Literary Common Sense of Ancient Geography in China

1. What are the common knowledge of geography, literature and history?

The first mountain in the sea: Nantianyizhu, Putuo Mountain, Zhejiang; Duxiufeng, Guilin, Guangxi; Shanhaiguan, Hebei (also known as the first pass of the Great Wall of Wan Li); the first waterfall of Baotu Spring in Jinan, Shandong, the first stone of Dalong Waterfall in Yandang Mountain, Zhejiang; the first peak of Pantuo Stone in Putuo Mountain, Zhejiang; and the first peak of Jinyun, Zhejiang. Dadong Village in the county is the first pine in the world: Fenghuang Pine in Jiuhua Mountain in Anhui Province is the first cave in the world: Boyue Cave in Lengshuijiang City, Hunan Province is the first Buddha in the world; Leshan Giant Buddha in Sichuan Province is the fifth in the world; Taosi Temple excavated in Xiangfen County, Shanxi Province is the first litchi in Long Tianxia; Lilac litchi in Guiping is the first fresh in Guangxi; Clam in Lvsi, Jiangsu Province is the first dish in the world; traditional dishes in the south of the Yangtze River are the first fragrant in the world; orchids are the first Jiangshan in the world; Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province is the first in Beigu. Shaolin Temple in Songshan, Henan Province ranks first in the world: Baima Temple in Luoyang, Henan Province ranks first in the world; Jiayuguan Temple in Gansu ranks first in the world; Luohan Temple in Taishan Mountain, Shandong Province, the first cave in the world; The prince of Wu in the northwest of Jiyuan county, Henan province is the best in the world; At the end of Ming Dynasty, Xu Hongzu's Travels of Xu Xiake was the first in the world. Daguanlou sluice in Kunming, Yunnan is the highest dam in China. Longyangxia Hydropower Station is the first bridge in China. Nanjing, Jiangsu is the first. Jiang Bridge, the largest river in China: Yangtze River, the largest waterfall in China: Huangguoshu Waterfall in Baishui River, Guizhou, the largest grassland in China: Hulunbeier League grassland in northern Inner Mongolia, the largest coal mine in China: Datong Coal Mine in Shanxi, the largest antimony mine in China: Lengshuijiang Antimony Mine in Hunan, the largest tungsten mine in China: Dayu in Jiangxi, the largest molybdenum mine in China: Yangjiazhangzi in Jinxi, Liaoning, and the largest vanadium mine in China. Qarhan Salt Lake in Qaidam Basin in northwest Qinghai is the first deep canyon in China, the Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon is the longest glacier in China, and the Insugeti Glacier on the northern slope of Jogory Peak in Karakorum Mountain in Xinjiang is the first in China. High plains is the first fishing port in China: shenjiamen Fishing Port in Zhoushan Islands, Zhejiang Province is the first bell tower in China: Xi 'an Bell Tower in Shaanxi Province (36 meters high) is the first province in China: the largest city in Xinjiang * * * China: the largest freshwater lake in China, Shanghai: the largest saltwater lake in Poyang Lake and China: Qinghai Lake, China's largest inland river: Tarim River in southern Xinjiang, China's largest rare earth mine: Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China's largest magnesite: Haicheng, Liaoning, China's largest hydropower station in Yingkou: China's largest library of Three Gorges Hydropower Station: Beijing Library, China's largest ancient castle: Zhonghuamen Castle in Nanjing, Jiangsu, China's first planetarium: Beijing Planetarium, China's largest tractor factory: Luoyang tractor factory in Henan, China's largest sericulture base: Zhejiang China's largest tidal power station in Taihu Basin, Jiangsu Province: Baishakou tidal power station in Rushan County, Shandong Province; The first modern bridge in China: Qiantang River Bridge1935 built by Mao Yisheng in June; The largest cast iron monument in China: the Iron Lion in Cangzhou, Hebei (weighing about 40 tons); China's longest railway from east to west: Lan Xin-Longhai Line; Beijing-Guangzhou line; China's largest iron and steel industrial base: Anshan, Liaoning. China's largest coal industrial base: Datong Coal Mine, China's largest shipbuilding industrial base: Shanghai and China's largest oilstone refinery: Liaoning Fushun, China's largest color picture tube factory: Shaanxi Xianyang color picture tube factory, China's first large passenger ropeway: Taishan tourist ropeway opened to traffic 1983, China's first complex? Electrified railway: Shijiazhuang-Taiyuan line in Hebei province, the first world champion in China: Rong Guotuan (1959 won the men's singles championship in the 25th World Table Tennis Championships), the first fragrance in the world: jasmine blossoms, the first branch: Haimen, Meihua, the first pass: Lingnan, Xiaogushan in susong county, Anhui Province, the first pass: located in Gannan, The first mountain in the southeast of Shangmeiguan in Meiling, northern Guangdong: the first mountain in the southwest of Jiuhua Mountain in Anhui: the first mountain in the south of Yunnan: the first mountain in Huishan, Wuxi, Jiangsu: the first scene in Panshan JD.COM, Tianjin: the first peak in Lujiang, daming temple, Yangzhou, Jiangsu: the first peak in Qianshan, the first peak in Gulangyu, Xigou, xianrentai and Huangshan: the first scene in Shanghai, the first mountain in the Bund in Yuping Peak: the first mountain in Songshan, Henan: the first mountain in a thousand buddhas. The first scene of Nanjing Nanhua Temple in Qujiang County, Guangdong Province; The first bridge of the Yangtze River in Mochou Lake, Nanjing, Jiangsu; Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge in Hubei Province is the first mountain in the world; The first scene at the southern foot of Huashan Mountain in Guilin, Shaanxi; Nanxi in Guilin.

