The original text is sent to Dongyang Horse.

The Preface to Sending Ma Sheng to Dongyang is an article that encourages young people to learn not to be afraid of hardship and to be brave in overcoming difficulties. The following is the original preface of "Send Ma Sheng to Dongyang" compiled by me, for your reference only. Welcome to reading.

I liked studying when I was young. Because my family is poor, I can't get books to read. I often borrow money from the library, copy it myself, and send it back on the appointed day. When the weather is cold, the water in the salt pond freezes into ice and I can't stretch my fingers. I still don't relax reading. After copying, please go back to China, and dare not exceed the agreed time limit slightly. So most people will lend me books so that I can read all kinds of books. Since it is crowned, it is beneficial to admire saints. He has also suffered from celebrities and tourists without owners. He has tasted hundreds of miles away and asked the pioneers in his hometown for advice. Senior honorary person, Yemeni students crowded his room, and his words and attitude were never slightly euphemistic. Around Lishi, he assisted the suspect and leaned over to ask questions; Or the more respectful and polite you are when you meet, you dare not say a word; Please ask again as soon as it is happy. So I was stupid and finally learned a lot.

When I was a teacher, I dragged myself into the mountains and valleys. In winter, the wind is fierce, the snow is several feet deep, and the skin is chapped. After entering the room, my limbs were stiff and I couldn't move. The servant gave me hot water and covered me with a quilt. It took a long time to warm up. Stay in a hotel and eat two meals a day, without fresh fat and delicious enjoyment. All the students are all embroidered, wearing hats decorated with treasures, white jade rings on their waists, swords on their left and smelly faces on their right. In the meantime, I have no desire for beauty. I don't know if my mouth and body are not as good as people. My efforts and efforts are probably like this. Although I am old and have no achievements, I am fortunate to be among the gentlemen. However, I have been blessed by the son of heaven. After I became a public official, I worked as a consultant every day, and the whole world misreported my last name. What else?

Nowadays, students are studying in imperial academy, and the county officials provide a little support every day. Parents have the legacy of Qiu Ge at the age of 20, and there is no danger of freezing and embarrassment; There is no need to escape from sitting downstairs and reciting poems; There are teachers, doctors are teachers, and those who don't ask, don't tell, ask but can't; All the books should be kept here. There is no need to record them through other people's hands and read them later. If you don't have a good career, you don't succeed in morality, and you are not inferior in sex, then your heart is not specialized. Is it too much for others?

Dongyang Ma, who studied in imperial academy for two years, was praised by his peers for his virtue. Yu Ducheng, born in the same town, wrote a long book and was very eloquent. Debate with it and make peace with it. He said that he studied hard when he was young and was a good scholar. He was going home to visit his parents, and I told him about the difficulties in his studies. It is said that Yu Mian's fellow villagers are all scholars, and so is Yu. Do you know who sneered at my boasting about the prosperity of my wealth and was arrogant to my hometown?

Preface to seeing Ma Dongyang off: Dongyang County, Zhejiang Province today, belonged to Jinhua House with Qianxi at that time. Ma Sheng: Tai's student's surname is Ma, which is Ma Junze in the article. Foreword: Stylistic names include book foreword and gift foreword. This article is a preface to the gift.

To: I see.

Y: Me. Shi: I like reading.

Borrow: borrow.

Fu's laziness: that is, "Fu's laziness", he does not slack off and does not relax his studies. Christopher, no. It refers to copying books.

Go: run, here means "hurry up".

Overdue: beyond the agreed time limit.

Yes, here we are. Crown raising: When an ancient man reached the age of 20, he held a crown raising ceremony to show his manhood.

The way of sage: refers to the way of Confucius and Mencius. Song Lian is a neo-Confucian, advocating benevolence, righteousness and morality, so he is highly respected.

Shuoshuo: A knowledgeable teacher. Travel: making friends.

Taste: Zeng. Trend: Go.

Pioneer in hometown: a famous local elder with moral knowledge. This refers to ancient writers such as Liu Guan from Pujiang and Huang Cheng from Yiwu. Inquire about the scriptures: bring the scriptures for consultation.

Lower your tone slightly: speak your words gently and face them gently. Words, words and faces.

Help doubt: ask questions and ask the truth.

Chiì chi (DuDu, DuDu, DuDu, DuDu)

(thinking): Wait. Symplectic (xρnXin): Homosymplectic.

Pawn: Finally.

