Astronomical knowledge _ _ Mars probe

Manufacturer: National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Launch a rocket: Delta II

International satellite identification number: 1996-068A

Launch time base:1996 65438+February 4th, launched at Cape Canaveral Air Force Base.

Testing equipment and objective results:

Alpha proton x-ray spectrometer

Three cameras

Atmospheric structure instruments/meteorological loads

1 Remote and Close Ground Imaging

Determination of elemental composition of Martian rocks and soil

Measure the stable atmosphere and its fluctuation in the upper and lower layers of Mars.

4 looking for magnetic substances in the environment

Looking for evidence that liquid water once existed.

6. Realize Mars brake capture, high-speed entry, rapid deceleration and airbag soft landing.

7 Testing of imaging equipment and sensors

Realize the communication between patrol landers and the long-distance communication between landers and the earth.

Maneuverability and system test of the rover on the surface of Mars.

10 scientific data collection for Mars exploration

1 1 Work continuously for as long as possible.

Objective: 1 Long-range and short-range ground imaging.

Determination of elemental composition of Martian rocks and soil

Measure the stable atmosphere and its fluctuation in the upper and lower layers of Mars.

4 looking for magnetic substances in the environment

Looking for evidence that liquid water once existed.

6. Realize Mars brake capture, high-speed entry, rapid deceleration and airbag soft landing.

7 Testing of imaging equipment and sensors

Realize the communication between patrol landers and the long-distance communication between landers and the earth.

Maneuverability and system test of the rover on the surface of Mars.

10 scientific data collection for Mars exploration

1 1 Work continuously for as long as possible.

Results: 1 observation of round gravel and pebble at the landing site shows that the conglomerate was formed in the past and has stable liquid water.

The radio tracking of the Mars Pathfinder provides accurate measurements of the position of the lander and the rotation pole of Mars. The measurement results show that the radius of the metal core in the center of the planet is greater than 1300 km, but less than 2000 km.

The dust in the air is magnetic, and its characteristics show that the magnetic mineral is magnetite (a kind of iron oxide with strong magnetism). It may be freeze-dried on the particles and become a stain or cement state. The active water cycle in the past may have washed out iron from crustal materials.

Sandstorms are often observed by temperature, wind and pressure sensors. Observations show that these gusts are a mechanism for mixing dust into the atmosphere.

In the early morning, Mars Pathfinder once saw water ice clouds in the lower atmosphere.

In the early morning, the Mars Pathfinder recorded a sudden fluctuation in temperature, which indicated that the surface of Mars warmed the atmosphere and the heat was conducted upward in the form of a small vortex.

Start process:

199665438+On February 4th, Sogener was successfully launched, with a long voyage of 497 million kilometers in seven months.

1July 4, 997 Sogener entered the atmosphere of Mars directly from a nearly hyperbolic orbit at a speed of 7300m/s, but did not enter the orbit around Mars. These steps are:

The cruise shell was abandoned 30 minutes before entering the atmosphere, and the lander took atmospheric measurements when descending.

The heat shield of the probe decelerated the spacecraft to 400 m/s in about 160 seconds. At this time, a parachute with a length of 12.5 meters was deployed, which slowed down the speed of the spacecraft to about 70 meters per second. After the parachute opens for 20 seconds, the heat shield is released immediately.

Tethers (20-meter-long braided tethers) are deployed under the spacecraft. After about 25 seconds, the lander separated from the back shell and slid to the bottom of the reins. At an altitude of about 1.6 km, the radar altimeter measures the ground.

About 10 seconds before landing, four airbags inflated in about 0.3 seconds, forming a protective airbag ball with a diameter of 5.2 meters around the lander.

Four seconds later, at an altitude of 98 meters, three solid rockets in the back shell were launched to slow down the descent. After about 2 seconds, cut the reins at 2 1.5 meters above the ground and release the lander with airbag. The lander fell to the ground in 3.8 seconds, and was at18m/s at 16: 55 UTC (about14m/s vertically and about12m/s horizontally).

The detector bounced at least 15 times, and stopped about 2.5 minutes after the impact and about 1 km away from the original impact site.

