships, but the treaty allowed both parties to use some warships that were suspended to rebuild aircraft carriers, such as Lexington-class aircraft carriers in the United States, Akashi aircraft carriers and Kaga aircraft carriers in Japan. Equipping aircraft carriers with heavy artillery is the characteristic of the development of aircraft carriers at this stage. However, at that time, many adults in the navies of various countries were old-fashioned and regarded heavy artillery as the main force to win naval battles, while the aircraft carrier was only the auxiliary force of the fleet, and its main task was reconnaissance.

The aircraft carrier Royal Ark was built in Britain in the1930s. It adopted a fully enclosed hangar, an integrated island superstructure, a powerful flight deck and a hydraulic catapult, and was known as the "prototype of a modern aircraft carrier". The Washington Naval Treaty expired in 1936, and the naval powers launched a new round of arms race. The York-class aircraft carrier in the United States, the Xianghe-class aircraft carrier in Japan and the Glorious-class aircraft carrier in Britain are all representative works of this period.

Aircraft carriers were widely used for the first time in World War II. It is a small floating air station, carrying fighters and bombers away from the country to carry out the task of attacking enemy targets. This enables aircraft carriers to attack land and sea targets from the air, especially those far beyond the general range. The operational radius of aircraft taking off from an aircraft carrier has been constantly changing the naval operational theory, and hostile fleets must now conduct long-distance operations with each other without seeing each other's ships. This completely ended the dominance of the battleship as the strongest warship at sea.

On June 5438+0940,165438+1October 1 1 the aircraft carrier was first built in the war. The USS Glory dispatched torpedo bombers to sink and destroy three Italian battleships in taranto Harbor.

In World War II, the aircraft carrier played a decisive role in the battlefield of the Pacific War, from the Japanese naval aircraft carrier formation to the attack on Pearl Harbor, to the Coral Sea battle where the two fleets never met, and then to the naval battle of midway using the aircraft carrier formation at sea. Since then, aircraft carriers have replaced battleships and become the backbone of modern ocean-going fleets. The United States has built a large number of Essex-class aircraft carriers, forming a huge aircraft carrier formation and becoming the protagonist of naval battles. During the war, a large number of cheap small escort carriers were built and put into anti-submarine escort operations.

★ Modern aircraft carrier

The design of inclined flight deck, steam catapult and landing sight after World War II improved the efficiency and safety of carrier-based heavy jet aircraft. Modern aircraft carriers can carry high-performance jets, and the displacement is increasing. The forest-class aircraft carrier of the United States is the first aircraft carrier specially built for carrying jets.

USS Enterprise/KOOC-0/96/KOOC-0/KOOC-0/KOOC-0/25 was put into service, and it is the first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier in the world. The biggest advantage of using nuclear power is to improve endurance. Nuclear fuel can sail hundreds of thousands of nautical miles at a time, which makes the aircraft carrier have almost unlimited maneuverability and eliminates the influence of the large chimney of the conventional power aircraft carrier on flight operation. Since then, the US Navy has built a series of Nimitz-class aircraft carriers with a displacement of 80,000 tons.

Britain's financial resources are weak, and it is impossible for the Royal Navy to have a large aircraft carrier. The British Invincible aircraft carrier is very similar to the small escort aircraft carrier in the Second World War, using a sliding deck and a vertical short takeoff and landing aircraft. 1982 In the Falklands dispute between Britain and Argentina, Britain won by relying on it 8,000 miles away from home. The Kiev-class aircraft carrier of VTOL aircraft (called "large anti-submarine cruiser" by the Soviet Navy) is equipped with heavy weapons and equipment. The aircraft carrier Kuznetsov finally built by the Soviet Union/Russia adopted a sliding deck to avoid installing complicated ejection devices.

In the Persian Gulf, Afghanistan and the Pacific Ocean, the United States uses its own aircraft carrier fleet to safeguard its own interests. During the 199 1 Gulf War and the American occupation of Iraq in 2003, although the United States did not have enough land airports in the Middle East, it was still able to use its aircraft carrier battle group to carry out major attacks.

From 265438 to the beginning of the 20th century, all aircraft carriers in the world can carry about 1250 aircraft, among which the number of aircraft carriers in the United States exceeds 1000. Britain and France are expanding their aircraft capacity. France has built the aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle, and Britain also plans to build the aircraft carrier Queen Elizabeth.

Takeoff technology

There are three ways for a fixed-wing aircraft to take off from an aircraft carrier. Steam jet takeoff

The first one is steam ejection take-off, which uses a flat deck as an airstrip. When taking off, the steam-driven ejection device drives the aircraft to reach the takeoff speed within two seconds. At present, only the United States has the mature technology to produce this steam catapult. There are two types of steam injection. One is front-wheel ejection, and 1964 was successfully tested by the US Navy. When ejecting, the slider directly pulls the front wheel of the aircraft to take off. In this way, there is no need for 8~ 10 people to hang the towing cable for the aircraft, so the ejection time is shortened and the aircraft safety is good. This method is used by American active aircraft carriers. The second type is towing cable ejection, as the name implies, which is to use steel towing cable to tow the plane to accelerate the take-off. This ejection method is relatively old, and it is not as good as the former in all aspects. At present, only the French "Kerry Duhamel Du Monceau" class aircraft carrier is used. Taxi takeoff

The second is ramp taxiing. Some aircraft carriers have a "platform" in the front of the deck to help the plane take off. When the plane takes off, it jumps into the air with the help of its own power and platform. This take-off method does not need a complicated ejection device, but the weight and efficiency of the aircraft when taking off are not as good as ejection. Some aircraft carriers in Britain, Italy, India and Russia use this technology.