Lu (stealing gas): The box. Drag (night) slippers.

Poor winter: severe winter.

Cracking (jūn Army): The skin is cracked due to cold and dryness.

Stiff: Stiff.

The woman who married him. This refers to the maid. Tang nest irrigation: refers to drinking or soaking in hot water. Soup: Hot water. Officer: water and washing.

Quilt (qρn Qin): Quilt.

Hostess: the innkeeper.

Eat again daily: two meals a day.

Embroidery is defined by (p θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ, which is the same as "wear". Qi, patterned silk.

Zhu Yingbao ornaments: Red tassels are dotted with beads and other ornaments.

White jade ring around the waist: a white jade ring is hung around the waist.

Smelly: sachet. Smell: smell, here refers to aroma.

Leaf (page y) naturally: it illuminates people.

Yùn: A robe made of coarse linen. My clothes: rags.

Mao is old: old. People in their eighties and nineties are called Yao. Song Lian is sixty-nine years old at this time.

Fortunately, I was lucky enough to attend. A gentleman refers to a scholar with moral knowledge.

Affix: This means "follow".

Misreporting: improper praise. This is the author's modest words.

Student: It means there are too many students. Imperial academy: A school established by the central government in the Ming Dynasty to educate scholars, called imperial academy or imperial academy.

County magistrate: This refers to the imperial court. This is a good example.

Qiu (qiú ball): leather. G: summer clothes. Legacy (wèi): Gift, here refers to assistance.

Division and Doctor: Deputy Chief and Professor of imperial academy respectively.

Unborn inferiority complex: If it weren't for low talent.

Generation: peers.

Chao: In ancient times, courtiers appeared before the monarch. When Song Lian wrote this article, he came to Beijing from his hometown and met Zhu Yuanzhang in Nanjing.

Be a countryman: Be a countryman's son. Yaya: Come and see me.

Turn to earn: the same as "turn" and writing. Long book: long letter. Basket (Zhi Zhi): A gift given when we first met in ancient times.

Yi: Simple.

Yu Yu sentence: I think I am encouraging fellow villagers to study hard, which is my original intention.

Slander: slander. Prosperous fortune: encountering honor refers to the appreciation and reuse of the emperor. Fellow townsman: Be proud of fellow townsman.

See you later: go home and see.

I liked studying when I was young. Because my family is poor and I can't get books to read, I often borrow them from people who collect books, copy them myself and return them on an agreed date. When the weather is very cold, the water in the inkstone pool is frozen into hard ice, and my fingers can't bend and stretch, so I still don't relax copying. Return it to others as soon as possible after copying, and dare not exceed the agreed time limit slightly. So most people are willing to lend me books, so I can read all kinds of books. As an adult, I admire the theory of sages more, but I can't communicate with knowledgeable teachers and celebrities. Once I walked (ran) a hundred miles and asked my compatriots for advice with scriptures in my hand. His predecessors were highly respected, and his master students crowded his room. His words and attitude are never euphemistic. I stood beside him, asking questions, asking truth, and bowed my head to him for advice; Sometimes I am reprimanded, my expression is more respectful, my manners are more thoughtful, and I dare not answer a word; Ask him when he is happy. So although I was stupid, I finally learned a lot.

When I was looking for a teacher, I walked in the old valley in the deep mountains with my book box and shoes on my back. In the severe winter, the wind is cold and the snow is several feet deep. I don't know that the skin on my feet is frozen and cracked. When I arrived at the school house, my limbs were stiff and I couldn't move. The servant poured me hot water and covered me with a quilt. It took a long time to warm up. Staying in a hotel, eating two meals a day, no fresh, fat and delicious enjoyment. The students' scholars are all well-dressed, wearing red scarves and jewels, with white jade rings around their waist, knives on the left and sachets on the right, which are as bright as gods; I'm wearing an old cotton gown and a rag, and I'm not jealous. Because there are enough things in my heart to make me happy, I don't feel that the enjoyment of food and clothing is inferior to others. My efforts and hardships are probably like this.

Although I am old now, I have achieved nothing, but fortunately, I am still among the gentlemen, bearing the honor of the son of heaven, following the emperor every day, waiting for inquiries, and praising my name inappropriately under the sun, not to mention anyone who can surpass me.