After landing, the airbag deflates and contracts. Mars Pathfinder opened three metal triangular solar panels (similar to petals) 87 minutes after landing.

The lander first transmitted the engineering and atmospheric science data collected during the entry and landing, and the earth received the first signal at 2: 34 pm world time. The imaging system obtained a panoramic view of the lander and its surrounding environment, as well as a panoramic view of the landing area, which was transmitted to Earth at 23: 30 Universal Time.

After some operations to clear the airbag, the gangway was unfolded, and the patrol was removed from one of the petals, and it moved to the surface of Mars at 1:40 UTC on July 6th, and the landing point was the Mars Valley.

Task completed: Sogener worked for three months, which exceeded the original design time by 12 times. The main transmitter didn't stop working until1September 27, 997, and its mini-auxiliary transmitter still sent back signals until 10/October 6, and then sank. After more than five months of hopeful efforts, NASA scientists tried to get in touch with Sogener again, but all failed, so they announced that Sogener ended its mission on the afternoon of1March, 998 1 1, which was the 250th day after it landed.

Detector: spirit

Manufacturer: National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Launch rocket: Delta 2 Delta -7925

Mass:174kg

International satellite identification number: 2003-027A

Launch time benchmark: June, 2003.1013: 58: 46.773 (EST) was launched at Cape Canaveral Air Force Base.

Testing equipment and objective results:

panoramic camera

Miniature thermal emission spectrometer

Mossbauer spectrometer

Alpha particle x-ray spectrometer

Microscopic imager

Rock wear tool

Magnetic array

sundial

Objective: 1 can realize Mars braking capture, high-speed entry, rapid deceleration and airbag soft landing.

Shoot the surface and sky of Mars in high resolution, color and stereo.

The mineralogical properties of rocks and rocks are determined by detecting their thermal radiation patterns.

Identify iron-bearing minerals and obtain information on the environmental conditions of early Mars.

Determine the elements that make up rocks and soil, and provide information on the formation, weathering process and water activity of the Martian crust.

Provide extremely close black-and-white photos of rocks and soils, and provide background for the interpretation of mineral and element data.

7 Use grinding wheel to remove dust and weathered rocks, exposing fresh rocks below.

Collect dust in the air and analyze it with scientific instruments.

9 Determine the accurate color, brightness and other information collected by the instrument.

Results: Long ago, Mars was wet, and the environment on Mars could support the life of microorganisms. Using the data from the Mars probe, scientists also reconstructed the ancient past when Mars was submerged by seawater.

Launch process: Spirit and Opportunity are twin detectors. Spirit launches first, and it's Opportunity's turn in a few weeks. Mars and the earth both revolve around the sun in the same direction, and there is only a short gap in the same orbit every 26 months. This is the only way to save fuel, and it needs a rocket engine to push the rover to Mars. As long as the rover is launched into the orbit of Mars, it will fly 300 million kilometers along the orbit, and it will arrive in seven months. Within seven months, the rover still needs to constantly correct its direction and positioning to ensure that it can land in Gushev crater.

When it reaches the atmosphere of Mars, it takes 10 minutes for the signal to propagate from Earth to Mars, and it only takes 6 minutes for the probe to land through the atmosphere. Therefore, this journey needs to be completed automatically:

Step 1: Spirit lander began to open the heat shield covering half the spacecraft, then the lander separated from the mother ship, and Spirit began to roar into the atmosphere of Mars.

Step 2: At this time, the speed of Spirit is about19300 km/h. Within four minutes before landing, the lander should use atmospheric friction to slow down and use heat shield to resist the invasion of Spirit by high temperature.

Step 3: After deceleration, the flight speed of Spirit will reach 1600 km/h ... In this way, the time for the detector is only 100 second when the commercial aircraft flies at a similar altitude.

Step 4: at this time, open the parachute and force the speed to drop to 321km/h; At this time, there are still 6 seconds to land, and Spirit is only 9 1 km from Mars.