In both cases, the aircraft carrier must sail against the wind at a speed of more than 20 knots (36 km/h) to help the aircraft take off.

The third is vertical take-off and landing. Vertical take-off and landing technology, as its name implies, is the technology that aircraft can take off and land without taxiing. It is an aviation technology developed from the late 1950s. Some aircraft carriers in Britain, the United States and Russia use this technology.

In addition, electromagnetic catapult is the next generation aircraft ejection device under study. Compared with the traditional steam catapult, electromagnetic catapult has the advantages of small volume, low requirements for shipborne auxiliary system, high efficiency, light weight and low operation and maintenance cost.

[Edit this paragraph] Login process

Landing on an aircraft carrier, especially at night or in bad weather, is the most difficult flying skill. Taking an American aircraft carrier as an example, the landing process is as follows:

● The first returning plane should enter the circular route around the mother ship to reduce the flying altitude and speed, and sometimes it may be necessary to leave the waiting landing route for aerial refueling.

When landing, the speed of the plane should be reduced to almost stall. The pilot will put down the landing gear, flaps and airspeed brakes, and extend the grapple hook to maintain a certain speed and glide rate. The landing officer on the ship ordered the plane to land. He kept telling the pilot about his deviation from his best condition. The light on the aircraft carrier reminds the pilot whether the descending angle is correct.

● There are four interceptors at the rear of the flight deck of the aircraft carrier (the ninth CVN76 Ronald Reagan of the Nimitz-class aircraft carrier has only three). The landing pilot must hook one of them. In the best case, he should hang the third item. If he fails the first two items, his descent angle will be too flat. If he hangs the last item, his descent angle is too steep.

● When landing, the pilot must completely depress the plane, so as to ensure that an interception cable is hooked. At the same time, he must turn the engine to the maximum, so that if he doesn't hang the interception cable, he can accelerate to leave the deck and return to the landing route in the shortest time. The interception cable is a hydraulic brake, which can stop the plane within two seconds and 50 meters. The pilot will reduce the thrust of the engine to idle speed and leave the landing area according to the instructions of the ground crew on the deck.

In case of emergency, such as the hook of the plane is damaged, and the plane can't stop with the interception rope, the interception net can be pulled up on the deck to help the plane land. Otherwise, the plane will pull up again and land again.

Taking off is much easier;

● The front wheel of the aircraft is hung in the take-off device, and the official who operates the take-off device must know the model and load of the aircraft before adjusting the take-off device.

● In order to protect the personnel and equipment on the deck, a wallboard should be installed behind the aircraft to shield the jet flow of the aircraft.

● The pilot should fill up the horsepower after obtaining the take-off permit and use the brakes to prevent the aircraft from moving.

When he gets the take-off signal, he will release the brakes, and at the same time, the take-off device will start to eject the plane from the runway. This process lasts 1.5 seconds.

ground crew

The ground crew on the flight deck of an aircraft carrier, taking the US Navy as an example, are usually divided into seven categories according to their duties, and each person is equipped with a colorful sweatshirt (or conspicuous coat). People assigned to a certain type of personal work are distinguished by wearing helmets of different colors, or wearing clothes with special signs or designated signs on sweatshirts and coats. Let's take a look at the dress characteristics and responsibilities of deck ground crew:

Coat helmet marking (front/back) responsibility

Red red "wreck"/"salvage" wreck and salvage personnel.

Red "H" helicopter landing signal personnel

Red and black "EOD" are used to deal with weapon explosion.

Red and black stripes plus fleet code and title ordnance personnel

Coat helmet marking (front/back) responsibility

Huang Huang Job Title and Personnel Number Aircraft Management Officer and Aircraft Supervisor

Coat helmet marking (front/back) responsibility

Green post title Aircraft catapult and stop gear officer

Green/yellow-green job title Aircraft ejection safety observer

The number of the green fleet is labeled "Maint, CPO", which is a junior officer in charge of maintenance.

The green "A" means to prevent transmission mechanism personnel and hook personnel.

Green c aircraft ejects ground crew.

Green "GSE" ground support equipment troubleshooting personnel

Green "P" photographer

Green and black stripes, fleet number maintenance personnel

The Green Fleet is affixed with "Line CPO", the adjutant in charge of the route.

Green, black and white chessboard pattern, fleet number, fleet aircraft inspector, catapult final inspector.

Coat helmet marking (front/back) responsibility

White "e" elevator operator

White "supply/postal" cargo handlers

White "supply coordinator" supply plan

White "security" security personnel

White "transshipment official" cargo transshipment official

White "t" correspondent and telephone messenger

A white officer with no "LSO" landing signal

White liquid oxygen worker

White red cross medical staff

Coat helmet marking (front/back) responsibility

The number of Brown Team is attached with "QA", which is the junior official in charge of quality assurance.

Brown-red "H" helicopter platform officer

Brown Fleet Number Aircraft Officer

Coat helmet marking (front/back) responsibility

Number of Blue-Blue Personnel Aircraft Handling/Block Personnel

Blue tractor driver

Coat helmet marking (front/back) responsibility

Purple "F" aviation fuel supplier