2. Geography of ancient cultural knowledge

Chixian and Shenzhou are called China.

The ancient Chinese nation was founded in the Yellow River valley, and it was called Huaxia because it was the highest in the world. China also refers to the Central Plains vassal states in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and later refers to the Central Plains region.

"State" is the territory of ancient governors. Kyushu, Jiutu, Ba Huang and Jiutu of Five Blessingg are the administrative divisions of the Central Plains in the ancient legend of China, which can also refer to China.

Eight famines spread in all directions. The area around the ancient capital Five Blessingg is divided into five zones every 500 miles, which is called "Five Blessingg".

Shandong and Shanxi During the Warring States Period and the Qin and Han Dynasties, it was generally known that Yishan or Huashan was Shandong to the east and Shanxi to the west. In ancient dynasties, which established their capital in modern Shaanxi, Hanguguan or Wang Ji, west of Tongguan, was generally called "inside the pass", and vice versa.

During the period of Sanjin, Sanchu and Sanqin, Jin was divided into three parts (Zhao Hanwei), and later generations called the former Jin area "Sanjin". During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the original Chu areas were the western Chu, the eastern Chu and the southern Chu, namely "the three Chu".

After the destruction of Qin, Xiang Yu was divided into three regions, which were divided into three generals of Qin, and later called Guanzhong area "Sanqin". Central Plains, Great Wall, and River Surface The Central Plains in a narrow sense refers to Henan Province and its nearby areas, and the Central Plains in a broad sense refers to the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River or the whole basin.

The area north of the Great Wall is outside the Great Wall, also known as the northern part of the Great Wall. The area south of the Yangtze River is called Jiangbiao, and the areas south of the Yangtze River such as Sunan and Zhejiang are also called "Jiangdong". During the Three Kingdoms period, Sun Quan ruled.

Four counties are the capital, contemptible and urban, and ten counties are the summer capitals; "Capital" also refers to Kyoto. Bi is one of the local organizations in the Zhou Dynasty, with 500 organizations, which refer to small towns and remote places.