Step 5: Decelerate the rocket device and force the flight speed to be reduced to zero speed. At this time, it is only about 4 stories high from Mars. In free fall, Spirit relies on airbags to prevent being hit. At the moment, Spirit is hitting Mars at a speed of about 48 kilometers per hour. Of course, if there is strong wind, the landing speed may reach 80 kilometers per hour.

Step 6: Under the protection of airbags and brackets, Spirit with a weight of 174 kg will rebound to the fourth floor and jump up and down many times. Scientists pointed out that the number of bounces is about 30 times, just to slow down the landing speed and prevent the equipment from being damaged by violent impact.

Step 7: Turn on the solar panel to get power, extend the camera pole and antenna, and relay the signal to the Odyssey Mars orbiter, indicating that the landing is successful.

Mission over: Spirit's power supply continues to decline because of the dust of solar panels. On March 12, 2005 and February 6, 2009, two strong winds blew away dust and power was restored.

In 2006, the right front wheel of six wheels failed.

In May, 2009, when passing through the Trojan sandy land, the wheel sank into soft soil, and one of the faults made Spirit unable to move. Since then, the observation has been confined to the original place, and several rescue operations have failed.

2010 65438+1October 26th, NASA announced that it had given up the rescue, and Spirit was turned into a static observation platform.

2011On March 22nd, NASA contacted Spirit for the last time. 20 1 1 On May 25th, 2008, NASA ended the mission of Spirit after the last contact attempt.

Detection: opportunity

Manufacturer: National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Launch rocket: Delta-7925H

Mass: 180kg

International satellite identification number: 2003-032A

Launch time base: Launched at Cape Canaveral Air Force Base in July and August, 2003.

Testing equipment and objective results:

Childish spirit

Start process:

1) Opportunity landed at Eagle Crater (1.95 S 354.47 E) 25km east of the original planned Henry Crater at 5: 05 (UTC) on June 25th, 2004.

2) On March 22nd, 2006, Opportunity left the dark crater and started its journey to Victoria crater, then arrived in September, 2006.

3) On June 4th, 2007, both Opportunity and Spirit received the new navigation software of the onboard computer. The new system allows the rover to decide whether to send photos or not and whether to use robotic arms to study rocks, thus saving scientists a lot of time without filtering hundreds of photos to find the one they want.

4) In June 2007, the sandstorm caused the rapid decline of solar power generation.

5) From August 24th to 28th, 2008 (that is, from 1630 to 1634 mission day), Opportunity left the Victoria Crater after experiencing an accident similar to that in which the twin elves stepped on a spike and the right front wheel failed. On its way to the crater, Opportunity will study a series of dark boulders on the meridian plateau.

6) On March 7th, 2009 (mission day1820th), Opportunity left Victoria Crater in August, 2008, walked about 3.2km, and now it has reached the edge of the crater. It also observed the Iazu crater about 38 kilometers away and estimated its diameter to be 7 kilometers.

7) On October 28th, 2065438+00/KLOC-0 (mission day 2 138), Opportunity arrived at Concepcion Crater. Before going to the hard impact crater, it successfully bypassed the impact crater with a diameter of 10 meter. During this period, the power supply dropped from 305 watts per hour to 270 watts per hour. On September 8, 20 10, NASA announced that Opportunity had reached the halfway point between Victoria Crater and Endeavour Crater.

8) On March 2015 1 1 day, the rover Opportunity gave up its final sprint in order to study rocks it had never seen before.

End of mission:

1)20 18 In June, a huge sandstorm occurred on Mars, and NASA lost contact with Opportunity.

2) 2065438+September 3, 2008, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory recently announced that the rover Opportunity, which lost contact with the Earth for many days, is expected to absorb sunlight again and start the repair procedure.

3) On 201810/October 3 1 day, NASA said that the rover Opportunity would be lost forever. The rover is currently located at the edge of the crater of Mars. Opportunity has been lost for four months since a violent sandstorm swept across Mars. Earlier, NASA launched a six-week monitoring project to try to receive the signal of Opportunity. But now six weeks later, the solar rover is still dormant. It won't be long before scientists give up contact with it.

4) 19 February, 13, NASA officially announced the termination of the mission of the Mars probe Opportunity, which has been running on Mars for 15 years.

