Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Weather inquiry - Why can't dolphins leave the sea?
Why can't dolphins leave the sea?
Dolphins Delphinidae; dolphins
Dolphins belong to the class Mammalia, order Cetaceans, suborder toothed whales, family Delphinidae, commonly known as dolphins. There are nearly 62 species, distributed in all oceans of the world. . The body length is 1.2 to 4.2 meters and the weight is 23 to 225 kilograms. Dolphins generally have pointed mouths and about 100 sharp teeth in their upper and lower jaws. They mainly feed on small fish, squid, shrimps and crabs. Dolphins like to live in "groups", ranging from a few to hundreds. Dolphins are sea mammals with extraordinary abilities and intelligence. After training, you can play table tennis, jump through fire hoops, etc. Apart from humans, dolphins have the most developed brains among animals. The human brain accounts for 2.1% of a person's body weight, and the dolphin's brain accounts for 1.7% of its body weight. The dolphin's brain is composed of two parts that are completely separated. When one part is working, the other part is fully resting, so it can stay awake throughout its life. Dolphins rely on echolocation to determine the distance, direction, location, shape, and even the nature of objects. Someone did an experiment and blindfolded the dolphins and muddied the water. They could quickly and accurately catch the food thrown to them. Dolphins not only have amazing hearing, but also superb swimming and unusual diving skills. According to some tests, the diving record of dolphins is 300 meters deep, while humans can only dive 20 meters without wearing a diving suit. As for its swimming speed, it is unmatched by humans. The speed of a dolphin can reach 40 kilometers per hour, which is equivalent to the moderate speed of a torpedo boat.
In the cetacean kingdom, the dolphin family, the Delphinidae, has the most species. There are more than 30 known species in the world. Although some species are named "whales", such as killer whales and false killer whales, they are actually members of the dolphin family.
Dolphins are a kind of intelligent and intelligent animals. They do not run away from people like the timid animals in the forest, nor do they show their teeth and claws like the beasts in the deep mountains and old forests when they meet people. Dolphins They always appear very docile and approachable and are sometimes even friendlier to humans than dogs and horses.
We have heard many stories of dolphins rescuing people who fell into the water. We also often hear reports of dolphins playing and having fun with people. Some stories have even become sensational news. Dolphins that have been trained can even imitate the voices of some people. In the 1970s, three scientists in the United States allowed two dolphins to learn 25 words. Recently, four scientists including Dr. Owens of the Pacific Ocean Foundation trained two dolphins and spent three years teaching them 700 English words. However, some scientists believe that the "language" or "dialect" of animals cannot be described as too bizarre.
But dolphins do have unique intelligence. Its brain size and quality are also among the best in the animal kingdom. At present, scientists have two different views on animal intelligence: one believes that chimpanzees are the most evolved and capable of all animals; the other believes that the intelligence and learning ability of dolphins are similar to that of apes, or even higher. Therefore, some people call dolphins the "wisdom in the sea."
In order to prove that dolphins have the ability to learn, as early as 1959, a man named Lili conducted an experiment on a dolphin. He inserted electrodes into the dolphin's pleasure center and pain center. When the current passes through the electrode and stimulates the dolphin's pleasure center nerve or pain center nerve, it will produce a sense of pleasure or pain. The dolphins were then trained to touch a small metal piece on their head to control the current on and off. If the electrode is inserted into the dolphin's pain center, the dolphin will choose the small metal piece that cuts off the power supply after training 20 times, making the pain disappear. For a monkey, it would take hundreds of training sessions to learn to control the switch. This shows that dolphins have stronger learning abilities in some aspects.
Dolphins are friends of humans, and they are very happy to get close to people. The dolphins at Monchemi Beach in Australia have established a friendship with humans, bringing great joy and surprise to people. Maybe there will be more dolphins in the future and establish contact with humans in more places. This desire is not a fantasy: as people study dolphins in-depth, we will uncover more secrets about dolphins. Then we will Socializing with dolphins will be easier, more intimate and more friendly!
When it comes to dolphins, people have heard that they have extraordinary intelligence and abilities. In the aquarium, dolphins can perform various wonderful jumping movements according to the instructions of the trainer. They seem to be able to understand the information conveyed by humans and take action. People can't help but marvel at how smart this beautiful marine animal is. So, how intelligent and capable are dolphins? Is it possible for them to communicate with humans increasingly? Here we start with the structure and ecological characteristics of the dolphin's brain to discuss its intelligence.