Two capitals, three capitals, two capitals, five JD.COM Han and Luoyang are the east capitals, and Chang 'an, the old capital of the Western Han Dynasty, is called the west capital, which is collectively called "two capitals"; Together with Wan, it is called "Three Capitals". Luoyang and Chang 'an in the Eastern Han Dynasty were called both capitals. Kaifeng and Luoyang were two capitals in Song Dynasty. After the Ming Dynasty, Beijing and Nanjing were called two capitals.

There were five capitals in the Tang Dynasty: Tokyo, Beijing, Nanjing, Xijing and Zhongjing. The six ancient capitals are Beijing, Nanjing, Xi, Luoyang, Kaifeng and Hangzhou.

Beijing was called "Ji" in ancient times, also known as "Yanjing". Xi 'an is an ancient capital with the most dynasties and the longest time in Chinese history. It was called Xi 'an in Ming Dynasty and Chang 'an in ancient times.

Luoyang is the ancient capital of the Nine Dynasties. Nanjing was called Moling in Qin and Han Dynasties, Jianye in Sun Wu, Jiankang in Jin, Jinling in Southern Tang Dynasty, Yingtianfu in Zhu Yuanzhang's name, jiangning house in Qing Dynasty and Tianjing in Taiping Army, also known as Stone Town and Baixia. It is an ancient capital of six generations.

Kaifeng was called Daliang in ancient times and Bianjing and Tokyo in Song Dynasty. Hangzhou was called Qiantang in ancient times, also known as Lin 'an.

Gusu, Weiyang and Jingkou are nicknamed "Gusu" in Suzhou today; Yangzhou is nicknamed "Weiyang" and "Jiangdu"; Zhenjiang was called "Jingkou" in ancient times. .

3. What ancient texts contain geographical knowledge?

Wonderful use of ancient poetry in geography learning [Author: Yang Zhengyi reposted from: original hits on this site: 55 1 update time: April 8, 2004 Article input: qqqqq] In the vast ocean of literature in China, there are many famous sentences describing geographical landscapes, geographical laws and principles.

From elementary school to high school, we learned a lot of ancient poems. Therefore, when learning geography knowledge, if we can further deepen our understanding of ancient poetry, we will be surprised to find that ancient poetry also contains a lot of geography knowledge such as climate, topography and hydrology.

Here are a few examples for your reference. 1. There are many sentences describing climate in ancient poems and climate poems. For example, "like a strong wind in spring, it comes up at night and blows open the petals of ten thousand pear trees" reflects the weather change characteristics of cold front blowing first and then precipitation (snow); "Peach blossom in April Mountain Temple" reflects the vertical distribution of temperature. It is precisely because the temperature decreases with the elevation of terrain (the temperature drops by 6℃ every elevation of terrain 1000 m) that peach blossoms bloom early and late in the mountains and hills. "sunrise in the east, sunset in the west, the Tao is blind" is an excellent portrayal of flowing rain. From the poem, we can know the characteristics of convective rain: large precipitation intensity, small range and short duration.

Second, ancient poetry and topography China has a vast territory, diverse landforms and different causes. There are external forces such as weathering, erosion, transportation and deposition, as well as internal forces such as crustal movement.

This is also described in China's ancient poems. For example, "the green hills on both sides of the strait are facing each other, and the solitary sails are drying themselves" can be understood as flowing water eroding the landform, that is, when the crust rises, flowing water goes deep into the valley, making the green hills on both sides of the strait face each other; "The Shu Road is difficult, and it is difficult to go to the sky" and "48,000 years have passed, and it is not connected with Qinsai", indicating that the Shu Road is rugged, and the landform of the Sichuan Basin has been blocked since ancient times; "The side view of the mountain is the peak, and the distance is different" is a typical description of the mountainous terrain, which embodies the majestic beauty of Lushan Mountain.

Third, ancient poetry hydrology There are many poems describing hydrology. For example, Li Bai's "Flying down three thousands of feet, suspecting that the Milky Way has set for nine days" is a description of Lushan Waterfall; "Bai Di colorful clouds, thousands of miles Jiangling also one day.

