What is the history of weather changes on the battlefield?

Carl XII, the young king of Sweden, was the first European invader to trudge through Russia for a long winter. Later, he was exhausted.

1700 When the Northern War broke out, Peter I declared war on Sweden in order to drive Sweden out of the Baltic Sea.

The war didn't start smoothly, and the Russian army was badly hit by the much smaller Swedish army in the battle of Narwa. Charlie plans to call all the way to Moscow. Peter used a strategy that surprised the Swedes: when he retreated, he set fire to his land and burned all the houses, crops and various electrical appliances. As a result, there was no housing, and winter came again. The Swedes were forced to change their attack route and go south to Ukraine. Ukraine is rich in fruit mide302 screenshots, grains and various herbivorous livestock. If you had come here two months ago, it would be an ideal resting place for the army. But they only came 1 1, and the coldest winter in memory followed. Even the best soldiers can't resist the harsh natural conditions for a long time. They huddled in several shacks that were not burned by the Russians.

"Compared with the pain we have suffered, fighting is like a child's play." Carl Ginsberg, a soldier in Carl XII's army who was unscathed in many battles but lost two fingers and an ear due to frost, wrote: "Around us, in the howling cold wind, animals froze to death in the fields, and birds fell from the sky like being shot. When we saw hundreds of brave young people on the battlefield calling on field doctors to cut off their white and brittle hands and feet, the tips of their ears easily fell off without a knife. As winter goes on, Charlie's soldiers have been tortured beyond recognition.

Cold can also do harm to weapons and supplies. First of all, the cow and horse fell dead. Without cows, you can't drag the cannon. Powder has also been soaked in rain and snow. When the Swedes fired, the weapons made a dull noise and were almost powerless.

At one time, there were as many as 465,438+0,000 Swedish troops, but only 20,000 were left in the spring. Even among the 20,000 survivors, one third were sick or disabled. After several encounters, the Swedes encountered the other side of the Russian weather in the spring of 1996- 1997. All the ice and snow melted quickly, and the earth had no time to absorb it. As a result, the road turned into a muddy swamp and the wheels sank in. They have no choice but to sit down and wait for the soil to dry.

Charlie began to attack poltava City in May 1709. However, there are only17,000 Swedes, and only 40,000 people can resist the Russian counterattack. Except for Charlie and 1500 confidant, Sweden was wiped out.

This battle is an important turning point. Peter used it to build a powerful navy in the Baltic Sea, and finally relied on it to surrender to Sweden. The world began to notice that Russia and czar Peter I should not be underestimated.

18 12: Napoleon invaded Russia.

When Napoleon set his sights on Russia in 18 12, he seemed to be an invincible god of war. He leads an army of 600,000 people. The Russian army is only 6.5438+0.8 million, and Tsar Alexander has never had the experience of leading troops to the battlefield. Napoleon carefully studied the ill-fated war of aggression launched by Carl XII in Sweden. He believed that through careful planning, the French would definitely be able to withdraw their troops from Russia before the arrival of winter.

What Napoleon didn't fully consider was that Russia is not only cold in winter, but also the climate is often at two extremes. Either the flame is burning or the flood is flooding; Soil and living things are sometimes burnt and sometimes frozen and solidified.

At the beginning of the attack, the soldiers were caught in a strong storm and soaked to the skin. Napoleon's army began to attack Moscow. Their wagons carry heavy weapons and enough food for each soldier for 65,438+04 days. After the heavy rain, many carriages had to be thrown away because the wheels were buried in the soil.

When Napoleon's troops crossed Lithuania and headed for Moscow, the heat caused them great losses. They don't have tents, so they sleep in the open air, whether wet or dry. My boots are worn out, and there are few wells. Some dehydrated people are forced to drink horse urine in the rut on the road.

The Russians refused to engage in a Armageddon with the French army. The French advance and the Russians retreat. The French moved on and the Russians retreated again. In this way, another two months passed. Napoleon's main force has been reduced to 65438+ ten thousand. Most people die of heat and fatigue, not rifle bullets.

A few weeks later, Napoleon arrived in Moscow, only to find that Moscow was an empty city. Before the Russian army left, it set fire to anything useful to the French who might arrive later. The fire burned for three days and nights and everything along the way was reduced to ashes. When the fire finally went out, two-thirds of Napoleon's victory went up in smoke. Knowing that czar Alexander I had no intention of surrendering, Napoleon ordered his retreat in June+10/October 65438+August.

165438+1On October 25th, Napoleon arrived in Berzin, leaving only 50,000 people. After a night of fighting,165438+1On the morning of October 26th, the "Dajun" finally crossed the river. As the temperature plummeted, some soldiers died because they couldn't resist the cold. Their bodies were scattered in the street. In Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania, it is said that desperate soldiers ransacked the local medical school in search of preserved human organs to eat.