What did the ancients think of the weather?

Achievements of Ancient Meteorological Science in China

Observing the changes of weather and climate is one of the earliest scientific activities of human beings. With the birth of human civilization, meteorological science began to sprout. According to legend, in the era of the Yellow Emperor more than 3000 BC, there were people in China who specialized in climate observation. During the reign of Emperor Yao over 2000 BC, there was also an official position in charge of astronomy and meteorology (the weather and meteorology in ancient China were together), and this official position was followed by generations. In the Qing Dynasty, it was called "Qintian Jianzheng" and was the highest government official in charge of astronomy and meteorology. China made outstanding contributions to the development of world meteorological science in ancient times.

Xia Dynasty (22nd century BC-65438 BC+7th century BC):

In the early summer, Dongyi stone carving Lianyungang Jiangjunya rock painting has a positive north-south line related to social stone, which can be inferred to be divided into two parts. Use astronomical phenomena and phenology to carry out farming activities.

Shang Dynasty (from17th century BC to 1 1 century BC):

Attach great importance to the influence of weather on human activities. At that time, Oracle Bone Inscriptions was used to describe weather phenomena such as wind, clouds, rainbow, rain, snow and thunder, and divination was also used to predict weather information (up to ten days), with concepts such as seasons and eight directions.

Western Zhou Dynasty (BC 1 1 century-8th century);

You can use the soil to return to determine the orientation, knowing that whether the five meteorological conditions of "rain, rain and Xie" are abnormal or not, they are closely related to the production of agriculture and animal husbandry. From the Book of Songs? The wind of darkness? July records the phenological phenomena and knowledge of each month of the year, as well as the records of weather proverbs and climate proverbs. Completed at the beginning of this week & gt This book is the earliest monograph on phenology in China.

Spring and Autumn Period (770 BC-476 BC):

The book Spring and Autumn Annals began to list weather anomalies as one of the important contents of historical records. Physicians in Qin dynasty and physicians all regard the abnormality of six kinds of weather (yin, yang, wind, rain, yin and Ming) as the external cause of the disease. Zeng Shen (505 BC-435 BC) explained the causes of weather phenomena such as wind, thunder, fog, rain, dew and graupel with the theory of Yin and Yang. Guan Zhong not only realized the relationship between plant growth types and topography and groundwater depth, but also put forward the division of thirty solar terms in Qi State. Sun Tzu's Art of War regards the weather ("yin and yang, cold and heat, time system") as one of the five important factors of military success or failure. I ching? Shuogua Zhuan puts forward that "heaven, earth, fire, wind, thunder and mountain ze" represent natural objects.

The Warring States Period (475 BC-222 BC):

Military meteorology has developed. Advocate the use of meteorological conditions to overcome it. Zhuang Zhou (369 BC-286 BC) pointed out that wind is the flow of air, and mentioned that sunlight and wind can make the water surface evaporate quietly. Huangdi Neijing? Su Wen expounded the relationship between season, climate, weather and health, disease, etiology and treatment, and put forward the concepts of climate, qi, time and age, which involved some human pathological problems of meteorological etiology.

Qin dynasty (22 BC1year-206 BC);

It is a legal system that requires all localities to report rain to the central authorities during the period of China's reunification ("Eighteen Kinds of Qin Dynasty? Tian Wei "). After the stipulated rainfall, all localities should promptly report in writing the field area affected by the rain and the benefits (rain and heading) and the disaster (drought, waterlogging, wind and rain). "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals" classifies clouds into four categories: mountain clouds, water clouds, dry clouds and rain clouds, and makes a simple classification of clouds.

Han dynasty (206 BC-2 19):

In Huainanzi? For the first time, 24 solar terms with the same modern name appeared in astronomical training. Three wind direction measuring instruments, Dai, Tongfeng, Fengtongbird and Tianping soil ash hygrometer, are also mentioned. Dong Zhongshu pointed out in Ji Rain and Hail Pairs that the size and density of raindrops are related to the extent to which raindrops are blown by the wind. In Lun Heng, Wang Chong refuted the superstitious view about the formation of lightning at that time, and pointed out that the formation of lightning was related to solar heat and seasons, and lightning was caused by explosion. Ying Shao of the later Han Dynasty put forward the names of Meiyu and Trade Wind. Cai Yong pointed out in the preface to Zhang Sentence and Month that the formation of rainbow is the transition of Yin and Yang, and it is also the concentrated colors. Always look at the clouds and see the sun every day. No clouds are visible. "

During the Three Kingdoms Period (AD 220-AD 280):

Zhao introduced the "Seven Balances and Six Rooms" in the Notes to Zhou Kuaisuanjing, and theoretically explained the relationship between the twenty-four solar terms and the sun's movement.

