Detailed explanation of the knowledge points of high school geography about equal temperature difference line

# Senior One # Introduction In the study of geography, I will learn contour lines, which is the key content of students' study. Here is an introduction to the knowledge points of high school geographic contour lines, hoping to help you. Knowledge points of geography in senior high school about equal temperature difference line

1, daily variation of temperature

The continuous change of temperature with time in a day is called the daily change of temperature. In a day, the temperature has a value and a minimum value, and the difference between them is the daily temperature difference. Usually the temperature is between 14 ~ 15, and the lowest temperature appears around sunrise. Due to the influence of season and weather, the occurrence time may be ahead of schedule or behind schedule. For example, in summer, the temperature often appears in14 ~15; Winter is 13 to 14. Because the sunrise time is different at different latitudes, the occurrence time of the lowest temperature will also be different with different latitudes. The daily range of temperature is smaller than the daily range of surface soil temperature. The farther away from the ground, the smaller the daily range of temperature and the later the lowest temperature appears.

In agricultural production, sometimes a large daily temperature difference is needed, which is beneficial to the high yield of crops. Because a large diurnal range means that the temperature is higher during the day and lower at night, so that the photosynthesis of leaves is strong during the day and more carbohydrates are produced, while at night, the respiratory consumption is less and the accumulation is more, and the crop yield is high and the quality is good.

The factors that affect the daily temperature range are:

(1) Latitude: The daily temperature range decreases with the increase of latitude. This is because the change of sun height in a day decreases with the increase of latitude. The daily temperature difference in tropical areas is about 65438 02℃. The daily range of temperate zone is 8.0 ~ 9.0℃; The daily temperature difference of polar circle is 3.0 ~ 4.0℃.

(2) Season: Generally, the daily range in summer is greater than that in winter, but in the middle and high latitudes, the daily range in a year appears in spring. Because in summer, although the height angle of the sun is large, the sunshine time is long and the temperature is high during the day, the daily temperature difference in summer is not as large as that in spring because of the short day, short cooling time and high temperature at night in the middle and high latitudes.

(3) Topography: The daily temperature difference in low concave areas (such as basins and valleys) is greater than that in convex areas (such as hills). The terrain is low and concave, the contact area between air and the ground is large, and the ventilation is poor. At night, it is often the place where cold air sinks and meets, so the daily temperature difference is large. On the other hand, because of high wind speed, strong turbulence, fast heat exchange and small daily temperature difference, the flat land is in between.

(4) Properties of underlying surface: Because the thermal characteristics and solar radiation absorption capacity of underlying surface are different, the daily temperature difference is also different. The daily temperature difference on land is greater than that on the sea, and the farther away from the sea, the greater the daily temperature difference. The daily temperature difference of sandy soil, dark soil and dry loose soil is greater than that of clay, light soil and wet compact soil respectively.

(5) Weather: The daily temperature difference in sunny days is greater than that in cloudy days (rainy days), because the sun radiation is strong in sunny days, the ground temperature is strong, and the effective ground radiation is strong at night. The daily temperature difference in windy days is small.

2. Annual variation of temperature

The annual change of temperature is the same as the daily change. In a year, the monthly average temperature has a value and a minimum value. As far as the northern hemisphere is concerned, the average monthly temperature in the middle and high latitudes inland areas appears in July, and the average monthly minimum temperature appears in 65438+ 10. The temperature of the ocean is the lowest in August and February. The difference between the monthly average temperature and the lowest value in a year is called the temperature annual range.

The factors that affect the temperature annual range are:

(1) Latitude: The temperature annual range increases with the increase of latitude. This is because the annual variation of solar radiation energy increases with the increase of latitude. For example, the annual temperature variation of Xisha Islands (16 50' N) in China is only 6℃, that of Shanghai (3 1' N) is 25℃, and that of Hailar (49 13'N' N) is 46℃. Figure 3 shows the annual variation of temperature at different latitudes. The annual temperature in low latitudes is very low, and the annual temperature in high latitudes can reach 40 ~ 50℃.

(2) Land and ocean: Due to the different thermal characteristics of land and ocean, compared with land and ocean at the same latitude, the difference of heat income between China mainland in winter and summer is greater than that of ocean, so the annual temperature difference on Chinese mainland is much greater than that of ocean. Generally, the temperature difference of temperate oceans last year was 1 1℃, and that of Chinese mainland last year could reach 20 ~ 60℃.

(3) Distance from the sea: Due to the thermal characteristics of water, the temperature of the ocean rises and falls relatively gently. The closer to the ocean, the greater the influence of the ocean, the smaller the temperature annual range, and the farther away from the ocean, the smaller the influence of the ocean and the greater the temperature annual range.

In addition, the influence of topography and weather on the temperature annual range is the same as that on the daily temperature range.

3. Isogram analysis

(1) Latitude change: increasing from low latitude to middle and high latitude. The reason is that the seasonal variation of solar radiation in low latitudes is small, while that in middle latitudes is large. The seasonal variation of the length of day and night in low latitudes is small; The length of day and night varies greatly in middle and high latitudes.

(2) Longitude change: increasing from coastal to inland. The reason is the difference of thermal properties between land and sea. (China is increasing from south to north; Increasing from east to west)

Knowledge points of high school geography about industrial areas

1, the general law of industrial location selection:

(1), from the perspective of economic factors, we should consider the analysis of land cost, raw materials, transportation, consumer market, labor price and other factors;

(2) From the perspective of environmental factors, factors such as wind direction and river flow direction need to be considered, and the layout of factories with serious air pollution should be chosen in the downwind direction of the dominant wind direction in the city or in the suburbs perpendicular to the winter and summer monsoon or in the upwind area of the minimum wind frequency in the city; Factories with serious water pollution should consider that the sewage outlets should be far away from water sources and the upper reaches of rivers; Industries with serious solid waste pollution should stay away from farmland and residential areas.

