Summary of compulsory knowledge points of geography in senior one.

# 丫丫丫丫 # Introduction When it comes to compulsory geography in senior one, many students will say it is difficult. Indeed, relatively speaking, compulsory geography in senior one is the most difficult part in senior high school geography, but we must thoroughly understand the knowledge points. The following is to recommend a compulsory knowledge point arrangement for senior one geography, hoping to help you. Geography is a compulsory course for senior one, and the knowledge points of the universe environment are sorted out.

First, the key content analysis:

Man's understanding of the universe is deepening.

The universe is material and moving.

The existing form of matter in the universe: celestial bodies (such as stars, etc. ; And interstellar gas and dust)

Gravitation and rotation between celestial bodies: celestial system

The level of celestial system: the total galaxy of earth-moon system, solar system and Milky Way.

Extragalactic total galaxy

The earth is an ordinary and special planet in the solar system, the cosmic environment of the earth and the reason for the existence of life on the earth.

Map of the solar system: the classification of the eight planets according to their structural characteristics and their respective members (universality of the earth)

The location of the asteroid belt

comet

Central celestial body: the sun (mass)

The reason for the existence of life on the earth (the particularity of the earth)

The causes of the cosmic environment: the eight planets go their own way and do not interfere with each other; The sunlight is stable.

Earth's own reasons: the distance between the sun and the earth is appropriate; Suitable volume and quality

The energy source of the sun and its great influence on the earth

Source: nuclear fusion in the center of the sun

Impact: it is the main driving force of water, atmosphere and biological circulation in nature; Energy sources for production and life (solar energy and fossil fuels)

The Influence of Sunspots and Flares on the Earth

Comparison of solar activity types in the solar atmosphere and its influence on the earth

The number and size of sunspots in the photosphere is a sign of solar activity intensity. The correlation between climate, precipitation and sunspot number interferes with the ionosphere, short-wave communication, the earth's magnetic field and magnetic storms.

Chromosphere flare shows strong solar activity; But they often appear together, and the activity cycle is 1 1 year.

The direction and period of the earth's rotation

Rotation direction: from east to west; The north pole is counterclockwise; Antarctic clockwise

Period: 1 sidereal day.

One of the reasons for the alternation of day and night and the phenomenon caused by the rotation of the earth at local time, II

Alternate day and night

The meaning and position of the termination line.

The concept of solar height: the solar height in the solar hemisphere and the night hemisphere? Sun height on the termination line =0.

The cycle and significance of day and night alternation: 1 solar day (24 hours)

Different longitudes have different local time.

Rotation from west to east: local time is early in the east and late in the west; Every longitude 15, the local time difference is 1 hour.

Influence of geostrophic deviator on horizontally moving objects on the earth's surface (the third phenomenon of earth rotation)

Left deviation of the southern hemisphere; Right deviation in the northern hemisphere; Equatorial unbiased

Impact: wind direction; Ocean current; Scouring and sediment deposition on both sides of the river

Direction, orbit, period and intersection angle of the earth's revolution

Rotation direction: same as rotation direction.

Orbit of revolution: an ellipse close to a perfect circle; Location and approximate date of perihelion and apohelion

Period: 1 sidereal year

The change of speed: perihelion is the fastest; Apohelion is the slowest.

The intersection of yellow and red (reflecting the relationship between rotation and revolution)

Attach importance to the three-dimensional diagram and plan of the intersection of the yellow river and the pond;

Understand the important points, lines, surfaces, angles and their relationships on the map, and ask to be able to draw and describe them.

Earth axis, termination line, equatorial plane, ecliptic plane, tropic of cancer, south arctic circle, direct sunlight (point).

Relationship between declination angle and inclination angle of earth axis.

The influence of ecliptic angle: the movement of direct solar point on the surface, the temporal distribution of solar radiation on the surface.

Make clear the movement law and cycle of the direct point of the sun: take the tropical year of 1 as the cycle, and return from north to south.