The IQ of dolphins is difficult to measure
Dolphins can perform a variety of difficult acrobatic performances, and are obviously very intelligent sea animals.
But how intelligent are dolphins actually? In psychology, the word "intelligence" roughly contains three meanings: first, the ability to adapt to various situations; second, the ability to learn from past experiences; third, the use of symbolic things such as language or symbols to engage in "abstract thinking" the ability to think”.
Based on observations of wild dolphin behavior. As well as the situations in which dolphins communicate with humans when performing acrobatics, it is speculated that dolphins have strong adaptability and learning abilities; however, it has not yet been proven that dolphins use language or symbols to think abstractly. However, even without conclusive scientific evidence, it cannot be assumed that dolphins do not have the ability to think abstractly.
If dolphins really have the ability to think abstractly, how exactly do they use this ability? And to what extent? These are all interesting questions. But now, it is not easy to find the answers to these questions, because even with the wisdom that humans have, there are still many unknowns.
Although dolphins, like humans, are mammals, they live in different environments and have few opportunities for contact with each other. Therefore, humans' understanding of the potential abilities of dolphins is very limited. So, what methods do humans use to study and explore the intelligence of dolphins? At present, most of them use the following two methods: one is to estimate the potential abilities of dolphins based on their anatomical characteristics; the other is to actually observe the behavior of wild dolphins and speculate on their intelligence based on the purpose and function of the behavior. High and low.
The brain is no less developed than that of primates
From an anatomical point of view, the brain of dolphins is very developed, not only large but also heavy. The sulci on the dolphin's cerebral hemisphere are criss-crossed, forming complex folds. The cerebral cortex has a very large number of cells and nerve cells per unit volume, and the distribution of nerves is also quite complex. For example, the weight of the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin is 250 kilograms, and the brain weight is about 1500 grams (this value is similar to the brain weight of an adult male of 1400 grams). The ratio of brain weight to body weight is about 0.6, although this value is much lower than that of humans. 1.93, but it exceeds that of primates such as gorillas or monkeys.
As for the wrinkles formed by the sulci on the dolphin cerebral hemispheres, research shows that Atlantic bottlenose dolphins have even more wrinkles than humans and are more complex. Their cerebral cortex has a surface area of ??2,500 Square centimeters, 1.5 times that of humans. The density of nerve cells in dolphin brains is almost the same as that of humans or chimpanzees. In other words, dolphins have more nerve cells in their brains than humans or chimpanzees. Therefore, whether judging from the ratio of brain weight to body weight or the number of folds in the cerebral cortex, the memory capacity or information processing capabilities of the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin's brain are comparable to those of primates.
Try to understand the language of dolphins
Since the memory capacity and information processing capabilities of dolphin brains are comparable to those of primates, if humans can communicate with dolphins, they should gain a lot Gain valuable information about marine animals and learn about different modes of expression and thought. Diving with dolphins will reveal that dolphins are quite noisy animals. According to recording survey records, dolphins use ultrasonic calls with frequencies above 200-350 kHz for "echolocation", while the human hearing range is between 16-20 kHz, and humans cannot hear the echolocation of dolphins. Ultrasonic waves emitted. Therefore, the dolphin calls we hear in the water may be part of the low-frequency sounds used by dolphins to communicate with each other.
For humans to communicate with dolphins, the prerequisite is to understand the language of dolphins, so it is necessary to analyze the correlation between the sounds and behaviors of dolphins. Dolphin sound analysis is actually possible with the proper recording equipment. However, the parallel connection between sound and behavior is not easy to grasp, and people still do not know exactly what the various sounds emitted by dolphins mean.
In order to enable humans to communicate with dolphins, the second method is to let dolphins learn human language. More than 20 years ago, experts from the American Ocean University used this method to develop dolphin intelligence. At present, under the training of experts, dolphins have been able to learn and understand the meaning of single words and compound sentences from the gestures of trainers, and can make appropriate responses, but they have not yet reached the point where they can freely exchange information with people.