Detector: Phoenix

Manufacturer: University of Arizona, National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

Launch rocket: Delta -7925

International satellite identification number: 2007-034A

Launch time base: launched at Cape Canaveral Air Force Base on August 4th, 2007.

Testing equipment and objective results:

Mechanical arm (RA)

Robot camera (RAC)

Thermal evolution gas analyzer (TEGA)

Mars landing imager

weather station

Surface stereo imager

Microscope, electrochemistry and conductivity analyzer (MECA)

Objective: 1 to determine the interaction between polar climate and weather and the surface and the composition of the lower atmosphere near 70 degrees north latitude for at least 90 solar days.

2. Determine the atmospheric characteristics in the process of atmospheric descent.

3. Describe the physical properties of the northern plain and the near-surface weathered layer (focusing on the role of water).

4. Determine the mineralogy and chemical composition of water and the content of adsorbed gas and organic matter in weathered layer.

Describe the history of water and ice, polar climate, and explore the life potential of the surface and underground environment of Mars in the past and present.

6. Realize Mars braking capture, high-speed entry, rapid deceleration and parachute power soft landing.

7 Testing of imaging equipment and sensors

Through relay, the long-distance communication between the patrol and the earth can be realized.

9 Mars exploration scientific data collection

Work continuously as long as possible.

Results: With the help of scientific load, a large number of data and pictures were collected, which provided support for the scientific goal of studying the geological history of water and looking for evidence that there may be habitable zones on the ice-soil boundary. Found the existence of perchlorate, the climate cycle of Mars, the landform of the Martian North Pole, the water on the surface of Mars, the climate of the Martian North Pole and the soil composition of Mars.

Start process:

The probe was successfully launched on August 4, 2007, and it took about 10 months to reach the orbit of Mars.

On May 25, 2008, the probe entered the atmosphere, and the heat shield slowed it down in the initial stage. After about 3 minutes, the parachute deployed, the heat shield popped up after 15 seconds, the landing leg deployed after 10 seconds, and the radar started after 50 seconds. At the altitude of 1 km, the parachute is released. The next power descent and soft landing system is realized by using a pulse propulsion system and eight propellers. When the foot pad sensor detects that it has landed, the system shuts down. At 7: 53: 44 p.m., the probe landed in an area with no boulder and high ice-rock ratio (30-60%) at 68. 15 degrees north latitude and 0/25.9 degrees west longitude. The solar panels will be deployed in 15 minutes to ensure the dust settles. Then Phoenix took the first picture of itself and its surroundings. When communication was restored, the first images were sent back to Earth together with the health telemetry data of the detector. Phoenix can relay communication with Mars Express or medium gain X-band antenna through the Mars reconnaissance orbiter of UHF or Odyssey orbiter.

Mission End: On October 28th, 2008, due to the low sun height and severe sandstorm, Phoenix entered the safe mode, and then the lander turned off four heaters to save electricity, which further made the robotic arm and atmospheric analyzer of Phoenix unusable. The last communication was in 200810.2 165438+ before the power went out. 20 10 65438+ 10 18, February and April, after NASA tried to contact unsuccessfully, the image analysis taken by Mars reconnaissance orbiter may be that carbon dioxide condenses into dry ice, crushing solar panels. On May 24th, 20 10, it was found that Phoenix could not be saved, and the mission was terminated.

Detector: Curiosity

Manufacturer: National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Launch rocket: Atlas -5(54 1)

Mass: 3893kg

International satellite identification number: 20 1 1-070A

Launch time base: 2011165438+1launched at Cape Canaveral Air Force Base on October 26th.

Testing equipment and objective results:

Master camera (Mastcam)

Mars Handheld Lens Imager (MAHLI)

Mars landing imager

Alpha particle x-ray spectrometer (APXS)

Chemistry and camera tools (ChemCam)

Chemical and mineralogical instruments (CheMin)

Mars Sample Analysis Tool (SAM)

Radiation evaluation detector

Neutron dynamic albedo tool (DAN)

Environmental monitoring station of rover (REMS)

The Mars Science Laboratory enters the Descent and Landing Instrument (MEDLI).