Move back and forth between the lines (there is a straight shot on the line; There are two straight shots between the lines)

What changes in the range of five zones will be caused by the change of yellow-red intersection angle?

? Dichotomy to graphics?

The position of the earth and the corresponding date and solar terms, the direction of revolution, the direction of the earth axis, the approximate position of perihelion, and the change of revolution speed.

10, the formation of four seasons and five regions

Geographical phenomena caused by the earth's rotation

Annual variation of solar height angle at noon;

Distribution law of different latitudes on the same day: decreasing from the latitude directly pointing to the north and south (sun bisector)

Changes of the same latitude in different seasons: near big and far small (around June 22? 65438+around February 22nd? )

Annual variation of the length of day and night:

The day pointing to the hemisphere is longer than the night, and the higher the latitude, the longer the day.

The day that points directly to the hemisphere is getting longer and longer.

Around June 22, the northern hemisphere? In the northern hemisphere, the longest day and the shortest night are at all latitudes, and there are polar days in and around the Arctic Circle.

65438+around February 22nd, Northern Hemisphere? In the northern hemisphere, there are shortest days and longest nights at all latitudes, and there are polar nights in and around the Arctic Circle.

Spring and autumn equinox? Around the world, day and night are equally divided.

Equator? Equal day and night throughout the year

Division of four seasons: (obvious mid-latitude)

Seasonal changes of the height of the sun at noon and the length of day and night; The sun and the longest time in a day is astronomical summer.

Astronomical winter is the time when the sun is the lowest and the day is the shortest.

Summary of compulsory knowledge points of geography in senior one: atmospheric environment

First, the key content analysis

1, the composition of the atmosphere and the role of major components, such as nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, ozone and solid impurities.

The composition of the lower atmosphere: clean air with stable proportion (mainly oxygen and nitrogen), unstable water vapor and solid impurities.

Nitrogen-the basic component of organisms

Oxygen-a necessary substance for life activities

Carbon dioxide-the raw material of photosynthesis; Thermal insulation function

Ozone, the umbrella of life on earth, absorbs ultraviolet rays.

The formation of water vapor and solid impurities-clouds leads to rain; Impurities: condensed nuclei

2. The vertical stratification of the atmosphere and the influence of each layer on human activities.

Relationship between other characteristics of airflow and people.

The higher the troposphere, the lower it is. Convection accounts for 3/4 of the atmospheric mass. Water vapor and dust; Inconsistent weather phenomena at different latitudes

The higher the stratosphere, the higher the advection and high-altitude flight; The existence of ozone layer

There is ionosphere in the upper atmosphere (radio communication; Solar activity interferes with short-wave communication

3. Atmospheric heating process

(1) Basic energy source: solar radiation (wavelength range of various radiation and the essence of solar radiation-short wave radiation).

(2) the heating process of the atmosphere (thermal effect of the atmosphere)-the sun heats the earth and the earth heats the atmosphere.

Weakening effect of atmosphere on solar radiation: three forms and their respective phenomena (with examples)

The main reason affecting the weakening degree is the solar altitude angle (the weakening degree is different at different latitudes)

Thermal insulation of the ground atmosphere;

Understand ground radiation (infrared long-wave radiation); Atmospheric radiation (infrared long-wave radiation)

The process of heat preservation: the atmosphere strongly absorbs long-wave radiation from the ground; Atmospheric inverse radiation returns heat to the ground.

(Illustrations and examples-such as when the frost occurred; Comparison of daily temperature difference)

The significance of heat preservation: reducing the daily variation of temperature; Ensure the appropriate temperature of the earth; Maintain global heat balance

4. Causes of vertical and horizontal motion of the atmosphere.

(1) The fundamental cause of atmospheric motion: uneven cold and hot (between latitudes; Between land and sea)

Induction of compulsory knowledge points of geography in senior one: air pressure

Examples of central air pressure, horizontal airflow direction, vertical airflow direction, central weather conditions, and other influences.