2. Analysis of regional industrial development conditions

(A) ideological analysis

The conditions for developing industry in a certain place are generally analyzed from the following aspects: geographical location; Resource conditions; Agricultural foundation (agriculture can provide food, non-staple food, raw materials, labor and so on. ); Traffic conditions; Market conditions; Working conditions; Technical conditions; Historical conditions; 9 major aspects such as policy conditions.

note:

We don't need to analyze every aspect when analyzing the industrial development conditions of a certain place. To grasp the local characteristics, we only provide an analytical perspective;

② Analysis should be made from two aspects: favorable conditions and unfavorable conditions.

(2) Examples

Example 1: The industrial development conditions of the four coastal industrial bases in China are analyzed as follows:

(1) is located in the eastern coast of China, with convenient maritime traffic and favorable for opening to the outside world. Railways, highways, waterways and pipelines connect all parts of China, facilitating the exchange of materials, personnel and information.

(2) The local and neighboring areas are rich in resources or raw materials, such as iron and oil in central and southern Liaoning, coal, iron, oil, sea salt and cotton in Beijing, Tianjin and Tangshan;

(3) Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan and Shanghai-Nanjing-Hangzhou regions have strong scientific and technological strength, and the industrial base in central and southern Liaoning is good. The Pearl River Delta, which is close to Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan and Southeast Asia, is the hometown of overseas Chinese and has the advantages of attracting foreign investment, advanced technology and management experience;

(4) There are many open cities and special economic zones in the four bases, which enjoy preferential policies for economic development.

Exodus 2: What are the advantages of establishing a large steel enterprise in Shanghai?

Shanghai has no coal and iron, and lacks raw materials and fuel. Developing the iron and steel industry has the following advantages:

(1) has an excellent geographical location and convenient transportation. Shanghai is located in the sea of the Yangtze River, the midpoint of the shipping between the north and south coasts of Chinese mainland, where the two railways, Beijing-Shanghai and Shanghai-Hangzhou, meet, and it is a land and water transportation hub. We can use convenient sea transportation and cheap river transportation to import coal and iron from the mainland and abroad and develop the coastal steel industry.

(2) Close to the consumer market. Shanghai is a comprehensive industrial base in China, and the Yangtze River Delta Industrial Zone where Shanghai is located is also a comprehensive industrial zone in China. The development of various industries needs to consume a lot of steel, and the establishment of steel enterprises can reduce transportation costs and expenses.

(3) industrial water is convenient. Shanghai is located at the mouth of the Yangtze River, and a large modern Baoshan iron and steel joint venture is established on the bank of the Yangtze River, which is very convenient for industrial water use.

(4) Strong technical force. Shanghai has a long history of industrial development. It is an old industrial base in the coastal areas of China, with intensive knowledge and technology, developed higher education and technology. It can produce high-quality, sophisticated and new products for China, and train and transport advanced technical and management talents for national iron and steel enterprises.

3. The vast areas west of Xing 'an Mountains and north of the Great Wall in traditional industrial areas and emerging industrial areas are mainly nomadic industries.

Complex and changeable knowledge points of geography in Sichuan climate high school

Sichuan is located in the subtropical zone, and the climate is complicated and diverse due to the complex topography and the alternating influence of different monsoon circulation. The eastern basin belongs to subtropical humid climate. Affected by topography, the western plateau is dominated by vertical climate zones, from southern mountains to northern plateau, from subtropical zone to sub-frigid zone, and there are various climate types from subtropical zone to permafrost zone vertically. Complex and diverse climate types are conducive to the all-round development of Sichuan's economy, especially agricultural production.

sunlight

The annual sunshine in the eastern basin is 900- 1600 hours, which is the region with the least sunshine in China. Geographically, it increases from west to east: 900- 1200 hours in the west, 1200- 1400 hours in the middle and 1400 hours in the east. In time, spring and summer are more than autumn and winter, and summer is the most. The annual total solar radiation is 3100-4,200 megajoules per square meter, and its temporal and spatial distribution is similar to sunshine.

The annual sunshine hours in the western plateau are 2000-2500 hours, with little regional difference. Only Longmenshan area is relatively few, which is 1600-2000 hours. The annual total solar radiation is mostly 5000-6800 MJ/m2, which belongs to one of the regions with rich light energy in China.

The annual sunshine hours in the southwest mountainous area are 1200-2700 hours, which is twice as much as that in the eastern basin. Spatially, it increases from northeast to southwest; In time, the dry season is more than the rainy season. The annual total solar radiation is 4,000-6,200 MJ/m2, and the light energy resources are greater than those in the eastern basin except the eastern side of Xiaoliangshan.

temperature

The annual average temperature in the eastern basin is 14- 19℃, which is higher than that in the same latitude area 1℃. 1 month, the average temperature is 3-8℃, which is slightly higher around the basin. Average temperature in April15℃-19℃; The average temperature in July is 25℃-29℃, which is the hottest month in a year. The average temperature in 10 is 15℃- 19℃, which is close to the annual average temperature in this area. The four seasons are distinct: the waiting temperature in spring 10-2 1.9, which is about 3 months long; Summer waiting temperature ≥ 22, lasting for more than 3 months; Autumn waiting temperature 10℃-2 1.9℃, 2.5 months long. Winter waiting temperature