Whether it is studying the correlation between dolphin sounds and behavior, or teaching dolphins to learn human language, based on current progress, the ultimate goal of humans and dolphins understanding and communicating with each other is still quite far away. .
How Dolphins Sleep
Dolphins swim around seemingly forever. Dolphins are mammals that originally lived on land and later returned to the water to breathe with their lungs. If they continue to sleep in the water, dolphins will die from being unable to breathe. Do they really not need to sleep? If they can sleep, do they sleep on land or in the sea?
In fact, if we can observe dolphins carefully for a period of time, we will find that they sometimes close one of their eyes when swimming. After investigating their brain waves, it was found that one side of their brains would be in a sleep state. That is, although they continue to swim, the left and right brains are taking turns to rest.
If we can be like dolphins, sleeping and working at the same time, and the left and right brains rest alternately, we can do two things at once, and we will not be afraid of missing the station while sleeping on the bus.
Dolphins risk their lives to protect their young
If a female dolphin miscarriages miscarriage, she will desperately use her snout to push the calf to the water in order to let the incapacitated calf breathe. , and kept repeating these actions, even stopping foraging for two days.
According to people at the aquarium, once the calf dies, the mother dolphin will try her best to revive the calf, but if it lasts for too long and the situation is serious, even the mother dolphin can die of exhaustion. . Therefore, the body of the baby dolphin must be salvaged as soon as possible. Perhaps doing so will prevent the mother dolphin from being too sad and allow it to recover its strength. However, it is not easy for the staff to remove the dead calf. The mother dolphin will protect the calf from the boat and compete with the staff in an endurance competition.
Does the mother dolphin know that her calf is dead? Or is it because he feels pity for the little dolphin and desperately wants to push the little dolphin to the water? Or is it just an animal instinct? Perhaps dolphins do have some rationality that humans cannot understand. The details are still unclear.
Dolphins rescue similar animals in distress
In ancient Greece, there were stories of dolphins rescuing drowning people: Once, the famous Greek lyric poet and musician Aléon participated in an event hosted by a wealthy Italian businessman. music competition and won a huge prize. He took this wealth with him and returned to Corinth, Greece by boat. Unexpectedly, he aroused the jealousy of the crew members and wanted to kill him. Before he died, he asked to play one more song. The beautiful music attracted a large group of dolphins. Aleon jumped into the sea. The dolphins carried him on their bodies and swam to a safe place. Aleon escaped from danger. This story shows that in ancient times, the relationship between humans and dolphins was quite good. So what is the situation between dolphins and similar dolphins?
In June 1994, when researchers were conducting a dolphin ecological survey in the Pacific Ocean, they observed a dolphin that was unfortunately hit by a harpoon and was in a coma. Another dolphin swam nearby and kept pushing the injured dolphin to the water. The sound it made seemed to wake up the injured dolphin in a coma.
Dolphins can identify friend and foe
When investigating wild dolphins, researchers found that dolphins are usually reluctant to approach people at first and seem to be aware of the existence of strange objects. But after realizing that humans are not hostile, the dolphins' alertness gradually decreases, and they can even get as close as arm's reach. They will shake their heads while observing humans. As long as one of them gradually approaches people inadvertently, the other dolphins will slowly swim over.
Near Chaco Bay in southern Italy, more than a dozen Atlantic bottlenose dolphins swim to the beach every day. The dolphins don't seem to mind human harassment and are used to food and bait being given to them by hand. Therefore, even wild dolphins, given the right opportunity, will live in harmony with humans.
However, humans can only get rid of the stereotype of "the spirit of all things" and enter the world of dolphins. Only then can we discover other ways of communicating with dolphins.
Jack the Genius Navigator
In Wellington, the capital of New Zealand, there is a unique dolphin monument with the inscription "Jack the Genius Navigator".
One day in 1871, the sailing ship "Brignier" was traveling through the Cork Strait in New Zealand. Due to sudden changes in weather, it was trapped in the "Gap of Death" for a whole day and was about to suffer death. Disaster struck, and the desperate captain feebly crossed himself on his chest. Suddenly, his eyes lit up, and a large silver-gray dolphin jumped up from the stormy waves, looking back in hope from time to time, as if to say: "Don't worry, friend, I know how to get out of the way and get rid of death." The captain seemed to be in the night. I saw the lighthouse during the voyage and without thinking I ordered to follow the dolphins. The big dolphin turned around and around, and finally led the "Brinier" out of the terrifying place.