The cyclone is low in the north and reversed in the south, rainy in the upward direction, and the Asian low pressure forms a front along the trough line.

The anticyclone is high in the south and sunny in the north.

Frontal cyclone (important! )

Requirements: Identify each weather system on the map;

Weather system control and weather phenomena in different places

8, geographical location, atmospheric circulation, topography and other factors on the climate.

Analysis of climatic factors

geographical position

Latitude position: the most basic reason for determining climate difference. Solar radiation determines heat or temperature.

B. land and sea locations:

Such as temperate maritime climate and temperate continental climate; The maritime climate has small temperature difference and high humidity; Continental converse

The formation of monsoon climate on the east coast of the mainland is due to the difference of thermal properties between land and sea.

Atmospheric circulation (pressure area and wind area)

Features: duality of latitude and land-sea water and heat exchange; Directly control the climate characteristics (hydrothermal conditions) of a place.

Bottom surface (surface condition); Direct heat source and water source of recent surface atmosphere

Other factors affecting climate: human activities, ocean currents (cold current cooling and dehumidification; Warm current heating and humidification)

Climate type

Climate characteristics (temperature and precipitation map can be judged; Will be described)

Climate elements: temperature, precipitation.

The average monthly temperature in tropical areas is above 15 degrees, which belongs to tropical climate.

The monthly average minimum temperature is 0- 15 degrees, which belongs to subtropical climate.

The monthly minimum temperature is below 0, with temperate climate (except temperate maritime climate).

Tropical climate shaped by water can be divided into four types:

Tropical rain forest climate: rainy all year round;

Tropical desert climate: drought all year round;

Tropical monsoon climate: dry season and rainy season.

Tropical grassland climate: dry season and rainy season.

Subtropical climate is divided into two types:

Subtropical monsoon climate: rain and heat occur at the same time

Subtropical Mediterranean climate: rainy in winter and dry in summer.

Temperate climate can be divided into three types:

Temperate monsoon climate: rain and heat at the same time

Temperate continental climate: little rain all year round.

Temperate maritime climate: rainy all year round.

Climatic reasons

Causes of Monsoon Climate: Three Monsoon Climate

The pressure zone and wind zone alternately control the climate;

Mediterranean climate (subtropical high and west wind); Tropical grassland climate (trade winds and equatorial depression)

Single pressure belt and wind belt control climate;

Tropical rain forest climate (equatorial depression); Temperate maritime climate (west wind)

Climate distribution

Climate on the East Coast of the Mainland: Three Monsoon Climate

The climate on the west coast of the mainland: Mediterranean climate, temperate maritime climate.

Intracontinental climate: temperate continental climate.

9. Causes and harm of global greenhouse effect, ozone layer destruction and acid rain.

Causes and countermeasures of pollution hazards

Burning fossil fuels will destroy forests, especially tropical forests, and will also destroy carbon dioxide.

Sea level rise (why? ) poses a direct threat to coastal lowlands, causing changes in precipitation and dry and wet conditions in various regions, which in turn leads to changes in the economic structure of countries around the world (specific performance? )

Improve energy utilization rate and adopt new energy sources; Strive to strengthen international cooperation; afforest

The use of ozone-depleting substances such as refrigeration equipment and the increase of solar ultraviolet radiation such as chlorofluorocarbons directly endanger human health; Damage to the ecological environment and agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery.

Global cooperation to reduce emissions of ozone-depleting substances; Actively develop new refrigeration systems

Acid rain burns fossil fuels (mainly coal); Automobile exhaust emits acid gases, such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides.

Acidification of water body affects the growth and even death of fish; Acidizing soil, endangering forest and crop growth; Corrosive buildings and cultural relics are harmful to human health.

The most fundamental way: reduce the emissions of man-made sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, and study the comprehensive development and utilization of sulfur resources in coal (such as clean coal technology; Clean combustion technology; Waste gas reuse) burning low sulfur coal or other clean energy.