Detailed data collection of tropical orchids

Tropical orchids, also known as orchids, have many kinds, such as Catalan, Phalaenopsis, Dendrobium, Oncidium, Paphiopedilum, Vanilla and so on. Tropical orchids are huge and colorful, but most of them have no fragrance; The flowering period is long, up to about 3 months; The cultivation medium is not soil, but bark, moss and so on. It rarely causes pests and diseases and can keep the family clean, so it has become a popular potted flower in recent years.

Basic introduction of Chinese names: Tropical Orchid Alias: Epiphyllum: Botany: Angiosperm: Dicotyledonous Subclass: Liliaceae: Orchidaceae Distribution Area: Classification, growth, diseases and control points, trade trends and classification of tropical orchids. People are familiar with Phalaenopsis and orchids. In fact, Dendrobium, Oncidium, Cattleya, Vanilla and Chiyoda, which are used as cut flowers in tropical orchids, are also abroad. At present, the popular tropical orchids in the flower market are: 1. Cartland Flowers are gorgeous and varied, and they are known as "the king of orchids". Cattelan has almost all colors except blue and black, and each flower has many colors. 2. Phalaenopsis. Named after its drooping flowers and flying butterflies, it is known as the "Orchid Queen". Flying butterfly-shaped flowers bloom from bottom to top on long pedicels and can be watched continuously for 60 to 70 days. The colors are white, purple, red and orange, and different varieties of Phalaenopsis will bloom all year round. 3. Dendrobium has thick stems, graceful plants and amiable posture. Each rhizome can bloom 20 to 70 flowers, and it has a faint fragrance. Each flower can bloom for 1 to 3 months. Growth overview Tropical orchids generally grow slowly, and it usually takes 2 to 4 years from seedlings to finished flowers. Therefore, family flowers are generally purchased from the flower market, and tissue culture is used for propagation in horticultural production at present. Tropical orchids belong to aerial rooting system, and the cultivation substrate should have good drainage, strong water retention and good air permeability. Generally, moss, charcoal and broken bark can be used, and the prepared dielectric materials can also be purchased at the flower market. Usually, tropical orchids should try to keep the soil moist and water it thoroughly when the surface is dry. Generally, water 1 time a day in summer and 2 ~ 3 times a week in winter. Sprinkle a little water around the flowerpot or spray water on the leaves when it is hot in summer. In the growing season, dilute liquid fertilizer or special fertilizer for orchids can be applied once every 10 day. The suitable temperature for the growth season of tropical orchids is 18℃ to 25℃, and there should be enough scattered light indoors to avoid direct sunlight, so as not to affect the growth and flowering period. Plants should be placed in poor light during flowering, so as to make the flowers more beautiful and lasting. The overwintering temperature should be kept above 65438 00℃. After the tropical orchid period, you can change pots. When changing pots, the withered old roots and residual flowers should be cut off. After drying, the roots can be wrapped with soaked and permeable moss, and new cultivation matrix materials can be put in the pot. According to the usual management methods, it can be maintained in a cool place for about a week. The propagation method of tropical orchids is usually ramet propagation. The method is: before sprouting new buds or after flowering in spring, separate the old clumps of plants, and the number of ramets depends on the size of the old plants. The operation method after dividing is the same as that when changing pots. Soil, pottery and casserole are all suitable for growing tropical orchids. In order to pursue beauty, you can put a slightly larger beautiful flowerpot on the flowerpot jacket. Tissue culture technology is also used for mass reproduction. Diseases and control points (1) Leaf spot-more common in plants such as Cattleya and Phalaenopsis. In the early stage of infection, the leaves appear dark spots with yellow stains around them, and then turn into round or oval lesions. This disease is mostly caused by high humidity. Prevention and control methods: improve ventilation conditions, reduce humidity, immediately cut off diseased leaves and spray 50% carbendazim 800 times solution or 1% bordeaux solution. (2) Anthracnose-mainly harms orchid leaves, and Cymbidium hybridum is the most susceptible. The inducement is mostly poor ventilation and sultry. Symptoms are oval lesions on the leaves, from yellow to black, and in severe cases, the whole leaves turn black. Control methods: remove diseased leaves, strengthen ventilation, reduce humidity, spray with carbendazim, chlorothalonil or thiophanate-methyl 500 times, and spray again every 10 ~ 15 days/time. (3) Stem rot, a serious disease, often occurs at the base of the stem, then spreads to the roots and leaves, and in severe cases, the whole plant dies. Prevention and control: Stop watering immediately when the disease is found, and let the sunlight shine on the orchid plants, and spray with 1% Bordeaux solution or 600 times zineb solution. (4) Soft rot, which mainly harms plants of Cattleya and Phalaenopsis. In the early stage, there were water-stained green spots on the tip of the blade, which seemed to be scalded by hot water. The leaf tissue is filled with water and rotted, accompanied by odor. Control method: Cut off the diseased leaves as soon as they appear, sprinkle charcoal powder or chlorothalonil powder on the wound for disinfection, and then spray the plants with 1% Bordeaux solution. (5) Rust-first appeared