From then on, a miracle happened. This silver-gray dolphin always hangs near the strait, guiding passing ships year after year. Whenever a ship comes, it always jumps out of the water, shakes its tail fin to express welcome, then circles the reef, avoids the turbulence, and saves the ship from danger. The crew affectionately calls it "Jack".
In 1912, Jack ended his forty-year career as a volunteer navigator and passed away quietly. The locals felt attached to it. Divers found its body and covered it with the flag. Then they held a funeral for it and later carved a bronze statue of it.
Dolphins pay attention to the division of labor when hunting
Dolphins move in groups during the hunting process. Not only that, the na-ture website reported that a recent study on the Florida coast showed that each A dolphin also has a clear division of labor in hunting.
Cooperation in hunting has been found in many animal groups, such as chimpanzees.
But each individual has his own specific job in the group, just like in a football team, each member has his own division of labor. This phenomenon is rare in animal groups.
American researchers observed two groups of dolphins, one group consisting of three members, and the other group having 2 to 6 members. The researchers identified each dolphin by marking its fins and observed their hunting activities 60 times.
It was found that during collective hunting, one of the two groups of dolphins always acted as a "driver", while the other dolphins acted as "obstacles". The "driver" dolphins It will drive the surrounding small fish into the circle formed by the obstacle dolphin.
This kind of individual division of labor in hunting has only been found in African lionesses. One lioness stands guard in the center of the hunting scene, while other lionesses carry the prey from the sides toward the center.
Regarding the special division of labor among the dolphins discovered this time, the researchers said that it is not yet certain whether this special hunting method is shared by all dolphins, or whether the dolphins are only found in certain groups. Only available in a specific region.
Why do dolphins swim fast?
Good body shape is a prerequisite for swimming fast. But even with the best body shape, there are still many details that need to be perfected if you want to be a good swimmer in nature. When animals swim in water, they usually create some small whirlpools. These small eddies affect the animal's swimming speed. Dolphins and sharks solve this problem in different ways. The slippery skin on a dolphin's body is not tight. But it is flexible. When swimming, dolphins shrink their skin, forming many small pits on it to trap water, thus forming a "water cover" around their bodies. When a dolphin swims quickly, the "water cover" surrounds its body and moves at the same time as its body. With the help of this protective layer of water, dolphins swim with almost no friction and no whirlpools are created.
Dolphins have a long history of rescuing people
In 1949, the wife of a Florida lawyer disclosed in the magazine "Natural History" her strange experience of being rescued from drowning at sea: She While swimming at a beach, she suddenly fell into an underwater undercurrent, and rows of turbulent waves hit her. Just when she was about to fall into unconsciousness, a dolphin swam over quickly and pushed her hard with its pointed beak, then several more times until she was pushed into shallow water. After the woman regained consciousness, she looked around to see who had saved her. However, the beach was deserted except for a dolphin playing in the water not far from the shore. In recent years, there have been more and more similar reports, which shows that dolphins saving people are by no means made up by people.
Not only will dolphins push drowning people to the shore, but they will also act bravely and come to the rescue when encountering sharks eating people. In the summer of 1959, the passenger ship "Rio Atero" crashed due to an explosion in the Caribbean Sea. Many passengers struggled in the turbulent waters. Unexpectedly, misfortunes never come singly, a large group of sharks gathered around, and everyone was about to be buried in the belly of the fish. At this critical moment, a group of dolphins suddenly appeared like "celestial soldiers and generals" and pounced on the greedy sharks, driving away the demons in the sea and saving the passengers in distress.
Rescuing the weak comes from instinct
Dolphins have always been an animal that rescues people in need. When humans are in danger in the water, they often get help from it. Dolphins have also gained the reputation of "sea lifeguards", and many countries have promulgated regulations to protect dolphins. So why do dolphins save people? Before people fully understood dolphins, they always thought they were sent by God to protect humans. Due to the advancement of science, the understanding of dolphins has been further deepened, and their mysterious veil has gradually been revealed.
Zoologists have discovered that dolphins are not limited to humans. They will rescue their weak and sick companions.