Apes on both sides of the Taiwan Strait can't stop crying. The canoe has passed Chung Shan Man. It shows the spectacular sight of the Yangtze River rushing through the Three Gorges. Tides are born with the moon, and rivers should be born in spring. "August 18th tide is spectacular, and there is nothing strange in the world" not only shows the majestic momentum generated by the surging qiantang bore, but also describes the most spectacular time of tides (August 18th) and its astronomical factors (moon gravity). There are many poems that can express geographical knowledge such as climate, topography, hydrology and humanities. As long as students are good at discovering and thinking in their study, they can link ancient poetry with geographical knowledge, which will greatly stimulate our interest in learning geographical knowledge.

Not only reviewed the knowledge of ancient poetry, but also deepened the understanding of geographical knowledge, killing two birds with one stone, wouldn't it be quick! .

4. Common sense of China's classical Three Gorges literature

Brief introduction of the author

Li Daoyuan, an ancient geographer and essayist in China, was born in Fanyang County (now Gaobeidian City, Hebei Province) in the Northern Wei Dynasty. He is a hereditary Yongning Hou. I liked sightseeing when I was a teenager. Later, when he became an official, he traveled all over the country. Every time he visited places of interest, he also carefully surveyed the topography of the water surface and learned about coastal geography, landforms, soil, climate, people's production and life, and regional changes. He found that the ancient geography book "Water Mirror" lacked accurate records of the ins and outs of large and small rivers. However, due to the changes of the times and the rise and fall of cities, some rivers were diverted and renamed, but they were not supplemented and explained in the book. Li Daoyuan then personally annotated the water mirror.

geographical position

The Three Gorges of the Yangtze River is one of the 65,438+00 scenic spots in China and the first of the 40 best tourist attractions in China. The Three Gorges of the Yangtze River starts from Baidicheng, Fengjie, Chongqing in the west and ends in Nanjinguan, Yichang, Hubei in the east. It is the general name of Qutang Gorge, Wuxia Gorge and Xiling Gorge. It is the most magnificent landscape corridor on the Yangtze River, with a total length of192km, and is often called "the Great Three Gorges". In addition, there are the "Little Three Gorges" in Daning River and the "Little Three Gorges" in Madu River. Here, there are peaks on both sides of the strait, the harbor is narrow and tortuous, and the beaches and reefs in the harbor are dotted with turbulent water. "There is water in the mountains, and there is water around the mountains. Sometimes, the coast and gables stand like axes, as if they want to help each other. Sometimes, dangerous cliffs stand in the water and are blocked by the current in the harbor. " Comrade Guo Moruo vividly described the magnificent scenery in the canyon area in his poem "Strange Road in Shu". In ancient China, there was a famous geographical work called Notes on Water Mirrors, which was written by Li Daoyuan in the Northern Wei Dynasty. There is a vivid narrative about the Three Gorges in the book: "Since the Three Gorges is 700 miles, the two sides of the Three Gorges are connected by mountains, and there is no gap. The rocks piled up layer by layer, blocking the sun and the sky. Since midnight, there has been no sunrise and no moon ... ". The Three Gorges straddles two provinces. There are mountains and steep cliffs on both sides of the river, and the scenery is amazing. The steep and continuous peaks on both banks are generally about 700-800 meters higher than the river. The narrowest part of the river is about 100 m; With the construction of the huge Three Gorges Project, it has become a world-famous tourist hotline. There are many beautiful scenic spots in the Three Gorges Tourist Area, among which the most famous are Fengdu Ghost Town, Shi Baozhai in Zhongxian County, Zhangfei Temple in Yunyang, Qutang Gorge, Wuxia Gorge, Xiling Gorge, the majestic Three Gorges Project, Daning River Small Three Gorges and so on. There are three routes to visit the Three Gorges: 1, and enjoy the wonders of the Three Gorges from Shunjiang, Chongqing at a fast pace; 2. Visit the beautiful scenery of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in Shanghai, Nanjing and Wuhan; 3. From Yichang, the east exit of the Three Gorges, enjoy the magical and beautiful scenery of the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River. The Three Gorges of the Yangtze River has unlimited scenery. The magnificence of Qutang Gorge, the beauty of Wuxia Gorge, the precipitousness of Xiling Gorge, and the magic and simplicity of Daning River, Xiangxi River and Shennong River in the Three Gorges make this world-famous landscape corridor full of weather-here, the peaks are stacked, the cliffs are facing each other, and the smoke cages are locked; The river here is surging, stormy and never looking back; The strange rocks here are majestic and resemble people. The caves here are grotesque, empty, deep and mysterious ... One mountain and one water, one scene and one thing in the Three Gorges are all picturesque, accompanied by many beautiful myths and touching legends, which make people fascinated.