Jin dynasty (ad 28 1- ad 419);

Wood birds (anemometers) related to wind prevailed in Jin Dynasty, many of which were installed on the city walls and the Astronomical Department, and some were located in Taibu Temple (Ministry of Communications). At the beginning of Zhou Dynasty, the concept of plum rain was put forward in Local Records. Li Jiang of the Eastern Jin Dynasty pointed out that the air near the ground (foggy air) can reduce the inter-satellite sight distance and make the color of the stars turn red in the morning and evening when they rise.

Southern and Northern Dynasties (AD 420-AD 589):

The Book of Qi Yao Min written by Jia Sixie in Northern Wei Dynasty was a masterpiece of agricultural meteorology at that time. The methods of fumigation, frost prevention, snow removal and moisture retention were put forward. Zheng Guangli in the Northern Wei Dynasty contains 72 periods. Shen Huaiyuan's Annals of South Vietnam first mentioned typhoon, which was called "hurricane" or "fear of wind" at that time. The Chronicle of Jingchu written by Liang Zonggu in the Southern Dynasties suggested that winter was the coldest period in a year.

Sui dynasty (58 1-6 17):

Du Taiqing's Collection of Jade Candles is a monthly book, which extracts solar terms, government decrees, farming, customs and allusions. It is included in various books before Sui Dynasty on a monthly basis, and many lost articles on agricultural meteorology are preserved.

Tang dynasty (6 18-906):

Astronomer Li's "B has occupied" contains the structure, installation and use of wooden birds related to the wind, pointing out that there is a flower in the mouth of wooden birds, and when the wind comes, the birds will turn first. According to the influence of wind on trees, eight wind levels are set. Bing Wang, a medical scientist in the Tang Dynasty, made a regional division of the domestic climate when he proofread Su Wen in Huangdi Neijing. He was the first person in the world to put forward the concept of temperature gradient.

Five Dynasties (907-959):

Xin Qiniang burned turpentine under a paper lamp to make it fly high. As a military signal, later generations called it "Kongming Lantern".

Song dynasty (960-1278);

Shen Kuo, the most famous scientist, has many original views on meteorology. His Notes on Meng Xi contains 25 articles about meteorology, solar terms and calendars, including Emei Baoguang, lightning, thunder axe, rainbow, Dengzhou Haicheng, claw whirlwind, bamboo fossils, tile frost painting, hail shape, boating method, vertical climate zone and weather forecast. Qin's Book of Nine Chapters lists four formulas for measuring rain and snow, and explains how to calculate the depth of rain and snow on the flat ground from the rain and snow accumulated in rain and snow containers with different shapes.

Yuan dynasty (1279- 1367) and Ming dynasty (1368-1643);

The Yuan and Ming Dynasties attached great importance to agriculture. Books compiled by officials of the Ministry of Agriculture in the Yuan Dynasty all contain rich contents of industrial meteorology.

In the late Ming Dynasty, Italian missionary Gao Yizhi (a pseudonym) came to China and introduced western culture to China. Gao Yizhi and Han Yun jointly wrote Space and Space. Because most books are about meteorological phenomena, their characteristics and formation principles, it should be regarded as the first monograph introducing European meteorological knowledge at that time. On this basis, Xiong Ming, a scholar in the Ming Dynasty, analyzed the causes of natural changes and disasters recorded in history and meteorological phenomena such as wind, clouds, thunder and rain in his book Gezhicao according to western scientific principles. He designed the diagram of solar fire falling and gas rising, and explained the formation of convective weather systematically with only one picture.

Qing dynasty (1644-1911year);

After the western meteorological knowledge was introduced into China, due to the contact between Chinese and western meteorological theories, it would permeate each other. Therefore, in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, when China scientists were thinking about meteorological problems, they were influenced by western meteorological theories, which injected many new ideas and theories into the development of meteorology in China and played a positive role in promoting it. Since then, China meteorological science and western meteorological science have merged into one furnace, and it is difficult to distinguish between China and the West. Among them, the most representative is "A Series of Talks on Weather Forecast" co-translated by Karl T. and Hua Yu 187 1 year. This book adopts "Heliocentrism" instead of "San Ji Theory". The atmospheric phenomena and meteorological theories such as solar radiation heating the ground, sea breeze, land breeze, typhoon, Hadley circulation, atmospheric tides, frost, fog, rain, snow, hail, thunder and lightning, calculation of average value and annual and daily range, atmospheric light images, etc. are comprehensively introduced.