on leaves, producing yellowish brown powder. The disease is easy to occur under the condition of low temperature and high humidity, especially in Cattleya, Phalaenopsis, Bandai, Dendrobium, Xuemei, etc. Prevention and control methods: Be careful not to wet the leaves when watering, and do not water in wet weather, and strengthen ventilation. After cutting off diseased leaves, spray 500 times of 80% zineb wettable powder or 1% sulfur mixture. (6) Brown rot mainly harms tropical orchids without pseudobulb, such as Paphiopedilum. The disease is developing rapidly. When you found it, the plant died of rotten heart, the whole plant turned black and the mesophyll was mushy. Control methods of tropical orchids: immediately stop watering, cut off diseased plants, apply charcoal powder or chlorothalonil powder to the wound for disinfection, and then spray with 1% Bordeaux solution or 200 mg/L agricultural streptomycin. (7) White silk disease-almost all tropical orchids will occur. At the initial stage of infection, yellow to light brown water spots will appear on the stem, and soon white hyphae will be produced, which will spread on the surface and base of rhizosphere soil, leading to rot and death of the whole plant. Prevention and control methods: related to high temperature and rainy season. Once the disease occurs, the diseased stems should be cut off immediately and the ventilation conditions should be improved. Infected plants should be disinfected by soaking in 1% copper sulfate solution, or sprayed with 50% zineb solution 500- 1000 times to inhibit the spread of germs. Flower rot of domestic tropical orchids (8)-Cattleya and Phalaenopsis are the most common diseases. This disease is mainly caused by high temperature in greenhouse and low temperature outside greenhouse when flowering. Small brown spots appeared on the petals at first, and then the spots became bigger and more, but the disease was limited to flowers. Prevention and control methods: If the weather suddenly drops before flowering, the indoor humidity should be reduced immediately, and 500 times of 50% carbendazim or 1% sulfur mixture should be sprayed to prevent the occurrence of flower rot. (9) Viral disease-a refractory or incurable disease. Viral diseases are spread by juice-sucking insects such as aphids. At the beginning of the disease, leaves and flowers produce yellow stripes or spots, then turn black, then leaves and flowers shrink, and the whole plant weakens and dies. Prevention and control methods: once the diseased plants are found, they should be discarded and buried deeply to prevent other healthy orchids from being infected. By 20 13, there was no specific pesticide treatment. According to the statistics of the United Nations, in 2000, the world trade volume of cut flowers and potted flowers of tropical orchids exceeded $654.38+0.5 billion, including $654.38+0.28 billion of cut flowers and $230 million of potted flowers. Asia dominates the world trade of tropical orchids: Thailand exports 50 million dollars of cut tropical orchids and 4 million dollars of potted flowers, most of which are sold to Japan. Thailand has thus become the world's largest exporter of tropical orchids, and its domestic tropical orchid planting area is as high as 2240 hectares. Singapore is also an important exporter of tropical orchids, with the trade volume of cut flowers reaching $7.7 million and potted flowers reaching $8,000. In contrast, Malaysia is much less, the export trade volume of cut flowers is 2.8 million US dollars, and potted flowers are 654.38 US dollars +0.5 million US dollars. New Zealand is the origin of tropical orchids in Australia. The export trade volume of cut tropical orchids is $830,000 and potted flowers is $93,000. Italy is the only exporter of tropical orchids in Europe, with the trade volume of cut flowers of $652,000 and potted flowers of $399,000. The global trade volume of cut tropical orchids is 8 times that of potted flowers. Trade in Tropical Orchids Japan is the largest importer of cut tropical orchids in the world, and flower shops all over the country generally have a soft spot for tropical orchids. In 200 1 year, tropical orchids sold in Japanese flower auction market were worth $230 million. Most of them are made in Japan, including Dendrobium from Okinawa. However, regardless of the domestic production, Japan is still the largest importer of fresh-cut tropical orchids in the world, with more than 5.8 billion pieces worth 54 million US dollars. Although only 23% of cut tropical orchids purchased by Japanese consumers are imported, Japan's imports account for 42% of the world's total. More than half of them are from Thailand, 65,438+09% from New Zealand, 65,438+03% from Singapore, and the rest from Malaysian, Sri Lankan and other countries and Taiwan Province Province of China. Italy is the second largest importer of cut tropical orchids, with an import volume of US$ 24 million, of which US$ 6.5438+0.2 million is directly imported from Thailand, and US$ 6.5438+0.65438+0.00 million is produced in Southeast Asia, transported by air to the Netherlands for transshipment, and then transported to Italy by truck. France is the third largest importer of tropical orchids, and the trade volume of cut tropical orchids imported from the Netherlands exceeds $6.5438+0.4 million. Tropical orchids used to be very popular in Paris flower market, but they were cold for a while, and now they are hot again. In terms of import value, Germany is the fourth largest importer of tropical orchids, with the annual import value of 1 1 10,000 US dollars, followed by 6.7 million US dollars, 2.9 million US dollars from the United Kingdom, 0.9 million US dollars from the Netherlands (most of