In 1959, while sailing in the sea, American zoologist De Hibenale and others saw two dolphins swimming towards a dolphin injured by explosives, trying to rescue their companions. Dolphins will also rescue newborn calves, sometimes in a very blind manner. In a marine park, a baby dolphin died after birth, but it was still pushed out of the water by its mother. In fact, almost any object that is not actively moving in the water will attract the attention and great enthusiasm of dolphins and become their "rescue" targets. Many experiments have been conducted, and the results show that dolphins will do the same thing to any object floating in front of them, whether it is a dead sea turtle, an old air mattress, a lifebuoy, or a thick wooden board. In 1955, in the California Marine Aquarium, a dolphin rescued its old enemy, a 1.5-meter-long young tiger shark, by lifting it out of the water for eight consecutive days. As a result, the unlucky little shark died. He finally lost his life because of this.
Accordingly, marine zoologists believe that the virtue of dolphins in saving people comes from the "nature of caring" for their children.
It turns out that dolphins are mammals that breathe with lungs. They can dive into the water when swimming, but they have to raise their heads to the surface of the sea to breathe every once in a while, otherwise they will suffocate to death. Therefore, the most important thing for a newborn dolphin is to reach the water as soon as possible. However, if an accident occurs, the dolphin mother's care behavior will occur. She gently lifts the baby dolphin up with her beak, or holds the baby dolphin's pectoral fins out of the water with her teeth until the baby dolphin can breathe on its own. This caring behavior is instinctive for dolphins and all cetaceans. This instinct was formed during a long process of natural selection and is very necessary to protect the same kind and continue the race. Since this behavior is independent of the target, once a dolphin encounters a drowning person and mistakenly thinks it is a floating object, it will also have the same push-away reaction, thereby saving the person. In other words, this is a coincidence. The inherent behavior of dolphins coincides with the exciting phenomenon of "rescuing people."
The wise men in the sea are human friends
Some scientists feel that attributing the rescue behavior of dolphins to an instinct of animals is oversimplifying the matter. The root cause is the love for animals. Wisdom is too underestimated. Oceanographers believe that dolphins have the same learning ability as humans, even slightly better than chimpanzees, and are known as the "wise old men" of the sea. Research shows that dolphins far exceed chimpanzees in both absolute and relative brain weight, and learning ability is closely related to intellectual development. Some people believe that the brain capacity of dolphins is larger than that of chimpanzees. It is obviously a highly intelligent animal and an animal with thinking ability. Its "feat" of saving people is completely a conscious behavior. Because in most cases, dolphins push people to the shore instead of to the sea. At the beginning of the 20th century, there was a poor fishing village in El Mahara on the Atlantic Ocean in Mauritania. The dolphins in the Atlantic seemed to know that people were suffering from famine, and they often drove large numbers of fish from the high seas into the harbor to help fishermen spread the fish. Net fishing. In addition, strange stories of dolphins helping people fish have also been reported in Australia, Myanmar, and South America.
Why do dolphins treat humans so wholeheartedly? In front of sharks, dolphins are crazy gods of killing. It is easy to attack humans, but there has never been a record of dolphins hurting people. The most incomprehensible thing is that even when people kill a dolphin, other dolphins present just watch and never retaliate. For dolphins with a strong spirit of cooperation, this behavior really baffles zoologists.
Dolphins also have “names”
According to a report from the Russian News Network on May 24, scientists from the University of St. Andrews in the United States recently concluded that every dolphin living in a group has Dolphins all have their own names, and dolphins of the same group can also tell each other's last name.
The scientists chose the Florida coast for their study. During the study, experts recorded the sounds made by social dolphins and analyzed them. They then isolated all the sound signals that could identify a specific dolphin, keeping only the specific frequencies of those sounds.
It is reported that by comparing the sounds made by humans, researchers isolated the accents and other "conversation"-related characteristics from the sounds made by dolphins. During the experiment, the researchers divided dolphins from the same group into two groups and extracted the sounds produced by one group. Later, by playing these sounds to another group of dolphins, people were surprised to find that they actually responded positively to the sounds of their "relatives."