The Three Gorges of the Yangtze River is an outstanding place. This is one of the cradles of ancient culture in China, and the famous Daxi culture shines brightly in the long river of history. China's great patriotic poet Qu Yuan and the famous female Wang Zhaojun were born here. Green mountains and clear waters have left the footprints of poets such as Li Bai, Bai Juyi, Liu Yuxi, Fan Chengda, Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi and Lu You, and left many poems that have been sung through the ages. The Great Gorge and the Deep Valley were once the ancient battlefields of the Three Kingdoms, where countless heroes galloped and displayed their talents. There are also many famous places of interest here, such as Baidicheng, Huangling Temple and Nanjinguan ... They complement each other with the landscape here and are famous all over the world.

The Three Gorges is the place where people in Chongqing and Hubei provinces live, mainly inhabited by Han nationality and Tujia nationality, who all have many unique customs and habits. The annual dragon boat race on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month is a ritual activity held by the people of Chu township to express their respect for Qu Yuan. Badong's back-building world and Tujia's unique marriage customs are known as the national treasure of the fish-Chinese sturgeon. From 65438 to 0982, the Three Gorges, with its world-famous beautiful scenery and colorful human landscape, was approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national scenic spots.

5. Basic knowledge of ancient Chinese.

Definition of classical Chinese: the general term of classical Chinese before 1954 (generally excluding "parallel prose"). Eight Great Writers in Tang and Song Dynasties are the collective names of eight representative prose writers in Tang and Song Dynasties. It refers to Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan in the Tang Dynasty and Ouyang Xiu, Su Xun, Su Shi and Su Zhe in the Song Dynasty. Wang Anshi and Ceng Gong. Compared with parallel prose, parallel prose is a kind of prose with odd sentences, without dual temperament. Parallel prose became popular after Wei and Jin Dynasties, paying attention to duality, neat syntax and flowery words. Su Chu opposed the flashy style of parallel prose in the later Zhou Dynasty, and imitated the style of Shangshu as "Dayu", thinking that the article was a standard genre and called it "ancient prose" tradition, that is, such prose was called ancient prose. Han Yu's "Mourning for Ouyang Sheng" said: "The more ancient it is, why not just read its sentences? I don't think the ancients can see it, but I have to learn from the ancient road. " "Teacher's Notes" said: "Li, ... is good at ancient prose, and all six arts are passed down to him. Scholars not only emphasize the importance of Tao, but also attach great importance to the role of literature and advocate creation. They advocate that "only the ancient characters must be their own people" and "the text follows the characters smoothly" (Han Yu's Epitaph of Nanyang Fan Shaoshu). The ancient prose they wrote is actually a new type of prose, with its own personality and times. The ancient prose was lost in the Sui Dynasty, Li Han revived, and the ancient prose method died in North Korea. " ("Talking about Poetry with Kong Li") From this sentence, we can see that Han Yu's so-called ancient prose is different from the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties in both inheritance and innovation.