Now students are studying in imperial academy, and the court provides meals every day. Parents give them leather clothes in winter and kudzu clothes in summer, so don't worry about freezing and hunger. Sitting downstairs reading "poems" and "books", there is no hard work; There are teachers like doctors, who ask for advice without asking themselves and get nothing; All the books you should have are concentrated here. You don't have to copy them by hand like me. You can borrow them from others before you can see them. If some of them are not proficient in their studies and their moral quality has not developed, if they are not talented and have low qualifications, they will not be as single-minded as I am. Can you say it's someone else's fault?

Dongyang Ma studied in imperial academy for two years, and his peers praised his virtue. When I went to the capital to see the emperor, Ma Sheng greeted me as a younger compatriot and wrote a long letter as a gift. He is fluent and approachable, arguing with him with gentle words and humble attitude. He himself said that he was very diligent and hard-working when he was a teenager, and he can be called a good learner! He was going home to meet his parents, so I specifically told him about my study difficulties. If I encourage fellow villagers to study hard, that is my ambition; If you slander me, brag about my experience and be proud in front of my hometown, do you know me?

The article "Seeing Ma Sheng off in Dongyang" tells the author's experience of overcoming difficulties and studying tenaciously, and expounds the truth that only by being diligent and single-minded and not afraid of hardship can he succeed, so as to encourage Ma Sheng to study harder and achieve good results in his career. The content and purpose of learning mentioned by the author have the limitations of the times and classes, so we should look at it historically. The author's theory that learning will succeed only if he is diligent and single-minded, not afraid of hardship, has the nature of objective truth and can inspire us; His spirit of studying hard and his noble sentiment of taking learning as pleasure rather than being proud of luxury can still be used as a reference for our study and cultivation.

In writing, the following three aspects are worth learning:

First, stick to the center and elaborate from different angles. The center of this article is the word "learning". The author remembers how much he liked learning when he was a child and how much he longed for Taoism when he was an adult. He said that students in imperial academy should concentrate on their studies, commend them for being good at learning, and send them away. From himself to others, from beginning to end, it all started with the word "learning". Writing about the hardships of one's past life and the superior conditions of imperial academy today still revolves around the word "learning", but from different angles. The author describes himself as diligent in learning and brave in overcoming difficulties, in order to show his point of view and clarify the importance of subjective efforts, so that Ma Sheng can understand from the author's experience that learning must be "diligent in learning and difficult to learn". The purpose of enumerating imperial academy's life, teachers and equipment is to show that superior objective conditions are conducive to the development of subjective initiative, and to make Ma Sheng realize that he should cherish the existing conditions, concentrate on his studies like the author, and succeed in his studies. In this way, the truth related to learning will be expounded from different angles through the narration of specific cases and actual situations, so that Ma Sheng and readers can be inspired by the author's beautiful narration and realize the truth of how to learn.

Second, the general narrative is combined with the detailed narrative. This paper focuses on narrative, which can be divided into general narrative and detailed narrative. Through a brief narrative, the author roughly describes the process and overall picture of his hard study from childhood to adulthood. Through detailed narration, the typical materials and specific environment are vividly and meticulously developed. The combination of the two makes the narrative look a bit comprehensive, which not only gives readers an overall understanding of the author's hard work, but also leaves a deep impression on the key "details". For example, detailing the "details" of "freezing cold, firm inkstone, fingers unable to bend and stretch, fingers lazy" reflects the author's long-term hardship of "taking notes by hand and paying back the money in a few days". Another example is "dragging the mud", walking in the deep mountain canyon, the wind is very strong in winter, it snows a few feet, and the skin is chapped and I don't know it. Give up, four stiff muscles can't move, ... but they will be harmonious for a long time, "which vividly reflects the environment and hardships on the road to learning from teachers." Another example is "Xianda ..... has never faded slightly. Around Li Lishi, he assisted the suspect and leaned over to listen; Or the more respectful and polite you are when you meet, you dare not say a word; As soon as he is happy, please him again "is a detailed account, which truly shows his attitude of respecting teachers and his tenacious learning psychology when" inquiring about classics from his hometown ". In addition, just like writing clothes, it is similar to portrait description, except that you use the word "clothes and clothes" to summarize yourself, but you also use the technique of describing your psychological state at that time in detail. The two complement each other, which not only shows the author's poor family and frugal life, but also reflects his noble taste.

Third, the use of contrast is the most obvious feature of this writing. Mainly compare the advantages of students' learning conditions with the author's own past hardships; Compare my frugality as a teacher with the luxury of sharing a room with others. It has been explained separately in the comments, so I won't repeat it here.