Vincent Yannick, a scientist involved in the study, said: "We recorded some dolphin calls during the dry season and entered them into the computer to artificially synthesize similar sounds. After that, we The recordings were played to the dolphins to observe their reactions, and the results showed that the dolphins were able to distinguish who was making the sounds."
Based on these observations, the scientists concluded that the dolphins not only had own names and can also distinguish companions based on these names, rather than relying solely on sounds. Yannick pointed out: "Now we know that dolphins actually have their own names just like us."
Scientists believe that this method of identification is very necessary for dolphins - Because sounds are easily distorted underwater, companions can only be identified through more complex sound combinations.
It is reported that 9 of the 14 dolphins participating in the experiment responded to the "names" of their relatives. However, scientists are still unclear why the other five dolphins did not make any corresponding actions. Perhaps they don't want to see their "relatives."
Yannick said this discovery is of great significance because it shows that dolphins also possess certain behavioral abilities similar to those of us humans.
Survival Behavior of Dolphins
In the wild, dolphins will use the teeth in their snouts to catch prey. They have ninety to one hundred teeth, but they do not chew them, but chew them. Swallow a whole fish. Like whales, dolphins breathe through the blowholes on their heads. They will swim out of the water to exhale, and take a deep breath before diving back into the water. Their lungs are specially designed to quickly decompress. , allowing them to dive to a depth of more than 30 meters. Dolphins flap the water up and down with their tail fins to swim. A pair of front fins helps them change the direction of swimming, and their dorsal fins help them stabilize their bodies. The streamlined body of dolphins can reduce Their resistance in water allows them to maintain a swimming speed of 30 kilometers per hour.
Dolphins like to eat fish and squid most, and they eat about 4 to 8% of their body weight every day. They weigh about 200 kilograms, so they eat about 15 kilograms of food every day. The food that the dolphins living in the Ocean Park eat is mainly Yokozawa fish, mackerel, sardines, squid and spring fish imported from the United States because the supply from foreign countries is relatively sufficient and stable, and there is a chance of food contamination. less.
Dolphins do not have a set sleeping time. They may sleep during the day or at night. When they sleep, they usually float close to the water and only rest one side of their brain while the other side continues to function, because in the ocean, if they are in a deep sleep state, they will be easily attacked by enemies and unable to escape.
Dolphins use high-frequency waves to communicate with their companions. They can emit 32 kinds of sounds. Each dolphin has its own special call that is used to identify itself.
Dolphins belong to the suborder Cetacea, toothed whales. All whales have specific sonar systems, among which dolphins are the most sophisticated. They can use sound waves to accurately measure the shape, material, and location of nearby objects. The entire process only takes 2 seconds.
Although dolphins live in the sea, the water they need does not come from sea water, but completely depends on the water in the fish they eat. If they don't eat fish for more than 3 days, they will die of dehydration. Because dolphins are used to eating live fish in the sea, they are not used to eating dead fish when being raised by humans!
Dolphins often jump in groups on the sea. This is a roll call for dolphins, which means two signals of "leaving" and "going home"; and if they keep jumping forward at a certain speed and regularly, they can also Can reduce water resistance!
If we try to open our eyes in the water, we will not see much; but on the contrary, as long as we have a pair of special ears, we can hear very clearly in the sea. Dolphins, like their close relatives, cetaceans, make strange noises all day long. The sounds can be transmitted several kilometers away. This is the language of dolphins. Although it is very complex, it can achieve a good communication effect. In this way, they can inform their companions or send out signals for help; they also rely on this sonar system to hunt food, such as fish, squid, etc... . However, sometimes when they hit the beach, the ultrasonic waves mislead them, and they get trapped on the beach, causing life-threatening consequences.
The little king of the sea---killer whales
There are about 60 species of dolphins in the world, almost all over the oceans. Killer whales (killer whales) are a type of dolphin. Their temperament is very ferocious. It is said that one killer whale ate 13 dolphins and 15 seals at one time. But their IQs are very high. If raised from an early age, they can train animal stars in the water world!
Although dolphins always have a content smile on their faces, they have a surprisingly aggressive nature. But such aggressive dolphins also like to be conciliatory. Researchers in the United States, studying a small group of bottlenose dolphins in a zoo, found that after fights, the rivals would gently rub or swim in contact, in which one dolphin dragged the other dolphin. Swim across the pool.
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