How to prevent storm surge?

The cause of storm surge is mainly the superposition of water increase caused by strong wind and astronomical tide climax. As early as the 1920s and 1930s, the world's major maritime countries began to study storm surge forecast on the basis of weather forecast and tidal forecast. Countries severely affected by storm surges have also set up forecasting agencies. The Dutch Storm Surge Warning Agency was established earlier (193 1), and then the British Storm Surge Warning Agency was established in 1953. The United States is a country with many storm surges in the world. Since 1936, the U.S. Congress has passed relevant bills three times, instructing relevant departments to carry out storm surge research and forecast, the National Hurricane Center of the United States has issued forecasts, and meteorological agencies in coastal States have also made storm surge forecasts for adjacent waters, among which Hawaii and Alaska have the widest forecast areas.

Some countries such as the United States and Britain are using high-tech equipment to realize the automation and modernization of early warning systems, and the monitoring, surveillance, communication, early warning and service of storm surge are basically real-time and high-speed. The United States not only realized the automatic monitoring of storm surge by automatic instruments such as ships, buoys and satellites belonging to ocean stations, but also transmitted it regularly through the world satellite communication system, effectively improving the timeliness, and the time interval of the whole early warning process did not exceed 3 hours. In addition, under the current federal system, the United States places the main responsibility for dealing with natural disasters at the state level. To this end, the state government has widely raised funds through taxes and increased public welfare funds, and extensively carried out disaster management and emergency self-help activities. In recent years, some states in the United States have been hit by several major hurricanes and tsunamis. The state government and relevant departments can grasp the trend of storm surge, organize hundreds of thousands of people to move in an orderly manner in a short time, greatly reduce disaster losses and effectively implement post-disaster work.

The operational system of storm surge forecast in China was established in the early 1970s. On 1974, the National Marine Hydrometeorological Forecasting Station (now the National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center) officially released the storm surge forecast to the whole country. The way of issuing the forecast has developed from the initial telegraph and telephone to the later media means such as TV broadcast, fax telegraph and telephone. After long-term statistics, the average time limit is 12.4 hours, and the forecast error of high tide level is 0. Subsequently, the forecast stations of the Third Branch of the State Oceanic Administration, the Hainan Provincial Oceanic Administration, some ocean stations, hydrological stations of some coastal provinces and cities under the Ministry of Water Resources, hydrological and naval meteorological stations and other units have also carried out storm surge forecasts in the provinces and regions under their jurisdiction. So far, the national forecast network has been basically completed.

At present, China has established a monitoring network consisting of more than 280 ocean stations and tide stations along the coast, equipped with advanced instruments and computer equipment, and used telephone, radio, television and grass-roots broadcasting networks to transmit disaster information. The operational system of storm surge forecast issued the forecast and early warning of extra-large storm surge, and at the same time, the relevant departments of coastal provinces and cities and large and medium-sized enterprises also actively strengthened their prevention and formulated some effective countermeasures. For example, some low-lying ports and cities have redefined the warning water level according to the local socio-economic development and historical storm surge data.