Objective: 1 to determine the nature and quantity of organic carbon compounds in the environment.

List the chemical components of life that may exist on Mars.

3 Identify features that may affect the life process.

The mineral composition of surface and near-surface geological materials of Mars is studied from the aspects of chemistry and isotope.

Explain the formation and changes of rocks and soils on Mars.

6. Evaluate the atmospheric evolution process on a long time scale (i.e. 4 billion years).

7. Determine the status, distribution and circulation of water and carbon dioxide.

Describe the broad spectrum characteristics of surface radiation, including galactic cosmic radiation, solar wind and secondary neutrons.

Realize the ability to land very large and heavy rovers on the surface of Mars.

10 can achieve a more accurate landing in the landing zone of 12.4 miles (20 kilometers).

1 1 Mars realizes long-distance maneuver, which is used to study different environments and analyze samples found in different environments.

Work continuously as long as possible.

Results: Curiosity collected a lot of data and took a lot of pictures with scientific load, which supported the scientific goal of exploring whether Mars was a possible habitat for life in the past or present.

Start process:

2011165438+1On October 26th, the probe was successfully launched. After completing its eight-month voyage, it left Earth orbit and reached Mars orbit.

On August 6, 20 12, the probe integrated the landing experience of previous landers, and successfully landed the overweight probe by using the crane operation. The specific steps are as follows:

First, the space enters the atmosphere of Mars, and the heat shield is insulated, and the speed is changed from 6km/s to1km/s.

Second: the parachute opens, and the speed drops to about 100m/s, several kilometers away from the surface.

Third: observe the surface, abandon the protective cover, ignite the rocket engine and push it back.

Fourthly, descend to the height of 20m, the relative speed is almost zero, start the crane to run, and stretch the spring to land Curiosity.

Fifth: the tether was cut, the landing system flew away and crashed at a safe distance.

On the morning of August 6th, 20 12, the probe landed at Gaelic Crater at 4.5 degrees south latitude and 0/37.4 degrees east longitude.

Mission End: Curiosity is powered by nuclear batteries, so the huge sandstorm on Mars has little effect on Curiosity, and it is still working hard.

Detector: insight

Manufacturer: National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Launch rocket: Atlas V 40 1

Mass: 358kg

International satellite identification number: 20 18-042A

Launch time base: 2065438+launched in vandenberg air force base on May 5, 2008.

Testing equipment and objective results:

Seismic experiment of internal structure

Heat flow and physical property detector

Rotation and internal structure laboratory

Temperature and wind sensors (TWINS) are used to measure the wind and temperature on the surface of the mission platform.

barometric pressure sensor

magnetometer

Two cameras assist in deployment and instrument environment.

Infrared radiometer is used to measure the surface temperature that affects the heat flow experiment.

A small passive laser reflector is also installed on the deck.

Objective: 1) The size, composition and physical state (liquid/solid) of Mars core.

2) The thickness and structure of the Martian crust

3) Composition and structure of the Martian mantle

4) Thermal state inside Mars, and measure magnitude, velocity and geographical distribution of internal seismic activity.

5) The frequency of meteorite impact on Mars.

6) Achieve a soft landing of Mars and land at the designated place.

7) Use the mechanical arm to deploy the instrument to the specified location.

8) Drill to a depth of 5m with a drill bit.

9) Realize data transmission and communication.

The longer you work, the better.

Results: 1 Scientists continued to try to solve the problem with drilling tools, digging to a depth of more than 30 cm, hoping that it could work normally.

The first fire earthquake was detected by seismograph on April 6, 2009+2065438.

Provide daily weather reports from Mars, including statistics of temperature, wind and pressure recorded at the landing site.

Captured the low rumble caused by the vibration of the Martian wind. On February 20 18/day, the speed of the Martian wind is about 5 to 7 meters per second, which is consistent with the direction of the dust storm stripes in the landing area observed from the orbit.