which are re-exported to other countries), 0.7 million US dollars from Austria and 65.7 million US dollars from Belgium. If the import of tropical orchid cut flowers is measured by the United States, Japan is eight times, Italy is nearly five times, France is three times and Germany is two times. Of course, the United States itself is a producer of tropical orchids: in 2000, the wholesale sales of orchids in hawaiian tropic reached US$ 2.3 million. Delicate Tropical Orchid Beautiful Tropical Orchid Pot Flower Trade It is generally believed that the largest producer of tropical orchids (mainly orchids) is China, but most of them are for domestic consumption. The largest export volume is in Taiwan Province Province of China. Other exporting countries (or regions) of tropical orchids are Thailand, Britain, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Brazil, India, Malaysia, Ivory Coast, Sri Lanka, Peru, Mauritius, Vietnam, Singapore, Philippines, Madagascar and Chinese mainland. However, the export volume of all countries is very limited: US$ 465,000 in Britain, US$ 93,000 in New Zealand, US$ 30,000 in Peru, US$ 9,000 in Madagascar and US$ 0/.000 in China (Mainland). The world's largest importer of tropical orchids is the United States, and its total import value of $654.38+$800,000 is about three times that of the whole of Europe. Among them, the products with a value of over 165438+ million dollars came from Taiwan Province Province, China. Most of these flowers are Phalaenopsis, which are cultivated into finished products in flowerpots and then sold in supermarkets and discount stores in the United States. According to the statistics of agricultural statistics department in Hawaii, the output value of tropical orchids in the state is 5.6 million US dollars. Most tropical orchids produced in Hawaii are consumed in the United States. In Europe, the local tropical orchids are mostly cymbidium and Phalaenopsis, and most of them supply domestic demand. The most auctioned Phalaenopsis in the Netherlands in 200 1 year has surpassed Karan (Sedum) which was auctioned the most in the past 10. The latest trend of tropical orchid trade is that the scale of commercial production farms of tropical orchids is getting bigger and bigger. In Thailand, there are several Dendrobium production farms with an area of more than 30 mu, and there are also Dendrobium production farms with an area of more than 8 hectares in Malaysia, Costa Rica and Panama. The second new trend is that the investment projects of tropical orchids are very large recently. HaciendaLomaLinda(HLL) Farm in Panama is an advanced export farm of commercial tropical orchids, with an investment of more than 200,000 US dollars per acre (including seedlings). The investment scale of HLL is comparable to that of rose and carnation production projects in Israel, Colombia, Ecuador and Kenya. The third new trend of tropical orchids is the continuous development of Dendrobium breeding, and hundreds of unnamed new varieties have come out. Jaqueline Thomas (Dendrobimgouddi× D. Phalaenopsis) of the University of Hawaii crossed with Thai hybrids, and obtained many improved varieties, and bred new varieties with long stems, large flowers and rich colors. The fourth trend is to produce cut tropical orchids at high altitude. Oncidium Farm at an altitude of 900 meters in Cameron Plateau of Malaysia and HLL Farm at an altitude of 450 meters in Panama have both produced Dendrobium and Oncidium cut flowers with long vase life, and some vase life can reach 1 month. The fifth new trend appears in the circulation of orchids. Because the storage temperature of orchids must be higher than 13℃, the sales of cut tropical orchids in the United States and the Netherlands are facing some challenges. The temperature of flower banks and refrigerated trucks in these countries is only 2℃. If tropical orchids are transported under the same conditions as other flowers such as Chinese rose, the petals will become the same color as parchment and then fall off. The fragility of tropical orchids makes wholesalers feel embarrassed about their transportation. Retailers generally don't sell cut tropical orchids unless customers order them specially. The retail price of these flowers is usually high. The cymbidium, 1-800 flowers, calyx and corolla ordered by Americans from FTD are as high as $3.50 ~ 6.40 each, and the length of the flowers sent can not be guaranteed. Similar cut flowers used by retailers in flower arrangement cost 10.00 USD each. Because of the high price, the consumption of cut flowers of tropical orchids in the United States and Europe is always lower than that of most other cut flowers, which is 1%. In order to overcome the transportation and price barriers of tropical orchids, manufacturers and importers who cut tropical orchids turned to FedEx to deliver their products directly to consumers. A standard orchid packing box can hold 60 ~ 80. Large-scale birthday parties, weddings, annual meetings and group activities all require a large number of cut tropical orchids for flower arrangement. Ordering the whole box from the grower can not only ensure the quality, but also save a lot of money. Sales of cut tropical orchids in the United States are estimated at $9 million (importer and farm sales). The population of Japan is only half that of the United States, but the sales of tropical orchids in the auction market are as high as $230 million. If the consumption of tropical orchids in the United States reaches the level of Japan, the sales will increase by 50 times. Although it will take a long time for this day to come, tropical orchids have attracted the attention of commercial cut flower producers and flower shops. Phalaenopsis