Start process:

On May 5, 20 18, the probe was launched to carry out the first human exploration mission to explore the depths of Mars. After nearly half a year of orbit change, the lander jumped into the thin atmosphere of Mars.

2018165438+1On October 26th, the probe entered the Martian atmosphere at the speed of 19800 km/h, opened the heat shield, and then decelerated to 8 km/h by parachute within 7 minutes. Finally, the rocket was launched and landed on the blissful plain of Mars with three legs.

At 2018165438+1October 26th 14: 54, the probe landed on Mars successfully, and then Insight sent back the first photo of Mars on 15.

From February 20 19 19, according to the data provided by Insight, NASA began to publish daily weather reports on Mars on the Internet, providing information such as temperature, wind speed and pressure on Mars.

20 19 03 18 Insight put its ultra-sensitive seismograph on the surface of Mars. The instrument aims to reveal the mystery about the interior of Mars by detecting the roar of Mars earthquake. A few weeks later, the lander first heard the tiny tremor on Mars. This newly discovered noise is probably caused by low-frequency pressure waves generated by atmospheric winds. These pressure waves whizzed past the surface of Mars, producing shallow and long periodic waves (Rayleigh waves) on the surface of Mars.

Mission End: The main mission lasts about two years and ends on June 24th, 2020 165438+.

Probe: Hope

Manufacturer: UAE Space Agency

Launch rocket: H-2A

Mass: 1500kg

International satellite identification number: 2020-047A

Launch time base: July, 2020 19 at the Seed Island Space Center.

Testing equipment and objective results:

Exploration Imager (EXI)-A high-resolution multi-band (visible and ultraviolet) camera

Mars ultraviolet and far ultraviolet spectrometer

Mars infrared spectrometer (EMIR) and FTIR scanning spectrometer.

Objective: 1 To find the relationship between the present weather on Mars and the ancient climate on Mars.

By tracking the behavior and escape of hydrogen and oxygen, the mechanism of the loss of Martian atmosphere to space is studied.

Study how the upper and lower layers of the Martian atmosphere are connected.

Draw a global map of the daily changes in the atmosphere of Mars.

Start process:

July 9, 2020, 65438+2 1:58: 14, hope to go online. After the launch, Hope accelerated on Earth's parking orbit, thus entering the transfer orbit of Mars. After 200 days of Mars transfer, Hope will enter an elliptical orbit around Mars, with a period of 55 hours and an inclination of 25 degrees, with a perigee near the equator.

On October 8th, 2020165438+/KLOC-0, Dubai Chief sheikh mohamed, Vice President and Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates, announced on social media that the Mars probe Hope will arrive at Mars at 7: 42 pm local time on February 9th, 2026.

End of mission: on the road

Detector: Tian Wen 1

Manufacturers: No.5 Aerospace Institute (patrol assembly) and No.8 Aerospace Institute (orbiter).

Launch rocket: Long March 5 Y4

Mass: about 5 tons

International satellite identification number: 2020-049A

Launch time base: Launched at Wenchang Space Launch Site on July 23rd, 2020.

Testing equipment and objective results:

Medium resolution camera

High resolution camera

Peripheral underground detection radar

Mars mineral spectrum analyzer

Mars magnetometer

Mars ion and neutral particle analyzer

Mars energy particle analyzer

Terrain camera

Multispectral camera

Mars train surface detection radar

Mars surface composition detector

Mars surface magnetic field detector

Mars meteorological measuring instrument

Objective: 1 To study the morphological and geological structure characteristics of Mars. Explore the global topography of Mars, obtain high-precision topographic data of typical areas, and carry out research on the genesis and evolution of Mars geological structure.

2. Study the soil characteristics and water-ice distribution on the surface of Mars. Explore the types, weathering and deposition characteristics and global distribution of Martian soil, search for water and ice information, and study the layered structure of Martian soil profile.

3. Study the material composition on the surface of Mars. Identify the types of rocks on the surface of Mars, explore the secondary minerals on the surface of Mars, and analyze the composition of surface minerals.

4. Study the ionosphere and surface climate and environmental characteristics of Mars. Explore the space environment of Mars and the temperature, air pressure and wind field on the surface of Mars, and study the seasonal variation law of the ionosphere structure and surface weather on Mars.

Study the physical field and internal structure of Mars. Explore the magnetic field characteristics of Mars. Carry out research on the early geological evolution history of Mars and the mass distribution and gravity field inside Mars.

6. Break through key technologies such as Mars braking capture, entry, descent, landing, long-term autonomous management, long-distance measurement and control communication, and Mars surface patrol, realize Mars circumnavigation and patrol detection, and obtain scientific data for Mars exploration. Through the implementation of this task, we will establish an independent basic engineering system for deep space exploration, master the basic technology of deep space exploration, form the basic engineering ability of deep space exploration, and promote the sustainable development of deep space exploration activities in China.

Start process:

On July 23rd, 2020, Tian Wen-1 was launched at 12: 4 1.

On July 27th, 2020, Tian Wen-1 took photos of the Earth and the Moon at a distance of about1.2000 km. In the photo, both the earth and the moon are crescent-shaped.

At 7 o'clock on August 2, 2020, the 3000N engine of Tianwen-1 probe worked for 20 seconds, completed the first midway orbit change and continued to fly to Mars.

At 23: 00 on September 20, 2020, four engines of Tianwen No.1 120N were ignited for 20 seconds at the same time, and the second midway correction was completed, and the actual performance of the 120N engine was verified in orbit.

On June 65438+1 October1day, 2020, the National Space Administration released the flight image of China's first Mars exploration mission, a self-portrait of Tian Wen-1 in deep space.

At 23: 00 on October 9, 65438/KLOC-0, the main engine of Tianwen No.1 was ignited for more than 480 seconds, and the deep space maneuver was successfully completed. Tian Wen-1' s flight orbit has become an orbit that can be accurately captured by Mars and accurately intersect with Mars.

At 22: 00 on October 28th, 65438/KLOC-0, eight 25N engines of Tianwen No.1 were ignited at the same time, completing the third mid-orbit correction, and verifying the actual performance of the 25N engines in orbit. The mid-course correction of this orbit is to slightly adjust the transfer orbit again after deep space maneuver to make it rendezvous with Mars as scheduled.

202165438+1At 6 o'clock on October 3, Tianwen-1 was in orbit 163 days, with a flight mileage of over 400 million kilometers, about 654.38+300 million kilometers from the Earth and about 8.3 million kilometers from Mars. The attitude of the detector is stable. According to the plan, the near fire braking will be implemented in February 20021year, and it will enter the ring fire orbit and prepare to land on Mars.

End of mission: on the road

Detector: perseverance

Manufacturer: National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Launch rocket: Atlas -5

International satellite identification number: 2020-052A

Launch time base: Launched at Cape Canaveral Air Force Base on July 30th, 2020.

Testing equipment and objective results:

Mastcam-Z camera system

MEDA environmental dynamic analyzer

Mo Xie Mars Oxygen in-situ Resource Utilization Experiment

Pixl x-ray rock planetary chemistry instrument

RIMFAX radar imager

Environmental instrument for scanning organic and chemical substances by Sherlock Raman spectrum and luminescence spectrum.

Super camera

Mars helicopter wit

Objective: 1 to determine the environment that could support the survival of microorganisms in the past.

Looking for possible signs of microbial life

Collect samples of cores and weathered layers and store them in designated places for future use.

Test the oxygen production in the atmosphere of Mars.

It is proved that autonomous and controllable flight can be realized in the thin atmosphere of Mars.

Launch process: On the day of launch, there was a little accident. Due to the shadow of the earth, the detector triggered the ultra-low temperature, entered the safe mode by itself, and shut down all systems except the basic system. After that, the task control department sends a command to the detector to restore the normal state. After about 7 months of interplanetary flight, the probe is scheduled to land in the Jezero crater of Mars in February, 20021,looking for signs of ancient microbial life, and collecting and preserving the first samples of Mars core and dust. Perseverance is the first rover to prepare a return ticket for the trophy. It will pack samples of rocks and sediments that may be signs of life and send them back to Earth for subsequent Mars projects.

End of mission: on the road